棕榈油和大豆油在油条煎炸过程中品质变化研究

以不同熔点棕榈油和棕榈油―大豆油混合油为原料,以大豆油作对照,通过比较油条外观、口感,筛选出适于煎炸油条的棕榈油,再进一步通过测定油条煎炸过程中油脂样品游离脂肪酸(FFA)、过氧化值(PV)、色泽、极性值(PC)、羰基价(COV)等指标,研究两种油在油条煎炸过程中品质变化情况。研究结果表明,熔点14℃棕榈液油和大豆油都适于煎炸油条,且棕榈液油在煎炸过程中具有比大豆油更好氧化稳定性,仅是其游离脂肪酸(FFA)和色泽上升速率快于大豆油。总的来说,两种油在满足煎炸油质量要求前提下,同等数量棕榈油可比大豆油煎炸更多油条。     

花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量变化的研究

对花生油进行油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐以及空白煎炸试验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量进行检测分析,研究花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的变化。结果表明:在间歇煎炸开始后的3 h,油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐煎炸油及空白煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量明显升高,由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别增加至9.96、2.17、6.86、4.60、5.41mg/kg;至间歇煎炸15 h,上述对应煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量分别为3.51、1.58、9.88、12.88、3.72mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、40.36、9.00、47.15 mg/kg。随煎炸时间的延长,3-氯丙醇酯增幅最大的是豆腐煎炸油和鸡翅煎炸油,缩水甘油酯增幅最大的是鸡翅煎炸油、油条煎炸油和空白煎炸油。至煎炸15 h,5种煎炸油样的极性组分和酸值均未超出国标限量,但3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的升高对煎炸食品安全的影响应引起高度关注。     

油炸对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量及棕榈油品质的影响

以棕榈油作油炸油,油炸表面涂抹蜂蜜水的鸡腿,研究棕榈油连续使用时间对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量的影响,并测定棕榈油的酸价和羰基值,探究其品质变化规律。结果表明:以棕榈油作油炸用油,油炸后鸡肉中所含的主要反式脂肪酸为C18∶1 9t;棕榈油使用2~10 h,鸡肉中总反式脂肪酸含量显著增加。棕榈油酸价在油炸过程中一直符合食用油煎炸过程中卫生标准;而羰基值在160℃下使用10 h时达到54.66 meq/kg,超过国标规定的最大限量,180℃下使用8 h即将超标,而200℃时已经超标。因此,以棕榈油进行油炸加工鸡肉时,应选择160℃左右的加工温度,并控制棕榈油使用时间不超过10 h。      

Comparison of the stability of palm olein and a palm olein/canola oil blend during deep‐fat frying of chicken nuggets and French fries

Stability of palm olein (PO) and a blend 50% palm olein/50% canola oil (POC) during deep‐fat frying at 180 °C of French fries (FF) or chicken nuggets (CN) was studied through the determination of physical and chemical parameters in the fresh and used oils. Degradation at the end of the study resulted in total polar compounds of 12–13.5% for PO and 11.5–14.5% for POC and viscosity of 65–123.3 cP for PO and 63–72.8 cP for POC. Lower peroxide values (5.33–6.32) were obtained for the blend (PO had 5.21–8.55). Food type affected colour parameters and p‐anisidine value of the oils. For CN, the lowest fat content and higher hardness were obtained when they were fried in PO. CN caused a faster deterioration in the oils, in comparison with FF, especially in POC. Gas chromatography allowed to observe differences in fatty acids composition for both used oils.     

棕榈油煎炸面窝过程中体系品质的变化

选取棕榈油为煎炸油,以面窝为模拟待炸物,在连续无添加新油的煎炸体系中,研究不同煎炸温度和煎炸时间对煎炸油酸值、过氧化值、极性组分和甘油三酯聚合物的影响,以及对煎炸面窝中丙烯酰胺和晚期糖基化末端产物含量的影响。结果表明：棕榈油煎炸过程中酸值、极性组分含量和甘油三酯聚合物含量随着煎炸时间的延长都呈增长趋势,且煎炸一定时间后会超过限量值,但在不同煎炸温度下3个指标超过限量值的时间不同。180 ℃煎炸24 h,酸值和甘油三酯聚合物含量均超过限量值,极性组分含量临近限量值。在180 ℃下随着煎炸时间的延长,煎炸面窝中丙烯酰胺含量在708.08~1 020.20 μg/kg范围内波动,无明显规律。煎炸时间对于煎炸面窝中羧甲基赖氨酸（CML）和羧乙基赖氨酸（CEL）含量后期影响较为显著,全过程无明显规律,煎炸36 h时,煎炸面窝中CML和CEL含量分别达到3 174.9 μg/kg和1 556.5 μg/kg。     

Washing bleached palm oil to reduce monochloropropanediols and glycidyl esters

The formation of toxic compounds, potentially carcinogenic, during food processing has been considered an important food safety issue. Among them, particular attention has been given to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE), which can be formed during vegetable oil refining, especially palm oil. These substances may pose a health risk to humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of washing bleached palm oil (BPO) with different solvents, and evaluate the reduction of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE as well as assess the quality parameters of the final product. For this purpose, we used two types of washing with different solvents. A single washing was carried out in one step and a double washing in two steps using a solvent gradient. Single washing had a limited reduction in the levels of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in an increased level of GE, whereas double washing slightly reduced 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in a significant reduction of GE levels. The reduction achieved in this study was up to 17.1% for 3-MCPDE, 56.4% for 2-MCPDE and 76.9% for GE levels. The reduction of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE might be due to the removal of part of the ethanol-soluble chlorinated precursors from the oil which suggests that highly lipophilic forms of these substances are present in BPO. The substantial reduction on GE levels might be associated with the removal of the precursors present in the oil such as diacylglycerols. Thus, the washing treatment could be used as a supplementary strategy to reduce processing contaminants from palm oil, especially GEs.     

基于介电常数和低场核磁共振技术的煎炸油品质分析

应用介电常数仪和低场核磁共振分析仪分别测定了150、180、210℃下煎炸棕榈油2～10h(每间隔2h取样)的介电常数和弛豫图谱。将介电常数(ε)结果与GC测定的相应游离脂肪酸含量变化相比较,将弛豫峰面积比例之比(S21/S22)与对应的油酸和棕榈酸比值(O/P)相比较,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,在三个高温的不同时间下,介电常数(ε)可以用于煎炸棕榈油的品质分析;弛豫时间T21、T22可以用来辨别棕榈油是否经过高温煎炸处理;在150、180℃下,S21/S22与O/P在不同时间下的变化趋势相似,呈显著正相关性(p<0.05,p<0.01),可以用于监测这两个温度下煎炸棕榈油劣变程度;在210℃下,S21/S22与O/P变化规律相差较大且无相关性。      

煎炸过程对棕榈油品质及南美白对虾中 AGEs含量的影响

以煎炸油和煎炸南美白对虾为研究对象,探究煎炸时间及煎炸物料对煎炸油品质的影响;采用液相色谱-质谱联用及荧光技术测定煎炸对虾中晚期糖基化终末产物（AGEs）的含量,探究煎炸过程对煎炸对虾中AGEs生成的影响。结果表明,高温煎炸可加速棕榈油氧化,使其酸值（AV）、p-茴香胺值（p-AnV）、羰基值（CV）显著增加,24 h时达到最大值。煎炸后,对虾水分含量显著降低,脂肪、丙二醛和荧光AGEs含量显著升高,煎炸批次对其无显著影响。煎炸对虾外层丙二醛、荧光AGEs、非荧光AGEs（羧甲基赖氨酸（CML）、羧乙基赖氨酸（CEL）和甲基乙二醛氢咪唑酮（MG-H1））含量显著高于内部,与未煎炸生虾相比除内部CEL含量有所降低外其余均高于未煎炸生虾。随着煎炸批次的增加,煎炸对虾外层CML、CEL和MG-H1含量均逐渐降低,在煎炸第5批时趋于稳定,煎炸第1批时取得最大值,分别为25.37、335.68 mg/kg和468.20 mg/kg,分别为未煎炸生虾的7、4.5倍和16.5倍;煎炸对虾内部CML、CEL和MG-H1含量均先升高后降低,在煎炸第5批时趋于稳定,煎炸第3批时取得最大值,分别为12.56、85.27 mg/kg和204.20 mg/kg,分别为未煎炸生虾的3.5、1倍和7倍。     

Verification and evaluation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in palm oil products of different regions in Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to investigate on the effect of different sampling regions of palm-refined oils and fats on the 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (MCPDE) and glycidol fatty acid esters (GE) levels. The American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Official Method Cd 29a-13 on the determination of MCPDE and GE in edible oils and fats by acid transesterification was successfully verified and optimised, with slight modification using 7890A Agilent GC system equipped with 5975C quadrupole detector. The determined limits of detection (LOD) for MCPDE were 0.02 mg kg^-1 and 0.05 mg kg^-1 for GE. The method performance has showed good recovery between 80% and 120% for all pertinent compounds with seven replicates assayed in three separate days. Round robin test with two European laboratories, i.e. Eurofins and SGS, has shown compliance results with those of the present study. Among the sampling regions, only one refinery located in the central region of Malaysia showed a significant increment of the MCPDE and GE levels after refining process. The GE level averaging at 2.5 mg kg^-1 was slightly higher than that of 3-MCPDE averaging at 1.3 mg kg^-1. Both esters were preferentially partitioned into the liquid phase rather than the solid phase after fractionation. However, the overall results exhibited no direct correlation between the esters content and the different sampling locations of the palm oil products in Malaysia. Analysis of total chlorine content also displayed significant variations between sampling locations which clearly show its effect on the chlorine content in the CPO samples.     

棕榈油在面制品煎炸过程中极性组分产生的集总动力学研究

旨在为植物油复杂反应体系的动力学研究提供新的思路,以棕榈油为研究对象,以面制品为煎炸物,在140、150、160、180℃下进行连续煎炸模拟试验,测定不同煎炸温度下不同煎炸时间煎炸油中极性组分含量,并通过集总的方法建立极性组分含量与煎炸温度和煎炸时间的动力学模型。结果表明：在140、150、160℃下煎炸36 h均没有达到煎炸油废弃点,而180℃下煎炸24 h即到达废弃点;棕榈油煎炸生成极性组分的过程为零级反应,反应活化能为35.98 kJ/mol,极性组分含量随煎炸时间延长线性增长;通过建立的模型预测不同温度下棕榈油煎炸的极限煎炸时间,预测结果与模拟试验结果相符。综上,通过集总的方法所建立的棕榈油煎炸生成极性组分的动力学模型可靠,所使用的集总动力学的研究方法可以引用至其他植物油的煎炸反应体系中。     

不同煎炸食材对米糠油煎炸品质影响的研究

利用米糠油对不同煎炸食材进行间歇性煎炸,通过对煎炸油色泽、酸值、羰基值、脂肪酸组成、反式脂肪酸含量、维生素E含量的检测分析,对比研究植物淀粉基食材(薯条)、高含水量食材(豆腐)、肉类食材(鸡翅)、面粉基食材(油条)4种代表性煎炸食材对煎炸油品质的影响。结果表明:不同煎炸食材因所含主要组分的不同,对煎炸油品质劣变呈现出不同程度的影响;煎炸油酸值增大程度依次为豆腐鸡翅油条薯条;羰基值增大程度依次为油条薯条豆腐鸡翅;总反式脂肪酸增大程度依次为油条鸡翅薯条=豆腐;维生素E含量降低程度依次为薯条油条鸡翅豆腐。     

马铃薯煎炸过程中食用油稳定性的研究

采用马铃薯作为食材,菜籽油、胡麻油和米糠油3种常用食用油作为煎炸用油,测定不同煎炸温度、不同煎炸时间下3种食用油酸值、碘值、过氧化值,评价不同食用油煎炸过程中的稳定性.结果 表明:经过5h的连续加热,3种食用油的酸值、过氧化值含量都随加热温度和加热时间的增大有逐渐上升的趋势,碘值随着加热温度和加热时间的增大逐渐下降,3...     

热加工过程中棕榈油理化特性、脂肪酸与自由基的变化研究

以棕榈油（24℃）为原料,采用国标法测定棕榈油在不同温度（160、180、200℃）下常规理化指标（酸价、过氧化值、丙二醛值、p-茴香胺值和总氧化值）随时间的变化,在此基础之上,分别采用GC-MS法与电子自旋共振（ESR）法对180℃下棕榈油脂肪酸组成和自由基含量变化进行测定。结果表明,加热温度越高和加热时间越长棕榈油理化指标值越大,其中过氧化值呈现先上升后下降趋势。脂肪酸组成结果表明,棕榈油中饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸比例约为1∶1,且随着加热时间延长,比例基本不变。ESR实验表明,加热时间越长,2-苯叔丁基硝酮（PBN）捕获的自由基量越多,棕榈油氧化程度越深。      

磷脂含量对煎炸油烟点、耐寒性、氧化稳定性 和煎炸稳定性的影响

通过添加大豆卵磷脂,使大豆油、菜籽油和棕榈油中磷脂含量分别为本底值、10、20、30、40、50 mg/kg,测定不同磷脂含量的3种煎炸油的烟点、耐寒性、氧化诱导时间,同时检测3种煎炸油在170℃下煎炸不同食材过程中的感官品质、酸价、过氧化值和极性组分含量的变化,以评价其煎炸稳定性。结果表明:随着磷脂含量的增加,大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油烟点呈下降趋势,其中棕榈油烟点下降受磷脂影响最大;耐寒性随着磷脂含量增加整体呈下降趋势;氧化诱导时间随磷脂含量的增加呈波动变化趋势;在本试验范围内,磷脂含量对煎炸油煎炸稳定性影响的规律尚不明显。     

Influence of composition on degradation during repeated deep‐fat frying of binary and ternary blends of palm,sunflower and soybean oils with health‐optimised saturated‐to‐unsaturated fatty acid ratios

The American Heart Association recommended the fatty acid balance contributed by all the fats in our diet, suggesting it would be best at approximately 1:1:1 for saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. Three individual oils: palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SNF) and their binary and ternary blends were prepared and used for repeated deep‐fat frying of French fries. The acid value, peroxide value, p‐anisidine value and Totox values, as well as oxidative stability, contents of total polar compounds, tocochromanols, triacylglycerol dimers and oligomers, were determined in individual and blended oils. The lowest Totox value and highest stability were found for PO, and the opposite data were obtained for SNF and SBO. The degradation of tocochromanols in blends ranged from 91% to 95% after 4 days of frying, while in individual oils, it was 63% in SBO, 71% in SNF and 100% in PO. The lowest formation of dimers and oligomers was observed for the PO: SNF blend. Obtained results showed that only pure PO was a better frying medium than its blends with SBO and SNF. However, a prepared blend had a better fatty acid composition for human health and was more stable than pure SBO and SNF.     

高油酸葵花籽油煎炸过程中MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯的变化

以高油酸葵花籽油为煎炸用油对鱼排、鸡块和薯条进行煎炸实验,探究3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD)酯、2-氯丙醇(2-MCPD)酯和缩水甘油酯在煎炸过程中的变化。结果表明:原油中3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯含量分别为0.26、0.05 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg;在煎炸过程中2-MCPD酯含量与3-MCPD酯含量呈现极显著相关(p0.01);煎炸油中的MCPD酯在煎炸后有明显的生成;受煎炸材料的影响,3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸鱼排和鸡块体系煎炸12 h时达到最大值,分别为2.22 mg/kg和2.05 mg/kg,而后逐渐下降;3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸薯条体系中变化不大;缩水甘油酯含量则在所有体系中均下降,受煎炸材料的影响,缩水甘油酯分别在煎炸24 h(鱼排)、60 h(鸡块)和96 h(薯条)中基本降解完全。     

大豆油煎炸过程极性组分和非极性组分中脂肪酸组成的研究

通过柱层析法分离煎炸油的极性组分和非极性组分,采用GC-MS分析两种组分中的脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明:煎炸油极性组分和非极性组分具有相似的脂肪酸组成及相对含量,且两种组分间饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)呈极显著相关(r0.90,p0.01)。极性组分中cis C18∶2含量相对较高;非极性组分中cis C18∶2/C16∶0比值减小程度明显大于极性组分,则非极性组分的cis C18∶2在生成极性基团时反应最为剧烈。煎炸油中极性物质含量随煎炸时间延长而增多,其中极性组分中总脂肪酸含量呈梯度增加趋势,并与煎炸油中总极性物质(TPC)含量呈极显著相关(p0.01);非极性组分中总脂肪酸含量显著减少,表明在煎炸过程中各种甘油三酯均参与反应,导致含有极性基团的脂肪酸含量不断增加,其中cis C18∶2组成与极性组分含量变化密切相关。按极性大小将复杂的煎炸油成分进行分类研究,有利于对大豆油煎炸过程中的复杂组分进行全面分析,为得到脂肪酸组成与极性组分含量变化的关系和提出煎炸油寿命的建议提供更为可靠的数据。     

食用油加工过程中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯生成及脱除研究

研究了12种共计74批次市售食用油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)污染情况,及脱臭条件对二者生成的影响,以及吸附剂和分子蒸馏对二者脱除的影响。结果发现,12种食用油中3-MCPDE和GE的检出率为100%,其中3-MCPDE含量范围为0. 234～12. 212mg/kg,GE含量范围为0. 196～10. 891 mg/kg,米糠油中3-MCPDE和GE含量最高,其次为棕榈液油。脱臭温度对3-MCPDE和GE的影响显著,3-MCPDE和GE大量生成的脱臭温度分别为大于220℃和大于200℃,并且随着脱臭时间的延长3-MCPDE和GE含量增加。GE可以通过活性炭、活性白土、硅胶和凹凸棒土等吸附剂吸附脱除,脱除率可达96%以上。3-MCPDE难以通过吸附剂吸附的方式脱除。分子蒸馏可同时脱除3-MCPDE和GE,蒸馏温度230℃时3-MCPDE和GE脱除率分别达到88%和94%。     

油炸中棕榈油与鸡柳脂肪酸组成的变化及其相互影响

为研究油炸过程中棕榈油及鸡柳脂肪酸组成变化及相互影响规律,利用气相色谱法对棕榈油以及炸鸡柳中脂肪酸组成的变化进行分析,并用国标法测定油炸油的酸价和过氧化值,借助主成分分析法探讨油炸油脂肪酸组成对油脂氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明:油炸温度较低(≤200℃)时,棕榈油脂肪酸没有明显变化,在温度极高(>200℃)时,棕榈油中不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降(p<0.01),反式脂肪酸的含量显著增加(p<0.01)。鸡柳在油炸过程中吸收油炸油,并且吸收油脂的量随着炸制时间的延长而增加。同时,鸡柳中浓度高的脂肪酸C20∶4、9c C16∶1、9c12c C18∶2、9c12c15c C18∶3也会释放到棕榈油中。主成分分析结果显示棕榈油中多不饱和脂肪酸C18∶2和C18∶3对于酸价和过氧化值的影响最大。      

亚麻籽油和棕榈液油煎炸油条过程中的品质变化

为了获得亚麻籽油的最适煎炸条件,在（180±5） ℃下,以GB 2716—2018中规定极性化合物含量达到27%为煎炸终点,对亚麻籽油和棕榈液油在油条连续煎炸过程中理化指标进行检测和比较,同时对油条进行感官评定。结果表明：在连续煎炸油条过程中,两种植物油的酸值、总氧化值、极性化合物及聚合物含量均随着煎炸时间的延长而不断增加,但在4 h以内,亚麻籽油极性化合物含量较低;亚麻籽油的极性化合物含量在煎炸13 h后达到27.78%,而棕榈液油的极性化合物含量在煎炸18 h后达到27.27%;相较于棕榈液油,在油条煎炸过程中,亚麻籽油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量不断减少,尤其是α-亚麻酸下降幅度更大;亚麻籽油140 ℃下的氧化诱导期均在1 h以内,远低于棕榈液油;油条感官评定表明棕榈液油更适宜于油条煎炸。研究表明亚麻籽油适合短时（<4 h）高温煎炸,不建议长时间深度煎炸。