Hot Corrosion of Iron in the Presence of Salt Mixture Deposit Containing NaCl and V_2O_5 at 600℃

Iron suffered low temperature hot corrosion (LTHC) in the presence of salt deposits of Na2SO4,Na2SO4 mixed with NaCl and Na2SO4 mixed with V2O5 in a combustion gas at 600℃. The additions of NaCl to Na2SO4 and of V2O5 to Na2SO4 changed the corrosion kinetics significantly and modified the scale structure markedly It is proposed that trivalent iron ions were more favored than divalent ions in the eutectic responsible for the occurrence of LTHC when NaCl was present, while the reaction between Na2SO4 mixed with V2O5 and the gas formed (Na2O)xV2O4(V2O5)6-x providing directly the liquid required by LTHC. The suphide formation in the inner FeO larer was related to the sites of the reduction step wher SO2 was released.     

无机盐/陶瓷基复合蓄热材料高温稳定性的研究

通过理论分析和XRD、DSC及传统热分析等实验手段研究了新型无机盐/陶瓷基复合蓄热材料的高温稳定性。结果表明,相变材料Na2SO4在1000℃高温下具有热力学稳定性,适合作为复合材料的相变介质;Na2SO4/SiO2复合蓄热材料具有良好的高温热稳定性,经100次热循环后,其热失重率低于1.26%、潜热值降低约6.19%、相变温度基本保持恒定,且熔化-凝固特性和热震稳定性良好。Na2SO4/SiO2复合材料适合作为工业炉高温蓄热器储能用蓄热材料。     

Ag60．7Al39．3合金的阳极极化行为和去合金化研究

研究了Ag60．7Al39．3合金在H2SO4中的阳极极化行为。线性扫描时，当电压大于临界电位后，随着H2SO4浓度增大，电流密度增长相应加快，而其自腐蚀电位相差不大。在0．1mol／L H2SO4中，0．5V的电压能腐蚀出海绵状的双连续多孔结构，孔径在微米级。0．8V的电压下所得到的银表面形貌呈平行的片状结构。1．0V和1．4V的电压下分别呈块状堆积形貌和波浪形形貌。在0．01mol／L H2SO4中得到的小孔径宽度〈200nm，在0．05mol／LH2SO4中腐蚀后得到的孔径宽度在300nm之间。表明降低H2SO4浓度减小腐蚀电压可得到纳米级的小孔。     

相变材料Na2SO4·10H2O的脱水过程及相分离分析

通过对Na2SO4·10H2O进行DSC和DTA／TGA测试,分析了Na2SO4·10H2O的脱水过程和相分离机理,得出Na2SO4·10H2O经多次循环后的质量变化表达式,讨论了克服Na2SO4·10H2O相分离的方法,探讨性提出微纳米多孔限域法。     

正渗透过程参数对渗透性能的影响

正渗透是新的非热能驱动膜过程。采用界面聚合的方法制备了中空纤维复合膜。以Na2SO4、MgSO4、NaCl和Mg-Cl2水溶液作为驱动液进行了正渗透实验。实验表明,正渗透通量随着驱动液浓度的增加而增加,其中Na2SO4、MgCl2水溶液的渗透通量大于MgSO4、NaCl水溶液的。驱动液中无机盐向原水中扩散的渗透速率随无机盐浓度的增加而增加,且MgCl2>NaCl>Na2SO4>MgSO4。原水流速对正渗透通量的影响极小,而驱动液流速对正渗透通量的影响较大。     

Spectrally resolved luminescence of undoped and Dy3+ doped Na2SO4

Structural phase transitions influence the luminescence characteristics by modifying the spectra, sensitivity and luminescence efficiency in each phase. This has implications for dosimetric materials both for sensitivity and reproducibility. Previous work with dosemeter materials has not documented effects of different phases on thermoluminescence but Na2SO4 exists in several phases in the temperature range of interest for thermoluminescence dosimetry. Therefore spectrally resolved TL and radiothermoluminescence analyses of undoped and Dy3+ doped Na2SO4 have been performed. Dramatic differences between TL of slow cooled and quenched Na2SO4:Dy are explained in terms of the initial phase of the samples at room temperature. For undoped material the effect of phase conversions during heating shift the wavelengths of the emission bands. A model of Dy in small precipitate phases is considered.     

Powder X-ray thermodiffraction study of mirabilite and epsomite dehydration. Effects of direct IR-irradiation on samples

This paper investigates the thermal and irradiation-dependent dehydration and kinetics occurring in Na2SO4.10H2O (mirabilite) and MgSO4.7H2O (epsomite) at room conditions by using powder X-ray thermodiffraction. An improved version of a first optically stimulated X-ray diffractometer prototype was used. Specific software for the thermodiffraction study was developed (XPowder PLUS) and a filter inserted between the lamp (heating system) and the sample. The results show that these salts are thermal and irradiation sensitive. The temperature and kinetic rates of the salt conversions differed depending on direct exposure to high-intensity radiation (photodehydration) or whether the radiation was blocked by the filter (thermodehydration). In general, radiation-induced dehydration triggers the transformation at lower temperature and accelerates the kinetic reaction more than when the filter is used. Mirabilite dehydration starts with the initial radiation impacts, unlike epsomite. Thermodehydration and photodehydration of mirabilite is a non-isothermal reaction occurring through an amorphous-mediated step. Radiation damage in epsomite leads to isothermal dehydration, whereas non-isothermal dehydration occurs when epsomite is thermally damaged. In both cases, no amorphous material was observed. Because of the weaker bond between cation and oxygen atom in mirabilite, its thermal and radiation stability is lower than in epsomite. These results have important implications for the prevention of salt weathering of porous materials found in the cultural heritage.     

Hot corrosion of chemical vapour deposited SiC and Si3N4 in molten Na2SO4 salt

The corrosion behaviour of SiC and Si3N4 prepared by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique was investigated in molten Na2SO4 salt under argon and argon–oxygen mixture gases. The CVD-SiC was more attacked than the CVD-Si3N4 in molten Na2SO4 salt. This was in good agreement with the results of the thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The corrosion of both materials in argon–oxygen mixture was less severe compared to that in argon. This was attributed to the formation of amorphous SiO2 acting as a protective film against the corrosion. The apparent activation energies of the CVD-SiC and CVD-Si3N4 in molten Na2SO4 under argon gas were 167 kJ mol-1 and 595 kJ mol-1, respectively. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

复合相变储能材料制备工艺对其浸渗率和相对密度的影响

本文探索了Na2SO4/SiO2无机盐/陶瓷基复合相变储能材料的自发熔融浸渗工艺制度.讨论了预制体制备工艺的四个主要影响因素:造孔剂含量、成型压力、烧成温度和颗粒粒度与复合相变储能材料的浸渗率和相对密度的关系,分析了熔融盐与预制体浸渗合成时,浸渗温度、浸渗时间以及浸渗方式对复合相变储能材料浸渗率和相对密度的影响.对复合相变储能材料的物相组成和显微结构进行分析,结果表明:制备工艺对复合储能材料的物相组成影响不大,Na2SO4与SiO2两相表现出较好的高温稳定性和相容性,且分布均匀.     

Retention of ionizable compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Effect of the ionic strength of the mobile phase and the nature of the salts used on the overloading behavior

The retention mechanism of the protonated cation in propranolol chloride on C18-Xterra was investigated using mobile phases of various compositions. Accurate adsorption data were measured by frontal analysis, with a mixture of methanol and water (25% methanol), with no salt, as the mobile phase. The experimental isotherm has at least two inflection points, at concentrations of about 0.2 and 6.0 g/L, respectively. This precludes the modeling of these data with a simple convex-upward isotherm (e.g., Langmuir). The adsorption energy distribution or relationship between the number of sites on the adsorbent surface and the energy of adsorption on these sites was calculated by assuming Moreau isotherm behavior (S-shaped isotherm). This model has never been applied to describe the surface heterogeneity of any RPLC adsorbent. The calculation converged toward a bimodal energy distribution. Accordingly, the bi-Moreau model is the simplest theoretical model accounting for the adsorption data of propranolol from a mobile phase without salt. The complex-overloaded band profiles of propranolol measured in the presence of increasing concentrations of a supporting salt (KCl) in the mobile phase demonstrate that the same isotherm model applies also under these conditions, as was merely assumed in a previous work. The elution band profiles of propranolol calculated with the bi-Moreau isotherm model for solutions of salts of different natures (CaCl2, CsCl, Na2SO4) in the same mobile phase agree very well with the experimental band profiles.     

Al Preparation from Solid Al_2O_3 by Direct Electrochemical Deoxidation in Molten CaCl_2-NaCl at 550℃

Al was prepared by a new method in molten salt at low temperature.Sintered alumina pellets were used as cathode;graphite rod was employed as anode;and the molten CaCl2-NaCl was the electrolyte.A constant 3.2 V voltage was applied in this experiment,and oxygen in solid alumina cathode was reduced by direct electrochemical deoxidation at 550℃.In this process,the current gradually decreased with increasing time and the alumina pellets became grey and porous.The metallic particles were obtained and characterize...     

5-异氰酸酯异肽酰氯/ZnO/超支化聚酰胺纳滤膜的制备及性能EI北大核心CSCD

为获得大通量抗污染纳滤膜,通过5-异氰酸酯异肽酰氯(ICIC)与超支化聚酰胺(HBPA)在聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤膜表面的界面聚合反应,将纳米氧化锌引入聚酰胺分离层制备ICIC/ZnO/HBPA纳滤膜。扫描电镜(SEM),X射线能谱分析证实ZnO的存在;接触角测试结果显示,引入ZnO后膜表面亲水性增强,最小接触角为22.7°。与未加ZnO相比,加入ZnO的膜通量增大了约2.6倍,为102 L·m^-2·h^-1,且对NaCl,MgCl 2,Na2SO4和MgSO4的截留率提高。随着ZnO用量的增加,膜对大肠杆菌抑菌性增强。适当增大单体含量或延长界面聚合时间有利于提高膜对无机盐的截留率,但截留率顺序发生变化。当HBPA含量为0.8%(质量分数,下同)、ICIC含量为0.1%、ZnO用量为0.02 g、反应时间为10 min时,制备的纳滤膜对NaCl,MgCl2,Na2SO4和MgSO 4的截留率分别为60.8%,96.4%,95.1%,96.7%,通量分别达到53,54.7,53.7 L·m^-2·h^-1和54.7 L·m^-2·h^-1。     

Na_2SO_4·10H_2O/EG复合相变材料的制备与性能分析

以十水硫酸钠为相变材料,采用真空吸附法制备十水合硫酸钠/膨胀石墨复合相变储能材料(Na_2SO_4·10H_2O/EG),对其融化-凝固、相分离、过冷、潜热等热物性进行测试分析。结果表明:在Na_2SO_4·10H_2O中添加2%(质量分数,下同)硼砂和8%EG后,可得到理想的Na_2SO_4·10H_2O/EG固-固复合相变材料。此时,Na_2SO_4·10H_2O相分离得到消除,过冷度由13.6℃降低到0.6℃以下,相变潜热和体储能密度分别为225.77kJ·kg~(-1)和218.09MJ·m~(-3)。此外,导热率也得到提高,相比于只添加成核剂硼砂的Na_2SO_4·10H_2O PCM,储热时间缩短52.6%,放热时间缩短55.1%,经过500次急剧升温-降温循环后也未出现性能衰减,储/放热性能较好。     

冷喷涂CoNiCrAlY涂层在Na_2SO_4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为

利用冷喷涂技术制备CoNiCrAlY涂层,并对涂层进行了真空预氧化处理。结合X射线衍射,扫描电镜,能谱分析等方法研究预氧化处理前后的CoNiCrAlY涂层在900℃的Na2SO4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:冷喷涂CoNiCrAlY涂层含氧量为0.12%(质量分数),孔隙率小于0.28%(体积分数)。真空预氧化处理在涂层表面生成厚约0.26μm连续、致密的α-Al_2O_3氧化膜;喷涂态涂层和预氧化涂层在热腐蚀150h后表面均生成了以α-Al_2O_3为主的致密连续氧化膜,保护了基体免受腐蚀破坏;真空预氧化处理有效减缓了S和O等元素向涂层内扩散的速率,从而提高了涂层的抗Na2SO4熔盐热腐蚀性能;高温热腐蚀对涂层的破坏作用远大于高温氧化。在相同温度下,涂层在单一Na2SO4熔盐中腐蚀时,Al的消耗速率约为高温氧化时的2倍。     

V掺杂对Ni-Co-S/细菌纤维素基碳气凝胶电催化性能的影响

本研究以细菌纤维素基碳气凝胶(CA)为载体材料,通过水热法制备了Ni-Co-S/CA复合气凝胶,掺入钒元素调控材料的微观结构和性能。研究结果表明:Ni-Co-S的主要物相为NiCo2S4,次相为NiS2。随着镍钴盐浓度的增大,负载量增加,电催化峰电流密度先升后降。当镍钴盐浓度较低时,掺微量钒后, Ni-Co-S从结晶度较高的球形颗粒转变成低结晶度的方形微粒,电催化活性和稳定性都得到改善。在0.01 mol/L镍钴盐溶液中掺入3mol%V,制备的电极对甲醇具有最优的催化氧化性能,与不掺V的样品相比,其峰电流密度(78.18mA/cm2)提升了至少45.7%。Ni-Co-S/CA复合气凝胶电极具有轻质、高孔隙率等优点,有望用于便携式直接甲醇燃料电池。     

Hybrid microfabricated device for field measurement of atmospheric sulfur dioxide

A miniaturized planar-membrane-based gas collector of 800 nL internal liquid volume was integrated with a microfabricated conductivity detector to measure atmospheric SO2. This device is operated with a dilute H2SO4/ H202/2-propanol absorber for a finite integration period (typically, 1.5 min) without liquid flow. During this period, sulfuric acid is formed from SO2 that diffuses into the liquid and accumulates therein. The increase in conductivity with ongoing sampling is measured. The absorber is then replaced with fresh solution, and the process starts anew. The most important factors that govern sensitivity and the detection limit are the choice of the membrane, the nature of the internal collector solution, and the thickness of the solution layer. A porous polypropylene membrane with some 2-propanol (IPA) incorporated in the internal solution was found to be the best combination. The sensitivity was inversely proportional to the solution layer thickness, and a layer thickness of 100 microm resulted in a practical device with good performance characteristics. Greater applied pressure on the gas phase relative to the liquid side also can improve device performance. The system is operated with 12 V DC and does not require a liquid pump. Under optimized conditions, the LOD is 0.7-1.0 ppbv for a sampling period of 1.5 min. The device was field-tested around Mt. Aso in Japan. Changes in ambient SO2 concentrations could be followed with good time resolution. The results are compared with data obtained by a collocated macroscale instrument.     

Methods to improve electrochemical treatment effect of dye wastewater

Several methods, including changing electrolyte concentration, temperature, stirring, and voltage were studied to improve the degradation effect of electrochemical treatment in dye wastewater. In addition, nanophase TiO2 catalyst and Co-Bi-PbO2/Ti anode have been prepared to expedite color removal. Enhancement of temperature leads to proportional increase of color removal. As for voltage, at low levels its increase could greatly improves color removal. After voltage reaches about 3.0 V, its improvement effect declines quickly. The influence of electrolyte concentration and aerating on color removal are similar to that of voltage. So it favored to degrade organic pollutants using high salt concentration, high voltages and large electric current to improve treatment effect. However, the efficiency of energy supplied during electrolysis decreases. A nonlinear model is established to evaluate the influence of electrolyte concentration and voltage on color removal. The model agrees with the experiment data very well. It is suggested by the simulation result of this model that electrolysis degradation should better be carried out at about 3.0 V, in 0.01 M Na2SO4 concentration for high energy efficiency. Additionally, either catalyst or Co-Bi-PbO2/Ti anode brings about 0.15 times more color removal without increasing electric current. Together, they could bring forth some 0.22 times higher color removal.     

硫酸铝添加对瓦楞纸表面施胶的影响规律及机理探讨

目的探讨表面施胶淀粉中添加硫酸铝对瓦楞纸强度性能和抗水性能的影响规律及机理,为更好地在表面施胶过程中合理应用硫酸铝,进而改善纸张性能提供理论支持。方法先通过实验考察硫酸铝对淀粉胶液pH值、粘度,以及纸张强度和抗水性能的影响,再通过对淀粉胶膜进行DSC检测和SEM观测,探讨硫酸铝影响纸张施胶的机理。结果硫酸铝的添加会显著降低淀粉胶液的pH值和粘度;在一定用量范围内,添加硫酸铝可明显改善纸张强度,且其最佳质量分数为6%;纸张抗水性能随硫酸铝含量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,其最佳质量分数在3%左右;添加硫酸铝的淀粉膜表面覆盖有一层纳米级的硫酸铝结晶,且玻璃化温度比原淀粉膜高。结论淀粉膜表面纳米硫酸铝结晶层的存在以及其玻璃化转变温度的升高会影响纸张表面施胶效果,是改善其强度性能的重要原因。     

Characterization of lithium sulfate as an unsymmetrical-valence salt bridge for the minimization of liquid junction potentials in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures

The transference numbers t of lithium sulfate in acetonitrile/water and methanol/water solvent mixtures have been studied by measuring the emfs of such transference cells as Pb(Hg)|PbSO(4)|Li(2)SO(4) (m(2))||Li(2)SO(4) (m(1))|PbSO(4)| Pb(Hg), Hg|Hg(2)SO(4)|Li(2)SO(4) (m(2))||Li(2)SO(4) (m(1))|Hg(2)SO(4)|Hg, and Li(x)Hg(1-)(x)|Li(2)SO(4) (m(1))||Li(2)SO(4) (m(2))|Li(x)Hg(1-)(x), in view of characterizing Li(2)SO(4) as an unsymmetrical salt bridge for the minimization of liquid junction potentials in potentiometric applications. In water, Li(2)SO(4) is nearly as good a salt bridge as the popular KCl one. Its effectiveness has been verified through the operational pH-metric cell using various aqueous pH(S) standards. In acetonitrile/water solvents of 0.09 mass fraction of acetonitrile at 298.15 K, Li(2)SO(4) shows exact ionic equitransference, obeying the general condition t(+)/z(+) = t(-)/|z(-)|. The Li(2)SO(4) salt bridge can be used either for simple insertion between two different electrolyte solutions to minimize the intervening liquid junction potentials, as the outer component of a double-bridge arrangement of any commonly available reference electrode, or, obviously, for structural incorporation in sulfate-reversible reference electrodes as the appropriate supporting and bridge electrolyte. The operational potential of the Hg| Hg(2)SO(4)|2 m Li(2)SO(4) reference electrode in aqueous solutions is 0.6326 V at 298.15 K.     

工业炉用Na2SO4/SiO2复合蓄热材料的研究

为改善工业炉高温烟气余热回收设备中蓄热材料的性能，本研究成功地研制了Na2SO4／SiO2显热／潜热复合蓄热材料，并讨论了烧结温度和时间、成形压力、添加剂等因素对复合蓄热材料热物性、致密度和抗压强度的影响。这种复合蓄热材料继承了传统蓄热材料的优点，同时又结合了相变材料的长处，克服了二者的不足，从而具有稳定性好、蓄放热快和蓄热密度高的性能。