考虑消费者偏好的闭环供应链差别定价模型

考虑到消费者对新产品、再制造产品和二手产品的偏好程度不同,建立了闭环供应链差别定价模型,研究了制造商是否从事再制造和经销商是否经销二手产品的生产决策问题。结果发现,市场中再制造品或二手产品的存在会蚕食新产品的市场份额;不论制造商是否从事再制造,只要经销商经销二手产品便会减少制造商利润、增加经销商利润;与制造商不从事再制造且经销商不经销二手产品相比,制造商从事再制造而经销商不经销二手产品对制造商和经销商都有利,但当制造商从事再制造且经销商经销二手产品时供应链的总盈利最优、消费者福利最大;在制造商从事再制造且经销商经销二手产品的情形下,经销商通过将自身的部分利润转移给制造商,可以保证双方均获得更大盈利。     

不同专利许可模式下的再制造闭环供应链模型

在消费者需求异质的市场中,构建了不同专利许可模式下再制造商负责回收废旧品再制造的闭环供应链模型——固定专利许可费模型和单位产品专利许可费模型。通过分析两种闭环供应链模型,得出不同专利许可模式下闭环供应链各决策变量的均衡解和最优利润。从原制造商利润、回收率和零售价等方面对比了不同专利许可模式下的闭环供应链模型,发现从环保和消费者利益的角度,固定专利许可模式下的闭环供应链更优,然而对原制造商而言,何种专利许可模式下的闭环供应链更优则取决于不同的条件。通过算例验证并进一步分析了再制造成本节约和消费者对再制造产品接受度对不同专利许可模式下的闭环供应链模型的影响。     

再制造闭环供应链间竞争下的网络优化设计模型研究

将以往仅考虑成员企业间竞争的闭环供应链网络优化设计问题,扩展到考虑闭环供应链间竞争下的网络优化设计问题,网络中的运作成本不再局限于线性成本,而是处理非线性成本,且在网络优化设计中采用连续变量。基于再制造闭环供应链的关键功能活动构建再制造闭环供应链间竞争下的网络结构,基于功能活动弧段设计运作与回收成本和设计成本函数,利用均衡理论描述再制造闭环供应链间的竞争行为,利用变分不等式理论建立基于连续变量的再制造闭环供应链网络设计模型。利用提出的模型结合算例优化设计再制造闭环供应链网络,并分析再制造率对各条再制造闭环供应链销售额、运作与回收成本、设计成本和利润的影响,以及对各需求市场需求量、回收量和价格的影响。     

基于政府激励的再制造闭环供应链定价策略及协调机制研究

针对一类由制造商、零售商组成的再制造闭环供应链系统,考虑政府奖惩激励措施,应用博弈论方法研究了新产品和再制造产品无差别定价时集中决策和分散决策模式下的定价策略,得出了闭环供应链成员的最优定价策略和最终利润。研究表明,政府激励环境中一定条件下闭环供应链的集中决策效率高于Stackelberg的博弈分散决策,通过设计一个收益共享协调定价机制,合理分配了制造商与零售商的利润,实现了闭环供应链的协调,进而分析了政府奖惩激励环境下闭环供应链协调运作中再制造过程利润超过制造过程的再制造优先条件,对再制造优先运作模式进行了探索。     

考虑环境性能和再制造能力的闭环供应链讨价还价协调策略

为了研究闭环供应链讨价还价协调策略,在同时考虑产品的环境性能和再制造能力的基础上,构建基于制造商责任延伸(EPR)制度的由制造商回收的闭环供应链模型,分别研究了集中决策和分散式决策模型下的均衡解,并分析了EPR制度对产品环境性能、再制造能力及参与者利润的影响,同时设计了能够实现供应链协调的讨价还价策略。研究发现,随着生产环境成本和垃圾处理成本的增加,制造商更愿意设计具有高环境性能和低再制造能力的产品;再制造环境成本和使用环保成本的增加均会激励制造商设计具有高环境性能和高再制造能力的产品;而由客户承担的使用环保成本份额的高低不仅影响客户自身的利润,还会对制造商和零售商的利润产生影响;应用Nash讨价还价和Rubinstein轮流出价均能实现供应链协调,当各方谈判人员的讨价还价能力相当时,可选用Nash讨价还价的协调方式;当谈判人员的能力悬殊,且零售商和客户群的贴现率较高时,可选用Rubinstein轮流出价的协调方式。     

零售商从事产品翻新的闭环供应链差异定价策略

针对市场上可能存在的新产品、再制造产品以及翻新产品的异质需求环境,分析了不同市场情形的形成条件及产品的需求函数。针对一个由原始设备制造商、零售商和第三方回收商组成的闭环供应链系统,建立了四种生产模式下考虑零售商从事产品翻新的差异定价模型,得到了相应的最优定价策略,并进行了对比分析;在三种产品需求同时存在的市场情形下,比较了零售商和制造商分别从事产品翻新时的最优策略,并分析了制造商选择零售商从事产品翻新的条件。研究表明,在零售商从事产品翻新时,再制造产品和翻新产品会对新产品产生市场"挤兑效应",同时伴随有"利润侵占"现象;零售商利润与闭环供应链系统总利润在同时生产三种产品时达到最高。与制造商从事产品翻新相比,零售商从事产品翻新有利于零售商而不利于制造商,但闭环供应链系统总利润相对较高;在一定条件下,制造商会考虑选择零售商从事产品翻新,以求得系统利润最大化。     

零售商公平关切下闭环供应链定价与协调机制

将公平关切因素考虑到闭环供应链决策中,研究了制造商考虑零售商公平关切与不考虑零售商公平关切的闭环供应链定价决策问题,研究表明:考虑零售商的公平关切情形时,零售商公平关切的程度越高,其利润就越高,制造商的利润就越低,但再制造品价格与销量及闭环供应链系统的利润不受关切程度影响;制造商忽视零售商的公平偏好时会导致再制造品的价格上涨、销量下降、供应链成员企业与系统利润减少,且新产品的价格及销量对零售商的公平关切更加敏感,说明制造商忽视零售商的公平偏好条件下闭环供应链的再制造品价格受内部公平偏好干扰性小。采用数量折扣契约对制造商考虑零售商公平关切情形下的供应链进行协调,实现了双方的Pareto改进。     

有限产能条件下闭环供应链渠道效率研究

为解决有限产能条件下闭环供应链渠道优化问题,以一个制造商和一个零售商的二级闭环供应链回收渠道为对象,把产能水平增加到模型优化的约束条件中,分析了不同产能水平条件下闭环供应链制造商和零售商的最优利润及渠道效率。结果表明,产能水平越高,闭环供应链的系统利润越高,但渠道效率越低。虽然较低产能在一定程度上限制了闭环供应链系统利润的改进,但是在供应链协调难以实现的条件下,有限产能能够实现制造商对零售商的有效控制,且可以通过改进工艺,降低再制造成本,提高再制造利润。     

基于第三方回收的双渠道闭环供应链协调机制

针对双渠道闭环供应链的协调问题,基于博弈理论构建了制造商进行网上直销、零售商进行传统零售、第三方负责废旧产品回收的双渠道闭环供应链决策模型.分析和比较了集中决策与分散决策对供应链成员最优定价策略和利润的影响,发现分散决策会导致整个双渠道闭环供应链的效率损失.为弥补这种效率损失,以集中决策的最优结果为基准,设计了一个利润共享—费用分担契约来实现双渠道闭环供应链的协调.算例分析表明,所设计的利润共享一费用分担契约能够有效协调双渠道闭环供应链.     

奖惩机制下的再制造闭环供应链协调

为了提高闭环供应链管理的效率,构建了奖惩机制下由单一制造商、单一零售商和第三方回收商组成的闭环供应链博弈模型.在集中决策下,研究了奖惩机制下“超组织”的最优决策和利润,并给出了均衡解存在的条件和奖惩力度需满足的范围.在分散化决策下研究了闭环供应链成员企业的批发价、零售价、回收补贴价和回收率决策,分析了奖惩力度和最低回收率对节点企业决策和利润的影响.研究了奖惩机制下再制造闭环供应链的协调机制,并讨论了奖惩力度和最低回收率对协调后的闭环供应链系统的影响.     

Dynamic planning with a wireless product identification technology in food supply chains

An innovative planning model has been developed for perishable food supply chain planning. The model maximises product values for consumers instead of merely reducing costs. The information which can be derived from RFID enabled control systems for product units (at palette or crate level) has been used to identify dynamic product quality status. Then, the information is used to optimise product allocations from manufacturers to distributors and retailers. The objective is to minimise lost value of products and maximise profits for supply chain partners. The real-time control towards value maximisation becomes possible with the real-time product quality information from RFID systems. An illustrative case has been described for simulating the dynamic planning process.     

Disassembly sequencing using genetic algorithm

At the end-of-life (EOL) of a product, there are several options available for its processing including reuse, remanufacturing, recycling and disposing. In almost all cases, a certain level of disassembly may be necessary. Thus, finding an optimal (or near optimal) disassembly sequence is crucial to increasing the efficiency of the process. Disassembly operations are labor intensive, can be costly, have unique characteristics and cannot be considered as the reverse of assembly operations. Since the complexity of determining the best disassembly sequence increases with increase in the number of parts of the product, it is extremely crucial that an efficient methodology for disassembly sequencing be developed. In this paper, we present a genetic algorithm for disassembly sequencing of EOL products. A case example is considered to demonstrate the functionality of the algorithm.     

A decision support model based on a reference point method for end-of-life electronic product management

Although a decision support system is an efficient tool that has been widely used in management areas, it still encounters some problems when it is implemented in an environmentally conscious decision-making problem. Those problems include lack of sufficient and reliable data on environmental impact of end-of-life product treatment, material composition analysis, proper expression of the users’ aspiration levels, system architecture, and the proper optimization method. This paper proposes a systematic decision-making tool for end-of-life (EOL) electronic product recycling scenario analysis and selection. This model can help original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) specify the most satisfactory recyclers based on the buyers’ prices and environmental impacts; it can also assist recyclers decide the recycling scenarios for a batch of end-of-life electronic products based on the EOL value, environmental impacts, and processing time. The decision-making process includes the following steps: selection and definition of attributes, quantifying impacts, scaling of attributes, aggregation, and an interactive optimization process. A reference point method is used in the optimization process.     

再制造/制造集成系统中的制造商-零售商协调决策问题

提出了由1个制造商、2个零售商组成的双层再制造／制造集成物流网络模型。零售商负责产品的销售与废旧产品的回收。在正向物流中,零售商之间存在数量竞争;在逆向物流中,回收产品的总数量由零售商提供的单位回收价格决定,而各零售商所得回收产品的份额则由零售商提供的单位回收价格与消费者偏好共同决定。利用博弈论,得到了完全信息下的纳什均衡,发现零售商订货量随着制造商的批发价格的增长而递减。在回收中,零售商的单位回收价格不超过制造商提供的单位价格一半。研究了制造商如何协调正向与逆向物流,以便最大化自身的利润,该项研究成果对制造商的决策具有一定指导作用。     

反向物流及再制造技术的研究现状和发展趋势

反向物流是指产品在顾客使用后重新返回加工和销售渠道的过程；再制造是反向物流中昂贵的、使用后剩余价值高的产品的主要再利用形式。由于反向物流中回收品的数量、质量以及所需处理的不确定性，造成了反向物流和再制造系统运作的困难。分析了反向物流和再制造系统三个主要的子问题：产品回收网络设计问题、反向物流库存问题和再制造生产和调度问题。描述了现有的基本模型、关键技术方法，并分析了其优缺点。概括了相关研究问题的最新进展。最后指出了可能的研究方向。     

制造/再制造集成物流网络设计的随机规划模型

为了合理设计制造／再制造混合系统中的集成物流网络结构，综合考虑网络中正向物流和逆向物流的设施集成与运输整舍，以及产品需求量和废旧产品回收量的随机性，提出了一种制造／再制造集成物流网络优化设计的两阶段补偿随机规划模型，用以确定网络中各种设施的数量及其位置，并在由此构成的各条物流路径上合理分配物流量，目标是使计划期内的净成本最小。算例验证了随机规划模型的有效性。     

预付款融资下供应链投资RFID技术的均衡策略

本文以单资金约束的制造商和单零售商组成的二级供应链为研究对象,基于零售商提供预付款融资下,供应链是否投资无线射频识别(RFID)技术,分别构建了供应链投资和不投资RFID的收益模型,求解出相应的最优解并探讨了供应链投资RFID的策略。研究发现:制造商自有资金水平和RFID标签成本均能影响供应链RFID投资决策。随着制造商自有资金水平的上升,供应链投资RFID的意愿增强。当标签成本较低时,供应链倾向于投资RFID技术;当标签成本适中时,供应链是否投资RFID技术取决于制造商的自有资金水平;当标签成本较高时,供应链倾向于不投资RFID技术。     

Evaluating the impact of sensor-embedded products on the performance of an air conditioner disassembly line

Increasing consumer awareness towards environmental issues and stricter environmental legislation have forced many manufacturers to set up facilities for product recovery which involves the minimization of the amount of waste sent to landfills by recovering materials and components from returned or end-of-life (EOL) products. Disassembly is an important process in product recovery since it allows for the selective separation of desired parts and materials. EOL products involving missing and/or nonfunctional components increase the uncertainty associated with disassembly yield. Testing, a common solution method, results in high costs. Moreover, if the component is found to be defective, the disassembly time is wasted. Sensor-embedded products (SEPs) can deal with this uncertainty by providing information on the condition of components prior to disassembly. This study evaluates the impact of SEPs on the various performance measures of an air conditioner (AC) disassembly line controlled by a multikanban system which effectively manages material flows considering the stochastic behavior of the disassembly line. First, separate design-of-experiments studies based on orthogonal arrays are carried out for conventional products (CPs) and SEPs. In order to calculate the response values for each experiment, detailed discrete-event simulation models of both cases are developed, considering the precedence relationships among the components of an AC. Then, pairwise t tests are conducted to compare two cases based on different performance measures. The test results show that SEPs improve revenue and profit while achieving significant reductions in backorder, disassembly, disposal, holding, testing, and transportation costs.     

Optimal management of remanufacturing systems with server vacations

In this paper, we introduce a near optimal buffer allocation plan specifically developed for a remanufacturing system with finite buffers and server vacations. During server vacations, the server stops service for a random amount of time during which arrivals continue to occur. The term server vacation may be used for cases where the server leaves the primary queuing system to work on alternative duties for a random duration every time the server becomes idle (e.g., server could leave to work on additional tasks that he is responsible for or perform preventive maintenance on equipments). The remanufacturing system considered here consists of three modules, viz., the disassembly and testing modules for returned products and the remanufacturing module. In order to analyze the system, we propose an algorithm that uses an open queueing network, decomposition principle, and expansion methodology. The buffer allocation algorithm distributes the given number of available buffer slots among the remanufacturing system stations to optimize the system’s performance. The algorithm has been thoroughly tested using a variety of experimental conditions. The results show that the performance of the algorithm is consistent, robust, and produces excellent results.