选区激光熔化制备不同孔结构不锈钢冲击性能仿真分析

采用316L不锈钢粉末基于选区激光熔化技术(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)制备压缩试样,观测其宏观组织形貌,随后进行压缩实验,获得工程应力-应变曲线及材料参数;利用ABAQUS/STANDARD有限元分析模块模拟试样压缩过程,得出仿真工程应力-应变曲线,将其与实验工程应力-应变曲线比较,验证材料参数设置准确性;最后构建规则栅格孔结构模型与交错栅格孔结构模型,利用ABAQUS/EXPLICIT有限元分析模块模拟落体冲击实验与摆锤冲击实验。结果表明:相同宏观体积条件下,基于SLM制备交错栅格孔结构不锈钢材料在落体冲击实验中对冲击能的消耗高于规则栅格孔结构部件,而在摆锤冲击实验中冲击性能差异不显著。     

SLM激光快速成型金属零件的组织及力学性能分析

为了对SLM快速成型不锈钢零件的组织及力学性能进行分析与研究,用SLM制备了拉伸试样进行拉伸试验,对其断口进行电镜扫描,分析其断裂特点;利用SLM设备制备了金属立体,进行显微硬度的测试、金相组织分析。实验结果表明:SLM快速成型金属件具有良好的拉伸性能、拉伸试样为韧性断裂;零件内部具有良好的致密性、晶粒细小,显微硬度高于一般奥氏体不锈钢;内部组织结构均匀,具有定向凝固特征;成型件物相主要以奥氏体存在。SLM成型金属件具有良好的组织特性及力学性能,能够满足实际使用的要求。     

离焦量对3D打印316L不锈钢表面性能的影响

采用3D金属打印机制备316L不锈钢试样,研究了不同离焦量对3D打印316L不锈钢试样的表面形貌、粗糙度、应力、硬度以及成分等表面性能的影响。结果表明,随着离焦量先从-15～-3 mm逐渐减小再从3～15 mm逐渐增大,316L不锈钢试样表面未熔化粉末颗粒均减少,熔覆条带先变窄后变宽;粗糙度值和压应力均呈现先变小后变大趋势。离焦量为-3 mm时,316L不锈钢试样表面性能最好,粉末颗粒熔化充分,粗糙度值最小,硬度最大,分别约为R_a7.06μm和249 HV_(0.05)。     

BNi7镍基钎料真空钎焊316L不锈钢接头钎缝的显微组织和显微硬度

采用BNi7镍基钎料真空钎焊316L不锈钢,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜及其附带的能谱仪、显微硬度计研究了钎焊间隙和保温时间对钎焊接头钎缝显微组织、元素分布及显微硬度的影响。结果表明:316L不锈钢接头钎缝钎缝主要由镍-铁基固溶体和金属间化合物组成;金属间化合物含量随钎焊间隙的增大而减少,随钎焊保温时间的延长而降低,当两者分别达到40μm和60min时,钎缝金属间化合物含量最少,显微硬度分布较为均匀。     

热处理温度对SLM成形316L不锈钢组织性能影响研究

使用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备316L不锈钢试样以及残余应力样件,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM,配备电子背散射衍射探头EBSD）、显微硬度计等研究不同热处理工艺对SLM成形316L的显微组织、显微硬度、力学性能以及残余应力的影响,得到最优热处理工艺。结果表明SLM制备制件组织致密,在最优热处理1 000℃、保温2 h制度下,试样的性能稳定,显微硬度及拉伸性能各向异性差异小,残余应力小。此研究为SLM成形316L不锈钢的力学性能优化及显微组织调控提供了强有力的基础。     

316LN不锈钢低速率应变下的热变形行为

目前, 对316LN不锈钢在低速率应变下的热变形行为研究很少. 本文选用工业316LN不锈钢, 通过Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机进行了600-1 100 ℃温度下, 应变速率为3×10-3 s-1的热压缩试验, 得到了真应力-应变曲线. 通过分析真应力-应变曲线和试样的微观组织, 得到了如下结论: 1 000 ℃和稍高温度是适于低速率应变下316LN不锈钢加工的温度.     

AZ31镁合金方管挤压成型的数值模拟

基于AZ31镁合金热压缩真应力-真应变曲线,计算得到了流变应力方程,分析了合金压缩变形后的显微组织,并用HyperXtrude有限元分析软件对AZ31镁合金方管挤压成型进行了数值模拟,最后进行了试验验证。结果表明:AZ31镁合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,并在350℃以上较快达到稳态,易于加工成型;热压缩变形后合金中的孪晶组织随温度的升高有所减少,且晶粒不断长大,在高应变速率时由于动态再结晶不充分,晶界附近形成类似"项链"状的细小晶粒组织;有限元模拟分析发现方管角部金属流速低于中心位置,在HyperStudy中经工作带优化后流速分布均匀,采用优化设计的模具挤压生产出了合格的AZ31镁合金型材。     

轧制和3D打印316L不锈钢与黄豆对磨的干摩擦磨损性能

3D打印不锈钢部件逐渐在食品机械领域得到应用,其与食品对磨的摩擦学性能需要加以关注。在干摩擦条件下,利用滑动摩擦磨损试验机,研究了黄豆试样分别与轧制和3D打印316L不锈钢配副的干摩擦磨损性能。利用光学相机、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计和质构仪,对不锈钢试样表面形貌、不锈钢硬度、黄豆硬度和磨损表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明：3D打印316L不锈钢与黄豆对磨时,摩擦因数的变化趋势较为平缓,第1 h和第6 h的平均摩擦因数分别为1.04和0.68;而对于轧制316L不锈钢,其磨合阶段更加剧烈,第1 h和第6 h的平均摩擦因数分别为1.70和0.46;与轧制工艺相比,3D打印316L不锈钢的耐磨性能更好,其在第1 h的磨痕宽度降低幅度达40%左右;黄豆试样的磨斑边缘和不锈钢磨痕表面均有黑色氧化物粉末出现,3D打印不锈钢磨损表面的黏着形貌和犁沟数量均显著减少;干摩擦条件下轧制316L不锈钢和黄豆配副的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,而3D打印316L不锈钢和黄豆配副时,其磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,这与其表面硬度更高有关。     

316LN不锈钢低速率应变下的热变形行为（英文）

目前,对316LN不锈钢在低速率应变下的热变形行为研究很少。本文选用工业316LN不锈钢,通过Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机进行了600~(-1) 100℃温度下,应变速率为3×10~(-3) s~(-1)的热压缩试验,得到了真应力-应变曲线。通过分析真应力-应变曲线和试样的微观组织,得到了如下结论:1 000℃和稍高温度是适于低速率应变下316LN不锈钢加工的温度。     

前混合水射流喷丸强化表面力学特性及疲劳寿命试验

为获得前混合水射流喷丸强化增益效果,研究前混合水射流喷丸对2A 11铝合金和45钢的表面显微硬度、表面残余压应力和疲劳寿命的影响.采用显微硬度计和X射线应力分析仪分别测定喷丸表面显微硬度和表面残余应力,利用扫描电镜观察疲劳断口形貌,获得喷丸表面显微硬度和表面残余压应力随喷丸压力、扫描速度及靶距的变化规律,指出射流喷丸可以大幅度地提高2A11铝合金和45钢的疲劳寿命,当2A11铝合金和45钢的应力振幅分别为155.7 MPa和282MPa时,喷丸试样疲劳寿命比未喷丸试样疲劳寿命分别提高25.31倍和18.56倍,且未喷丸试样疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面,喷丸试样疲劳裂纹有的萌生于试样表面,有的萌生于试样内部,当疲劳源在试样内部时,裂纹在夹杂物处萌生.因此,前混合水射流喷丸是一种提高金属零构件疲劳寿命的有效方法.     

含硼316不锈钢的热处理研究

为了进一步改善含硼316不锈钢的力学性能和扩大应用范围,本文借助于OM、SEM、XRD、硬度计和力学性能试验机等手段对热处理后的含硼316不锈钢的显微组织、硬度、冲击韧性和抗压强度进行了分析和研究。试验结果表明,对于含硼316不锈钢,较适合的热处理制度为：980℃固溶4 h,水冷和400℃回火6 h,空冷。经处理后,硬度提高了15%,冲击韧性提高了110%,抗压强度提高了19%。其原因是晶界上的非平衡偏聚的网状硼化物出现断网,同时基体上析出了大量的二次硼化物。     

液压支架管激光熔覆316L不锈钢涂层组织与性能研究

基于煤机设备在特殊环境下的使用特点, 选择液压支柱管用20钢作为基体材料, 以316L不锈钢作为熔覆材料, 采用高功率半导体光纤耦合激光器在其上进行激光熔覆实验, 并对熔覆后涂层的形貌、 硬度、 耐蚀性以及耐磨性进行研究. 结果表明, 熔覆层与基体呈现出较好的冶金结合, 且并未出现明显裂纹、 孔洞等缺陷;此外, 熔覆层的硬度、 耐蚀性和耐磨性相对基体都有了很大的提高. 根据分析可知, 熔覆层性能的提高是与熔覆过程中显微组织的变化及热影响密切相关的, 熔覆层中的析出相、 硬质颗粒以及合金中的微量元素也对其性能有很大影响. 研究表明316L不锈钢作为一种良好的熔覆材料, 可用于煤机设备液压支架管的激光熔覆修复. 研究以液压设备用零件为对象, 因此对于煤机修复方面有重要的参考价值.     

Sliding wear behavior of stainless steel parts made by metal injection molding (MIM)

The wear resistance of stainless steel parts, which were fabricated by a metal injection molding (MIM) process, was studied under self-mating, dry sliding conditions, using a pin-on-disk type wear configuration. The materials used were an austenitic stainless steel 316L (of MIM and wrought steel), a precipitated stainless steel 17-4PH (of MIM and wrought steel) and a widely used ball-bearing steel (DIN 100Cr6). Two surface conditions, i.e. as sintered and as polished, were considered in the wear tests of the MIM samples. In summary, the wear resistance of 316L was lower than 17-4PH, and the latter was almost the same as 100Cr6. Further, the wrought materials showed a better wear resistance than the MIM materials. The mechanisms responsible for these tendencies were discussed by means of microscopical observations and chemical inspections of the worn surfaces and the microstructures of the samples.     

射频／直流磁控溅射不锈钢／Al2O3复合薄膜组织与性能研究

利用射频/直流碳控溅射法,制备了316L不锈钢/Al2O3陶瓷复合薄膜,研究了316L不锈钢/Al2O3陶瓷复合膜的组织形貌。测试了薄膜的显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明：直流磁控溅射316L不锈钢薄膜呈柱状晶结构,主要有Fe-Cr和γ-Fe相构成,在Fe-Cr(110)晶面出现明显的择优取向,由于射频溅赈射Al2O3陶瓷的掺合,使316L不锈钢/Al2O3陶瓷复合薄膜柱状晶细化,并出现二次柱状晶,在Fe-Cr（211）晶面出现明显的掺优取向, 316L不锈钢膜硬度明显高于316L块体,掺合了Al2O3的金属/陶瓷复合薄膜耐磨性有显著的提高。     

Influence of the field humiture environment on the mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel repaired with Fe314

The mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel repaired with Fe314 under different temperatures and humidities without inert gas protection were studied. Results indicated favorable compatibility between Fe314 and 316L stainless steel. The average yield strength, tensile strength, and sectional contraction percentage were higher in repaired samples than in 316L stainless steel, whereas the elongation rate was slightly lower. The different conditions of humiture environment on the repair sample exerted minimal influence on tensile and yield strengths. The Fe314 cladding layer was mainly composed of equiaxed grains and mixed with randomly oriented columnar crystal and tiny pores or impurities in the tissue. Results indicated that the hardness value of Fe314 cladding layer under different humiture environments ranged within 419–451.1 HV_0.2. The field humiture environment also showed minimal impact on the average hardness of Fe314 cladding layers. Furthermore, 316L stainless steel can be repaired through laser cladding by using Fe314 powder without inert gas protection under different temperatures and humidity environments.     

冷加工过程中316L奥氏体不锈钢硬度压痕尺寸效应分析

通过理论结合试验的方法对冷加工过程中316L奥氏体不锈钢硬度压痕尺寸效应（ISE）进行了分析,并将根据理论模型得到的真实硬度与测试硬度进行了对比。结果表明：不同伸长率下316L奥氏体不锈钢呈现正ISE现象。通过对三种常见的理论模型分析发现,修正比例试样阻力(MPSR)模型能更准确地描述冷加工下316L奥氏体不锈钢的ISE现象,并通过此模型得到了伸长率为0、15%、30%、40%下真实硬度值分别为159.16 MPa、228.07 MPa、259.72 MPa、282.54 MPa,且验证得出各伸长率下的真实硬度与屈服强度之间存在线性关系,随后结合材料的真实硬度值发现,在9.8 N压头载荷下测出经不同静态单轴拉伸后的316 L不锈钢维氏硬度几乎不存在ISE现象。     

The mechanical behaviour of interpenetrating phase composites — III: resin-impregnated porous stainless steel

Powder metallurgy (P/M) derived porous metals that have been impregnated with a polymer resin to create fully dense composites are examples of interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs), in which each phase forms a completely interconnected network. In this paper, we describe an experimental and modelling investigation of the mechanical properties of resin-impregnated P/M derived porous 316L stainless steel composites of various volume fractions, with a view to gaining a better understanding of the mechanical properties of IPCs. In comparison with a similar investigation of 420 stainless/bronze IPCs, properties of the 316L stainless/resin IPCs are less well represented by non-linear finite element analysis based on a unit cell model with periodic boundary conditions. This is attributed to the more irregular microstructure of the 316L/resin IPCs, greater uncertainty in the properties of the constituent materials, and larger differences between constituent properties. Considering only mechanical properties, the 316L stainless/resin combination does not appear to take advantage of the interpenetrating phase morphology, since the resin does not possess a superior property to contribute to the composite as a whole.     

熔渗铜锡316L不锈钢的制备与性能

利用熔渗Cu90Sn10工艺制备粉末316不锈钢,研究了压制压力、熔渗温度对材料性能和组织的影响。结果表明：利用熔渗法可制备高致密的316L不锈钢,相对密度可达98％以上;基体骨架孔隙率应保证在189／6～229／5左右。熔渗后316L烧结不锈钢的硬度从49HRB提高至88HRB,且塑性也有所提高。同时,耐腐蚀性能也有很大提高,其腐蚀电位为-212mV,接近致密316L不锈钢。随着骨架密度的提高,熔渗制品密度基本不变,但硬度明显下降。应防止熔渗温度过高而使晶粒过分长大。     

Study on energy input and its influences on single-track,multi-track, and multi-layer in SLM

Energy input is crucial in the manufacturing of high-density metal part with smooth surface. In this article, the authors had studied the single-track, multi-track, and multi-layer and had obtained four types of typical tracks, including regular and thick shape, regular and thin shape, regular but occasionally broken shape, irregular and pre-balling shape. The analysis of single- and multi-track experiments showed that the regular and thin shape was the most suitable for selective laser melting (SLM) fabrication. Multi-track experiments proved that dense and smooth surface can be obtained when the overlapping rate was around 30% based on the regular- and thin-shaped track. As a result of the heat accumulation effect during multi-track and multi-layer fabrication, it was possible to obtain ideal track type with less energy input. In multi-layer experiment, the gradually thicken layer was the reason for the surface quality deterioration. The inter-layer stagger scanning strategy, which can improve the quality of the end-use part, was used in this experiment. By testing the 316 L stainless steel samples fabricated by the SLM process, the microstructure can be identified as composed of fine equiaxed and columnar grains, and the samples had higher tensile strength and hardness than castings of the same material, but with lower elongation. The experiments had proved that SLM process can directly produce high dense 316 L stainless steel part with smooth surface.