预热和回火参数对双相高强度钢板点焊性能影响分析

针对白车身高强钢多层板电阻点焊工艺参数难以确定、可焊性差,且存在点焊工艺过程的不可见性等问题,对厚度为1.8 mm的B340/590DP双相高强度钢三层板电阻点焊进行预热和回火处理,通过焊接试验,研究预热及回火工艺参数对双相高强钢电阻点焊焊点的压痕、力学性能和断口形式影响。试验结果表明:增大预热电流和预热时间,焊点熔核直径增大,最大拉剪力增大,压痕深度呈上升趋势;增大回火电流和回火时间,焊点熔核直经、最大拉剪力、压痕深度都有上升趋势。从三层板焊接的抗拉强度和断裂形式来看,无论哪种断裂形式(熔核拔出、界面撕裂),其抗拉强度区别不大,因此,对于三层或者多层板的电阻点焊而言,仅从焊点的拉剪破坏形式来研判强度指标或者用以表征焊点质量是不合适的,其点焊接头是否形成冶金结合,需要根据低倍金相进行判断。     

镀锌量对低合金钢/5052铝合金感应静压焊接头微观组织与力学性能的影响

运用感应静压焊接技术制备了三种不同镀锌量低合金钢与铝合金的搭接接头，研究不同镀锌量对感应静压焊接头界面连接状态、微观组织形貌以及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明，三种不同镀锌量搭接接头连接界面较平直，连接质量良好。接头中间界面区由靠近钢侧的Fe₂Al₅和靠近铝侧的FeAl₃组成。对比三种不同镀锌量接头微观组织发现，Zn元素能改善钢铝界面初始润湿机制，强化低合金钢与铝合金之间的连接效果，提高搭接接头力学性能。当使用镀锌量为140 g/m²的低合金钢板进行焊接时，在焊趾位置发现了明显的富锌区缺陷，导致接头剪切性能急剧下降。低合金钢板与铝合金的搭接接头的剪切性能随着镀锌量的增加呈现出先提高后降低的趋势，挑选厚度适中的镀锌层对提高接头力学性能具有重要意义。     

气载钎剂辅助钢/铝激光熔钎焊工艺与组织

为解决钢/铝异种金属熔钎焊过程中液态金属铝在固态钢表面润湿性差的问题,提出一种气载钎剂辅助钢/铝异种金属激光熔钎焊的新方法。采用不锈钢与5052铝合金作为母材,分别进行激光填丝与无丝搭接熔钎焊试验。研究焊接线能量对接头润湿角、接头力学性能的影响,分析有无焊丝情况下接头典型微观组织。结果表明,气载钎剂辅助不锈钢/铝合金异种金属激光熔钎焊能有效解决液态金属在不锈钢表面的润湿铺展性问题。填丝搭接熔钎焊得到的接头润湿角最小值为37°,接头拉伸强度最大达到132.8 MPa,约为铝合金强度(211.7 MPa)的62.7%;无丝搭接熔钎焊得到的接头润湿角最小值为18.8°,接头拉伸强度最大达到109.2 MPa,约为铝合金强度的51.6%。在填丝、无丝焊接时,钢侧界面均会形成Fe2Al5与Fe Al3两层金属间化合物(Intermetallic compounds,IMCs)。     

铝合金电阻点焊碲铬铜电极的寿命研究

针对传统铝合金电阻点焊电极易点蚀,导致生产效率低下以及焊点质量不稳定等问题,开发了一种由碲铬铜合金制备的电阻点焊铜电极。通过对比研究碲铬铜电极与传统铬锆铜电极,得到焊点的熔核直径、焊接接头的拉剪力、电极与板材间的接触电阻等随着焊接次数的变化规律,结合激光共聚焦显微镜分析证明了碲铬铜电极相较于传统铬锆铜电极具有更长的电极寿命,最终通过铝铜金属间化合物的生长揭示了电极寿命延长的原因。     

锶含量对镁合金电阻点焊熔核组织及力学性能的影响

使用孕育坑并选用Al-10Sr作为孕育剂对镁合金点焊熔核进行孕育处理,研究了锶添加量对镁合金电阻点焊熔核组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:当A1-10Sr的添加量从0增加到1.4 mg时,熔核组织中胞状树枝晶区平均宽度从332μm减小至58μm,组织明显细化;且点焊接头最大拉剪力从2.379 kN逐渐提高到2.959 kN,提高了24.3%。     

以NiCr合金为中间层电阻点焊钛与不锈钢接头的组织与剪切力

以100μm厚的NiCr合金为中间层对TA1钛板与SUS304不锈钢板进行电阻点焊,观察并分析了接头的组织特征,研究了焊接工艺参数对接头熔核尺寸和剪切力的影响。结果表明:在熔核区外侧界面处的近钛侧形成了厚约50μm的由α-Ti和Ti_2Ni组成的反应物层;在熔核与钛之间存在厚约15μm的由α-Ti和TiFe组成的反应物层,与不锈钢之间存在厚约7μm的由TiFe_2和铁组成的反应物层,熔核中部主要由TiFe和TiFe_2混合物组成;接头熔核直径随焊接电流的增大和焊接时间的延长而增大,随电极压力的增大而稍微下降;接头剪切力随焊接电流和电极压力的增大以及焊接时间的延长呈先增大后下降的趋势;剪切试验后,接头均在结合界面处撕裂。     

回火硬度对4Cr5Mo2V钢抗铝液熔损性能的影响

通过淬火和不同工艺的回火热处理得到不同回火硬度(41.2, 45.0, 49.3 HRC)的4Cr5Mo2V钢，采用试样在熔融铝合金中动态旋转的方法研究了回火硬度对该钢抗铝液熔损性能的影响。结果表明：随着回火硬度的升高，在相同熔损时间内试验钢的熔损质量损失降低；随着熔损时间的延长，试验钢迎铝面先形成细密点蚀坑，随后出现局部剥落以及局部严重腐蚀，最后发生全面腐蚀；界面层的金属间化合物由内层致密的η-Fe₂Al₅相和外层疏松多孔的α_H-Fe₂Al₈Si相组成；随着回火硬度的升高，背铝面界面层内层厚度增大，外层占比降低，基体中固溶铬元素增多，试验钢的抗铝液熔损性能提高。     

热成形钢磁控电阻点焊工艺实验

热成形钢在车身中的逐步应用对传统钢制车身中应用最为广泛的电阻点焊技术提出了挑战。磁控电阻点焊技术是一种在传统电阻点焊工艺基础上形成的新兴磁辅助加工技术,拥有较好的应用前景。通过实验方法,在热成形钢电阻点焊过程中施加不同强度的外加磁场,通过对比分析接头熔核的宏观形貌、微观组织与力学性能的变化规律,系统研究外加水平磁场对热成形钢点焊接头的影响,结果表明:在外磁场的影响下,HS1300T铝硅镀层热成形钢的熔核直径和接头拉剪强度都明显增大,并且熔核中心产生的裂纹、缩孔等焊接缺陷都受到了有效的抑制。同时外磁场明显细化了熔核区域的晶粒,熔核边缘粗大马氏体的方向性明显减弱,熔核区硬度分布更加均匀。     

电阻点焊工艺对GH163镍基高温合金接头性能的影响

通过电阻点焊对1.5mm厚GH163镍基高温合金进行焊接,研究了焊接电流、电极压力、焊接时间对接头显微组织、显微硬度和拉剪力的影响,得到了较佳的焊接参数。结果表明:接头熔核区均匀分布着细小的枝状柱状晶,其生长方向垂直于熔核弧线,与熔核的散热方向一致,晶粒随着电流的增大而变细;接头显微硬度随着距熔核中心距离的减小而增大,随着焊接电流的增大整体呈现增大趋势;接头的拉剪力随焊接电流的增大呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势,随着焊接时间的延长而逐渐增大,随着电极压力的增大而下降;当电极压力为11.0kN、焊接电流为7.1kA、焊接时间为0.50s时,接头的综合性能最佳,熔核直径达到7.14mm,室温和高温拉剪力分别为15.34,13.13kN,拉伸断裂方式为母材撕裂。     

高强钢电阻点焊数值模拟及金相研究

针对常用的超高强度钢点焊件进行研究,利用有限元软件对1.5 mm厚的超高强度热成形钢点焊熔核的形成过程进行了数值模拟,对点焊过程中的温度场分布进行了详细的分析,分析了熔核的生长规律和影响因素。通过点焊接头的金相组织研究了焊接接头不同区域的金属组织,发现点焊热影响区可以分为不完全重结晶区、细晶区以及粗晶区;而熔核区为柱状晶形态的马氏体组织,熔核热影响区组织分布不均,夹杂着铁素体,热成形钢母材主要为比较细小的马氏体组织,硬度以及强度都很高。     

Effects of welding parameters on electrode element diffusion during micro-resistance spot welding

Copper electrodes are commonly employed in micro-resistance spot welding (MRSW), a dominant process used to join ultra-thin metallic sheets. During welding, some copper from the electrodes inevitably diffuses into the spot welds, changing the chemical compositions and properties of the resulting welded joints. In this study, 0.05-mm-thick Ti alloy metallic sheets were welded via MRSW under various combinations of welding parameters (ramping time, welding time, holding time, welding current, and electrode force). The effects of these welding parameters on electrode elemental diffusion were investigated via elemental analysis. Elemental composition of welded joints was measured via energy-dispersive spectrometry after tensile-shear tests. No copper was detected in the heat-affected zone or base material, but the amount of copper in the welding nuggets varied significantly with the welding parameters. Moreover, comparing copper element and hardness maps in weld nugget, the welding nugget hardness increased when more copper diffused into it.     

铝合金电阻点焊中电极点蚀对焊接质量的影响

采用有限元和物理模拟方法,考察了铝合金AA5182电阻点焊过程中电极点蚀对焊接质量的影响。结果表明:当电极尖端点蚀面积增加时,电极与试件界面上的实际接触面积基本不变,而试件与试件界面上的接触面积显著增加,电流密度大大减小,形成熔核的厚度和直径都减小。物理模拟试验所得熔核的形状和尺寸与有限元法预测结果符合很好。物理模拟和数值模拟都表明,点蚀孔直径为5.0mm时,只能形成厚度十分有限的环状熔核。研究揭示:电极尖端点蚀导致被连接试件之间的接触面积增大是其影响焊接质量的主要原因之一。     

Quality control based on electrode displacement and force in resistance spot welding

The behaviors of electrode displacement and force during spot welding under various conditions, such as different weld currents, electrode forces, and welding times, were studied. Tests were conducted on a 170 kVA MFDC spot welder. Data were collected via a multichannel high-speed data acquisition system and were analyzed with MATLAB. Behaviors of 5182 aluminum and mild steel in spot welding were compared. Results show that nugget expansion rate does not reach zero for aluminium as it does for mild steel as nugget grew to a certain size. A linear relationship is found between the nugget size and maximum expansion that facilitates online weld quality evaluation. An electrode force peak is observed and believed relevant to the sufficient nugget size.     

不锈钢薄板光纤激光焊接的组织与性能

采用GSI的JK-200FL型连续光纤激光器实现了 0.2mm厚304不锈钢片的对接焊.在氩气保护下,优化后工艺参数为激光功率90W,光斑直径0.2mm.焊接速度1200mm/min,获得成形良好,无缺陷的焊缝.采用金相显微镜可见焊缝组织由边缘细小的柱状晶和中心部位细小的等轴晶组成.经硬度测试和弯折测试,表明焊缝处的硬...     

Magnetic Thermal Method for Controlling Geometric Characteristics of Fusion Joints by Contact and Arc Welding

A new approach to estimating the quality of joints made by contact spot welding and arc welding is proposed on the basis of studies on the interaction of thermal and electromagnetic fields during welding of St3 steel. Parts welded by contact spot welding are magnetized by a solenoid immediately after the welding current is switched off. The diameter of the cast nugget is estimated from the change in the normal component of residual induction in the center of the contact spot of an electrode. The parts to be arc-welded are magnetized before welding. The fusion depth is estimated from the size of the demagnetization band adjacent to the weld.     

Influences of rotation speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints fabricated by self-reacting friction stir welding tool

A 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was self-reacting friction stir welded by using the specially designed tool with unequal shoulder diameters at a constant welding speed of 150 mm/min to investigate the effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Excessive flash on the bottom surface of the joint and groove defects on both surfaces of the joint were formed when the lower shoulder diameter was much smaller. The suitable shoulder sizes were determined as 16 and 18 mm in lower shoulder diameter and upper shoulder diameter, respectively. The grain size and the dislocation density in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) increased with increasing rotation speed. The tensile strength of joints first increased with increasing rotating speed and then decreased remarkably as a result of the formation of void defect. The joints welded at lower rotation speeds were fractured in the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). However, the fracture locations of the defect-free joints were changed to the heat affected zone (HAZ) at higher rotation speeds.     

Statistical analysis to predict grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA6061 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Friction-stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The FSW process and tool parameters play a major role in deciding the joint strength. Joint strength is influenced by grain size and hardness of the weld nugget region. Hence, in this investigation an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and hardness of weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology incorporating FSW tool and process parameters. A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

材料性能对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形的影响

采用左螺纹圆柱搅拌头对O态和T4态2024铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验,研究了材料性能对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形的影响,并用软性约束分析了材料性能对焊核尺寸的影响。试验结果表明：焊缝形貌受焊核周边金属约束的影响,约束程度与材料力学性能和温度有关。O态2024铝合金对接焊时,软性约束体对塑性金属横向迁移的约束小,焊核面积和焊核宽度较T4态2024铝合金的焊核面积和焊核宽度大。两种热处理状态2024铝合金对接焊时,强度和硬度较高的T4态2024铝合金置于返回边时,在焊缝两侧、前进边的软性约束体对塑性金属的约束较返回边的软性约束体对塑性金属的约束强,焊核向返回边偏移;由于在返回边有更多的塑性金属,使其沿焊缝厚度方向向上的运动趋势增强,因此返回边的焊核高度较前进边的焊核高度高。对T4态2024铝合金进行适当的预热,会增强焊缝金属的塑化程度,使其向焊缝两侧的迁移运动趋势增强,焊核宽度及面积增大。     

5052铝合金-HC420LA高强钢磁脉冲焊接接头盐雾腐蚀性能

对5052铝合金-HC420LA高强钢的磁脉冲焊接接头进行了盐雾腐蚀试验，揭示了磁脉冲焊接接头的腐蚀机理。研究结果表明，铝-钢磁脉冲焊接接头的力学性能在盐雾腐蚀环境中的退化较为明显，腐蚀首先从焊缝两侧尖端开始，当腐蚀时间达到48h时，焊接接头强度已下降为原来的20%。断口微观分析表明，钢较低的电化学电位加快了腐蚀，接头的腐蚀行为具有自催化作用。     

铝合金点焊过程的铜铝合金化研究

观测了LF2铝合金电阻点焊初期至达到电极寿命时焊点表面及Cr—Zr—Cu电极端面宏观形貌的连续变化过程。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)，对机加工状态及抛光处理的电极在点焊铝合金后进行了电极端面背散射分析，对机加工状态的电极在点焊铝合金后又进行了电极端面横向及纵向线扫描分析。采用X射线衍射仪，对沿电极轴向的3个不同电极端面进行了X射线衍射物相分析。结果表明，点焊初期，焊点表面即出现局部熔化及电极端面出现明显凹凸不平，电极端面的形貌及其尺寸发生变化，焊点表面成形质量恶化，电极端面加工状态对电极端面铜铝合金化影响不大，点焊过程电极端面存在较多铝，发生了铜铝合金化反应，合金化产物主要是铜铝金属间化合物(CuAl2)。