RESEARCH ON THE ON-LINE MEASURING SYSTEM FOR THE MIDDLE-CONVEX AND VARYING ELLIPSE PISTON SKIRT

0 INTRODUCTIONThe non-circular section part(such as the piston)can be machined by CNC lathe (with servo linearmotr), but measuring it is very difficult. In general,the measuring metheds can be divided into two.rt.[z]: One is the simple measuring method, usingthe micrometer to measure the elliptical degree of thedifferent section;Another method is realized by usingthe sPecial measuring device, this method needs to re-poSition the piston, and the machining base isdifferent from the measur…     

NEW METHOD TO MEASURE PISTON SKIRT DIMENSIONS

The measurement of the middle-convex and varying ellipse profile of a piston skirt is a key technology because of its complex profile and high precision. Generally, a piston is measured on special device after it is machined. High accuracy can be achieved through this off-line measurement, but the result diverges from the actual dimension. Therefore, a no-contact in-site measurement system is proposed. A laser displacement meter is used to measure the profile of the piston skirt. A computer connected to the meter is used to process the measured data. A regression analysis method is used to process the ellipse section data. The method of moving average is used to process the middle-convex curve data. By vising the given system, high measurement accuracy can be gained, and the production requirement is met.     

一种针对圆形设计容差的二元测量系统能力评价的新方法

在一些测量过程中,测量仪器测得的数据是二维的,且设计容差为一个圆,当二元被测质量特性具有相关性时,无法直接利用常用的一元测量系统能力评价指数对圆形设计容差的二元测量系统进行分析和评价。提出了一种基于面积之比构造评价指数的方法,利用测量误差椭圆面积与设计容差圆面积之比和测量误差与测量值的椭圆面积之比建立测量系统能力评价指数,将常见的一元测量系统能力指数延伸到二元测量系统中,通过多元方差分析(MANOVA)估计评价指数来评价二元测量系统的能力。通过实例对该方法进行了验证。     

椭圆型面联接原理分析

提出了一种新的型面联接曲线——标准椭圆曲线。首次定义了切力臂和法力臂两个概念 ,并推导了标准椭圆上该参数的计算公式 ,进行了椭圆联接的几何特性分析 ,并采用数值方法分析计算了接触应力的分布情况。     

基于图像的轮廓度测量与评定方法研究

复杂零件外形曲线的轮廓度测量和评定非常困难,已有的测量和评定方法或因效率、或因精度不够,难以满足零件轮廓度的高精度在线检测。本文针对微小型平面零件给出一种基于图像的轮廓度测量与评定方法。包括理论轮廓数据建模方法、对应理论点的扩展极角定界搜索方法以及最小极偏差轮廓度误差评定方法。通过实例将最小极偏差轮廓度评定方法（LDM）与传统的最小二乘轮廓度评定方法（LSM）进行了分析和比较。结果证明,最小极偏差评定方法较最小二乘评定方法能够更加快速、精确的收敛于最小值。     

活塞裙部中凸变椭圆型面在位检测的研究

提出了一种基于windows环境下的活塞中凸变椭圆型面在位检测的新方法,设计了在位检测的软、硬件系统。同时,针对活塞裙部型面的特点,改进了原有的误差处理算法,新的误差处理方法具有更强的适用性。经实践表明,该系统具有较高的精度和可靠性,具有良好的实用价值。     

金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度的测量及评价

为实现金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度超精密测量,构建了基于原子力显微镜(AFM)和精密回转轴系的刀尖圆弧轮廓测量系统,研究了刀尖圆弧波纹度评价方法和控制测量系统引入误差的策略。提出了评价刀尖圆弧波纹度时截止波长的确定原则和方法,并介绍了刀尖圆弧波纹度测量原理及评价流程。讨论了精密回转轴系径向回转误差的测量和评定、刀具安装偏心和偏角误差的控制和原子力扫描系统Z向非线性误差的校准方法。最后,在构建的测量系统上测量了了金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度并对测量不确定度进行了分析。实验测量显示:所评价金刚石刀具的刀尖圆弧波纹度为0.106μm,测量不确定度为23.8nm,表明所构建的测量系统基本满足金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度纳米级测量及评价的需求,测量结果稳定可靠、精度高。     

齿轮误差三维评定方法

研究了齿轮误差三维评定方法,以消除测量仪器定位误差对齿轮误差评定的影响,提高齿轮测量仪器的测量精度。分析了传统齿轮二维评定方法的弊端,提出将齿轮误差评定从二维评定模式转变为三维评定模式。该评定模式不再要求齿轮各项误差测量点位于特征面内,实现了三维空间内的齿轮误差测量与评定。为提高齿轮三维误差评定算法的效率,通过螺旋降维方法将三维数据降至二维数据,再对二维测量数据进行各项误差的评定。以特大型齿轮激光跟踪在位测量系统作为实验对象,对4级标准齿轮的齿廓误差进行了测量,并与传统的齿轮二维误差评定方法以及德国ZEISS公司InvolutePro软件的评定结果进行了对比。结果表明:传统齿轮二维误差评定方法有较大误差,三维齿廓评定方法与德国ZEISS公司InvolutePro软件评定结果一致,精度达到0.1μm,证明了提出的齿廓误差三维评定方法完全正确,可以消除仪器定位误差对测量结果的影响,提高了测量仪器的测量精度。     

Precision modeling of form errors for cylindricity evaluation using genetic algorithms

A heuristic approach is proposed in this paper to model form errors for cylindricity evaluation using genetic algorithms (GAs). The proposed GAs method shows good flexibility and excellent performance in evaluating the engineering surfaces via measurement data involved with randomness and uncertainty. The numerical-oriented genetic operator is used as a basic representation for error modeling in the paper. The theoretical basis for the proposed Gas-based cylindricity evaluation algorithms is first presented. The performance of the method under various combinations of parameters and the precision improvement on the evaluation of cylindricity are carefully analyzed. One numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and to compare the Gas-based modeling results with those obtained by the least-squares method. Numerical results indicate that the proposed GAs method does provide better accuracy on cylindricity evaluation. The method can also be extended for solving difficult form error minimization and profile evaluation problems of various geometric parts in engineering metrology.     

A design advisor for the optimal inspection of circularity tolerance

In the wake of growing importance for quality and the need to reduce inspection costs simultaneously, the need for a scientific method of selecting an optimum inspection strategy for coordinate measuring machine (CMM) based inspection has become very important. The inspection error resulting from CMM inspection is greatly affected by the profile irregularities and the sampling strategy, which includes sample size, sampling methods, and algorithms used for form evaluation. This paper describes a system that can recommend an optimal inspection plan based on the needs of the user. A design of experiments (DOE) based approach is used to relate the inspection error with sampling strategies. Surface irregularities are included in the form of lobes formed on the profile. A new two-way model is proposed that works in both directions between the sampling strategy and the performance metrics. The results indicate that the number of lobes and the sampling method used have little impact on the inspection error, while the sample size and form evaluation algorithms have a significant influence. An inspection plan advisor is presented, which provides an inspection plan based on the estimated shape and acceptable measurement error.     

柴油机连杆加工误差综合检测装置设计

介绍了一种柴油机连杆加工误差综合检测装置,它能对不同型号的连杆的尺寸、形状和位置精度进行高精度的自动检测.介绍了检测装置的结构,检测原理和检测方法,建立了评定各项误差的数学模型.由计算机程序软件按选定的误差评定方法对实时采集的数据进行分析处理,实现了连杆的中心距、平行度、垂直度、圆柱度误差的计算机辅助智能检测.     

基于正交距离回归齿面的齿轮误差评定

为了通过测量齿面拓扑轮廓来获取特征线误差,提出了一种基于正交距离回归齿面的误差计算方法。对该方法涉及的实际齿面与理论齿面匹配算法、拓扑轮廓误差的计算与分解及齿面特征线误差的评定算法进行了研究。首先,通过坐标测量方法获取的齿面拓扑数据,建立包含回归齿面参数的非线性方程。然后,求解非线性方程得到回归齿面参数的最优近似解,从而得到与实际齿面匹配的理论齿面,拓扑测量点相对理论齿面的正交距离即为齿面拓扑误差。最后,基于齿轮误差多自由度理论,对实际齿面进行局部自由度及全局自由度回归,进一步分解出齿面的齿廓误差和螺旋线误差。以一标准圆柱直齿轮的齿面拓扑测量点数据为例进行了误差计算,结果显示:计算的结果与直接进行特征线测量的结果差值小于0.5μm,表明提出的基于正交距离回归齿面进行齿轮误差评定的方法是有效的,可以应用于坐标类仪器检测齿轮误差。     

基于图像的轮廓度测量与评定

针对微小型平面零件给出了一种基于图像的轮廓度测量与评定方法.包括实现轮廓度测量的理论轮廓数据建模方法、对应理论点的扩展极角定界搜索方法以及满足最小条件的最小极偏差轮廓度误差评定方法.通过实例将最小极偏差轮廓度评定方法(LDM)与传统的最小二乘轮廓度评定方法(LSM)进行了分析和比较.结果证明,对于不同实际零件,最小极偏差评定方法较最小二乘评定方法收敛于最小值的迭代次数减少了0～3次,精度优化了4%～12.6%,可以满足微型零件高精度、高效率轮廓度检测的要求.     

活塞杆轮廓尺寸的激光视觉测量

液压缸是液压传动系统中重要的执行元件,液压缸活塞杆的加工质量对液压缸的产品质量和设备安全具有重要意义。在活塞杆生产过程中,需要对活塞杆表面质量和尺寸参数进行实时、准确的测量,从而保证活塞杆的加工精度。针对活塞杆加工过程中的实际需求,开发了一种激光视觉轮廓检测系统,并对杆件轮廓进行了测量研究,同时提出一种基于Savitzky-Golay算法的异常值识别法来提高测量精度,从而实现活塞杆的加工过程中轮廓尺寸的快速、准确测量。     

Profile evaluation of radial Fresnel lens directly machined on roller molds by rotating-tool diamond turning

In Roll-to-Roll manufacturing of high-quality optical Fresnel lens films, a high-precision roller mold with super-fine surface quality is essential to precisely transfer the functional microstructures from the periphery roller surface onto the flexible substrate. Unfortunately, direct diamond turning of deep circular grooves on the periphery surface of a roller mold was considered infeasible. Recently, the team has developed a novel 4-axis interactive tool-workpiece motion, Rotating-tool diamond turning (RDT), as a solution to overcome this challenge. Experiments were conducted to justify the capability of the proposed RDT process by directly machining a radial Fresnel lens on a brass roller mold, but without precise 3D profile evaluation of the lens on the roller surface. On-machine measurement of the machined lens structures using 3D touch probe is not applicable because the diameter of the probe is relatively large to penetrate into steep grooves of the Fresnel lens. On the other hand, off-machine measurement using stylus profilometer will introduce inevitable alignment errors during the measurement and lead to mismatched machining and measurement coordinates, making it difficult to evaluate the 3D lens profile generated by the RDT process eventually. In this study, a compensation and comparison algorithm is presented to precisely evaluate the form error between the machined and designed features in a three dimensional manner. Alignment errors generated when positioning the roller mold on the stylus profilometer are investigated and quantified through analyzing the characteristics of this unique micro structure with Fresnel lens wrapped on the roller periphery. As a conclusion, the machined lens structure is compensated and restored to compare with the designed profile, and the form error is obtained with the sources of errors analyzed. Such profile compensation and comparison method can be applied in other measurement and characterization studies on evaluation of complex optical structures patterned on roller molds for Roll-to-Roll manufacturing of advanced functional films.     

基于UG的椭圆锥齿轮的仿真加工

椭圆锥齿轮是球面大端节曲线为椭圆的非圆锥齿轮。根据齿轮空间啮合原理和渐开线齿轮齿廓成型原理,提出了一种利用UG仿真加工获得椭圆锥齿轮齿形的方法;当圆锥齿轮的节圆在非圆锥齿轮节曲线上作纯滚动时,圆锥齿轮的齿廓便在非圆锥齿轮上包络出齿轮的齿廓。因此,首先建立了圆锥齿轮和椭圆齿轮的数学模型和几何模型,其次推导出了模拟纯滚动的数学方法,最后利用UG的二次开发功能仿真加工得到带有渐开线齿廓的椭圆锥齿轮模型。     

电子磁罗盘测量误差校正方法研究

针对磁航向测量中存在的各种误差,分析了电子磁罗盘（EMC）系统误差的形成原因与机理,在此基础上系统地研究了在任意姿态下电子磁罗盘磁航向误差校正问题,并且具体给出了2种误差系数的求解方法以及相应的误差补偿方法。实验结果表明,在椭圆假设法中除去该方法不能补偿的安装误差后,其补偿效果与给定基准法相当,二者都能更为简单有效地实现磁航向误差的校正、误差自动补偿和自动校准,且补偿精度高、成本低。     

椭圆振动辅助车削7075铝合金表面微织构及其特性

为研究椭圆振动车削技术辅助微织构制备的工艺及其加工后微表面特性,采用椭圆振动原理和微织构的形成原理分析了不同转速和进给速度下的微织构变化规律,进行椭圆振动轨迹测量试验和椭圆振动车削试验,分析了装置振动轨迹、表面形貌、单个微织构几何尺寸及表面粗糙度变化情况。试验结果表明,在切削试验过程中,相比传统车削,由于车刀的空间椭圆运动轨迹,超声椭圆振动车削后表面呈现类椭圆状的微织构凹槽。由理论分析和试验结果得出,随着转速和进给速度的改变,微织构凹槽的几何尺寸、轮廓高度及表面粗糙度均会发生规律性变化。     

一种复杂二次曲面轮廓度评定方法

为了建立复杂二次曲面轮廓度评定中计算机数据处理的理论模型和实现方法,提出了一种不要求满足小误差假设、不使用微分线形化评定二次曲面轮廓度的方法。该方法首先通过最小二乘法得到一个初始二次曲面,然后用模式搜索对初始二次曲面系数进行调整,直到找到满足最小区域原则的理想二次曲面,其目标函数值作为被测曲面的轮廓度。在计算过程中使用坐标变换将一般型的二次曲面化为标准型,既简化了轮廓度的计算,而且被测曲面可以在测量范围内任意放置。对抛物面轮廓度评定表明目标函数随着模式搜索的进行逐渐减小,模式搜索得到的抛物面轮廓度值比用最小二乘法得到的轮廓度值小得多,因此该方法更好地反映了被测二次曲面表面形状误差。     

基于遗传算法的回转体零件轮廓度误差评定方法

提出一种基于生物遗传算法的回转体零件轮廓度误差最小区域评定方法 ,以圆柱度误差评定为例 ,介绍了该算法的应用