Erratum

Cooking and processing of starch-containing foodstuffs results in a portion of the starch becoming resistant to hydrolytic enzymes secreted in the small intestine of man. In order to determine whether this resistant starch (RS) was degraded in the colon, samples of RS and readily digestible starch (RDS) for comparisons were incubated with (a) cell-free supernatants from faecal suspensions and (b) washed faecal bacterial cell suspensions. The data obtained showed that, whereas pancreatic amylase and faecal supernatants hydrolysed RDS, with the production of oligosaccharides, RS totally resisted breakdown. In contrast, both RS and RDS were completely degraded by the washed bacterial cells with the generation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and organic acids. Hydrolysis and fermentation of RDS was extremely rapid and, as a consequence, oligosaccharides and lactate initially accumulated in the culture medium. RS was broken down more slowly, howevér, and oligosaccharides and lactate never accumulated. The rate of polysaccharide hydrolysis had a significant effect on the quantities of VFA produced, in that 54% of carbohydrate was fermented to VFA in cultures incubated with RDS as sole carbon source as compared to only 30% in cultures incubated with RS. However no qualitative difference was observed in the VFA produced by fermentation of RDS or RS.     

直链淀粉含量对大鼠肠道发酵产物的影响

目的:研究了不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉对大鼠肠道发酵产物的影响.方法:将42只Wistar成年雌鼠随机分为7组,分别饲喂直链淀粉(AS)含量为0%、26.8%、53.8%、61.6%、75.7%、78.9%、85.8%的玉米淀粉饲料.喂养3周后解剖,测定各组体重、饲料效率及淀粉消化率、小肠内容物、盲肠内容物、盲肠组织重量以及盲肠中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)等指标.结果:61.6%AS、75.7%AS、78.9%AS和85.8%AS饲料组的淀粉表观消化率明显低于0%AS和26.8%AS饲料组.与0%AS和26.8%AS相比,高直链淀粉显著地增加了小肠内容物、盲肠内容物干重,75.7%AS组的盲肠内容物干重最高.高直链淀粉组盲肠中乙酸、丙酸和总SCFA的总量显著高于0%AS和26.8%AS组,53.8%AS组丙酸产量最高,61.6%AS组有最高丁酸和总SCFA产量,而75.7%AS有最高的乙酸、乳酸和琥珀酸产量,在高直链玉米淀粉中,78.9%AS组SCFA产量最低.结论:增加玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量能明显降低淀粉的消化性,增加大鼠肠道中未消化残渣的量和盲肠中SCFA产量,但这种效果与直链淀粉的含量并没有明显的相关性.     

Altering pasting characteristics of sweet potato starches through amino acid additives

ABSTRACT:  This study assessed the effects of amino acid additives, aspartic acid, leucine, lysine, and methionine, on the pasting and thermal characteristics of white- and orange-fleshed Beauregard sweet potato starches. A rapid visco analyzer 3D was used to determine pasting properties. In comparing pasting characteristics, starch from orange-fleshed sweet potato was found to be easier to cook, had a lower potential for retrogradation, and was less stable during heating than the white-fleshed sweet potato starch. The RVA analysis showed that the charged amino acids, aspartic acid and lysine, altered pasting characteristics of the 2 starches more than the neutral amino acids, leucine and methionine. Aspartic acid had similar effects on both starches, making them less stable during cooking and lowering the potential for retrogradation. Lysine, when added to the orange-fleshed sweet potato starch, decreased the breakdown, allowing for more stability during cooking. This study showed that pasting properties of sweet potato starches can be altered by the addition of amino acids.     

Production of short-chain fatty acids from resistant starch in a pig model

This study was performed to estimate the pool of SCFA produced in the digestive tract of growing pigs after the consumption of diets containing dif-ferent sources of resistant starch (RS) (15 g per meal) (potato starch (PoS), high amylose maize starch (HS) and retrograded extruded HS (RHS)). SCFA production in vitro was respectively 19, 23 and 21 mmol g⁻¹ of fermented PoS, HS and RHS. The highest butyric acid production was observed with PoS. Fifty six, 36 and 19% respectively of ingested PoS, HS and RHS escaped digestion in the small intestine, whereas residual starch was completely fermented in the large bowel. Luminal total SCFA in the caeco-colon 7 h after the experimental meal were respectively 33, 78 and 105 mmol for PoS, HS and RHS, with PoS providing the highest production of butyric acid. Theoretical in vivo SCFA production, calculated on the basis of results for in vitro fermentation and ileal digestibility, differed from in vivo results for PoS (+65%) and HS (-13%), but not for RHS. This study reveals different rates of disappearance of RS both in vitro and in vivo. © 1998 SCI.     

Low and high amylose maize starches acetylated by a commercial or a laboratory process both deliver acetate to the large bowel of rats

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by large bowel bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates promote normal colonic function and health. Previous studies in rats have shown that starches acylated with SCFA to a high degree of substitution (DS) resist small intestinal digestion and pass into the large bowel where the acids are released by bacterial enzyme activity. These studies were conducted with starches manufactured from low or high amylose starches manufactured in the laboratory or commercially. In this study, a direct comparison was made between acetylated low and high amylose maize starch manufactured in the laboratory and high amylose maize starch acetylated commercially. Compared to a standard maize starch, all acetylated starches raised large bowel pools of acetate (by as much as 10-fold) and total SCFA (by between 320% and 775%) when fed to rats. They also raised large bowel digesta mass by as much as 2-fold and lowered pH by up to 28%. These changes were observed when the background diet contained unmodified low or high amylose starch, although the changes were greatest with high amylose maize starch which is consistent with its resistance to digestion. The data confirm that acylated starches are a viable means of raising specific large bowel SCFA, independent of the manufacturing process.     

Resistant starch prepared from high-amylose maize starch with citric acid hydrolysis and its simulated fermentation in vitro

Resistant starch (RS) was prepared from high-amylose maize starch through two autoclaving–cooling cycles and then acid hydrolysis of retrograded starch. Experimental results showed that hydrolysis of retrograded high-amylose maize starch with 0.1 mol L⁻¹ citric acid at room temperature for 12 h would increase RS yield to 39%. At simulated conditions of large intestine (anaerobic and 37 °C), the prepared RS product was fermented in culture by fresh feces extract from healthy adult or healthy infant to produce short chain fatty acids. Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid produced in culture were analyzed by GC with capillary column. The GC analysis results showed that as the increase of fermentation time and the addition level of RS in culture, the production of short chain fatty acids was increased. However, the production of short chain fatty acids (especially butyric acid) in culture fermented by healthy infant feces extract was much higher than that fermented by healthy adult feces extract. It suggested that the production of short chain fatty acids from RS in simulated intestinal conditions might be affected by the intestinal microflora.     

抗性淀粉营养特性及生物学作用的研究进展

抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)是健康人体小肠中不吸收的淀粉及其降解产物,进入后肠可发酵产生多种短链脂肪酸。近年来研究表明RS可降低糖尿病、结直肠癌、肥胖等慢性病的发病风险。本文就RS对肠道健康、血脂和血糖水平以及矿物元素吸收等方面的改善作用及其可能的机制作一综述。     

In vitro fermentation of different types of α-amylase resistant corn starches

α -amylase resistant corn starches were in vitro fermented (72 h) using cecal content of rat as inoculum. Resistant starches were prepared from native (NCS), retrograded (RS_A ), and retrograded and boiled (RS_B ) corn starch by treatment with α-amylase to remove digestible starch. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, molar ratios (acetate: propionate: butyrate), fermentability with respect to lactulose and dry matter disappearance were measured. SCFA production was significantly correlated with non-fermented residue (P <0.001). The three starches showed a similar fermentability, although the rate of SCFA production and disappearance of substrate were slower for retrograded starches. NCS was fermented early while RS_A and RS_B prolonged their degradation to 72 h. There were slight differences in the molar ratios of acetate, propionate and butyrate. Structural changes in the materials were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In summary, commonly utilised domestic cooking and technological treatments modified the in vitro fermentative characteristics of resistant corn starches probably due to structural changes. Received: 15 November 1999 / Revised version: 27 January 2000     

Nut and kernel traits and chemical composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars

BACKGROUND: Nut and kernel traits and chemical composition of 24 Italian and foreign hazelnut cultivars were analysed in 2002–2004 in order to study the effect of genotype and environment on nut quality. Nuts were sampled in a germplasm collection in the Italian province of Viterbo. RESULTS: Quantitative and qualitative determinations of sugars, organic acids and lipids revealed good nutritional and health potential of the nuts, with several differences among cultivars and years. The total contents of oil and sugars ranged from 563.69 to 656.36 g kg^?1 dry weight (DW) and from 39.80 to 59.51 g kg^?1 DW respectively. Fatty acid profile and sugar and total phenolic contents varied with the year. Significantly higher palmitic acid concentration (6.18%) was found in the hot summer year 2003; lower saturated fatty acid concentration (8.20%) and higher unsaturated/saturated acid ratio (11.27) were observed in the coolest year (2004). These differences among years were highlighted by discriminant analysis. CONCLUSION: The information relating to secondary components such as sugars, organic acids and phenolics was useful for discriminating among cultivars and years. Owing to the effect of these compounds on sensory attributes perceived by consumers, their concentration and the varietal differences can be considered primary determinants of nut quality and should be valued when planning the cultivar choice for new plantations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Short-chain fatty acid content and pH in caecum of rats fed various sources of starch

Caecal pH and contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were registered in rats fed three potential sources of resistant starch (RS); raw pea starch, raw potato starch, and an RS-enriched preparation obtained from wheat starch by autoclaving and enzymatic incubation. Small intestinal digestibility and delivery of RS to the hind-gut in the case of raw starches were determined by analysis of faecal starch in animals treated with antibiotics to prevent hind-gut fermentation. RS content in the RS-enriched preparation was determined as total starch remaining in an enzymatic gravimetric dietary fibre residue. The fermentability of RS was estimated from the faecal recovery of starch in normal animals with intact hind-gut microflora. Approximately 35 g per 100 g and 32 g per 100 g were RS in the case of raw potato starch and the RS-enriched preparation, respectively, versus only 1 g per 100 g in the case of raw pea starch. The caecal pH decreased with all test diets, being most significant with raw potato starch. SCFA production and faecal bulking were negligible with raw pea starch, whereas both raw potato starch and the RS-enriched preparation significantly increased these parameters. The fermentability of RS in raw potato starch and the RS-enriched preparation was similar, or about 60–70%. If calculated on basis of fermented amount, RS in raw potato starch was more potent in generating SCFA (49 μmol g^?1) than in the RS-enriched preparation (19 μmol g^?1). RS in raw potato starch also displayed the highest faecal bulking capacity. In fact, the faecal dry weight increased more than expected merely from delivery of RS. The relative proportion in caecal contents of acetic-, propionic- and butyric acid was 70, 17 and 8%, respectively, with no significant differences between the three sources of RS.     

Using Ozonation and Amino Acids to Change Pasting Properties of Rice Starch

ABSTRACT:  In this study, the effects of ozonation and the addition of amino acids on rice starches were determined in terms of pasting properties using a rapid visco-analyzer. Results from viscosity analysis showed that 30-min ozone treatment on commercial rice starch exhibited the greatest swelling extent among the treatments and least retrogradation tendency. The control pure oxygen treated sample had the best cooking stability. The addition of lysine (6%) to 30-min ozonated commercial rice starch significantly reduced peak viscosity (PV), minimum viscosity (MV), and final viscosity (FV) by 918, 1024, and 1023 cP, respectively. Moreover, it decreased Ptime, resulting in the faster swelling upon heating and less rigid gel formation upon cooling. Furthermore, the presence of lysine in 30-min ozonated starch isolate (WSI) also significantly reduced PV, MV, FV, pasting time, and total setback (TSB) and produced starch gel with the best cooking stability and the least retrogradation tendency. Ozonated starch exhibited similar pasting properties to those from oxidized starches treated with low concentrations of chemical oxidizing agents. The combination of lysine with ozonation resulted in pasting properties similar to starches treated with high levels of chemical oxidizing agents. The ozonated starch could be used as a thickening agent, whereas ozonated starch with lysine might be an alternative for a highly chemically oxidized starch. Therefore, ozonation alone or the combination of ozonation and addition of lysine might be used to develop new starch ingredients with various functionalities without using typical chemical modifications.     

抗性淀粉的体外产酸发酵研究

分别采用健康成人和健康婴儿的新鲜粪便提取液,在模拟大肠环境下(厌氧,37℃),作用于不同含量的抗性淀粉,发酵不同时间,采用气相色谱法测定不同发酵时间的发酵产物中短链脂肪酸的含量。分析结果表明,对于2种不同的粪便提取液,随着发酵时间的延长和抗性淀粉含量的增加,发酵产物中短链脂肪酸的总含量均逐渐增加,特别是丁酸含量增加显著;但在婴儿粪便提取液的发酵产物中,短链脂肪酸的含量,尤其是丁酸的含量,显著高于成人粪便提取液的发酵产物。     

Development of hydrogel patch for controlled release of alpha-hydroxy acid contained in tamarind fruit pulp extract

Synopsis The aim of this study was to develop hydrogel patch using crosslinked chitosan-starch as polymeric matrix for controlling the release of the natural alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) contained in the extract of tamarind's fruit pulp. The chitosan (MW 100 000) was blended with corn, tapioca or rice starch in various ratios and then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The physical characteristics, mechanical resistance, bio-adhesion property and surface morphology of the prepared hydrogel patches with and without the extract were investigated. The release patterns of the hydrogel patches containing the extract were investigated by measuring the amount of tartaric acid, a major AHA present in the tamarind's fruit pulp extract, accumulated in the receptor medium of the vertical diffusion cell at various time intervals over a period of 6 h. The results indicated that the formulations of chitosan : corn starch 4.5 : 0.5 with glutaraldehyde 0.02% w/w (C(4.5)C(0.5)G(0.02)) or 0.04% w/w (C(4.5)C(0.5)G(0.04)), chitosan : tapioca starch 4.5 : 0.5 with glutaraldehyde 0.04% w/w (C(4.5)T(0.5)G(0.04)) or 0.05% w/w (C(4.5)T(0.5)G(0.05)), and chitosan : rice starch 4.5 : 0.5 with glutaraldehyde 0.04% w/w (C(4.5)R(0.5)G(0.04)) and chitosan : rice starch 4.0 : 1.0 with glutaraldehyde 0.03% w/w (C(4.0)R(1.0)G(0.03)) provided the flexible and elastic patches with good bio-adhesive property. The tensile strength values ranged from 5 to15 N mm(-2) and the elasticity ranged from 30 to 60%. The addition of the extract in these formulations significantly increased the tensile strength values of the obtained patches. The patch of C(4.0)R(1.0)G(0.03) formulation containing the extract showed relatively highest porosity, corresponding to its highest amount (12.02 +/- 0.33 mg) and rate (0.452 +/- 0.012 mg mm(-2) min(-1/2)) of tartaric acid released. The amounts of tartaric acid released from the developed hydrogel patches were proportional to a square root of time (Higuchi's model), particularly the release from C(4.0)R(1.0)G(0.03) (R(2), 0.9978 +/- 0.0020) and C(4.5)R(0.5)G(0.04) (R(2), 0.9961 +/- 0.0024) patches.     

氨基酸对大米淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响

以赖氨酸(lysine,Lys)、天冬氨酸(aspartic acid,Asp)和丙氨酸(alanine,Ala)分别代表带正电、负电、不带电3类氨基酸,采用快速黏度分析仪和流变仪研究氨基酸对大米淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响。结果表明,Lys和Asp均显著提高了大米淀粉的峰值黏度和崩解值(P0.05),但是降低了淀粉的最终黏度和回生值,而Ala对淀粉的糊化性质影响微小,在一定浓度范围内无显著差异(P0.05)。因此,带电的2种氨基酸(Lys和Asp)比不带电氨基酸(Ala)对淀粉糊化性质影响更强。此外,3种氨基酸对大米淀粉糊流变性质影响不同:动态流变学实验中,添加Lys和Ala使淀粉凝胶更具弹性,而Asp使淀粉凝胶变弱;静态流变学实验中,运用幂定律τ=kγm,对剪切应力τ和剪切速率γ进行了拟合,结果表明,原淀粉与添加氨基酸的淀粉的m值均小于1,表明淀粉及其氨基酸混合物都属于假塑性流体,并且Lys使淀粉假塑性增强,而Asp则相反。     

Potato starch edible films to control oxidative rancidity of polyunsaturated lipids: effects of film composition, thickness and water activity

The objective of this work was to study the effect of potato starch-based films acting as oxygen barrier on the oxidative rancidity of vegetable oil, as an example of a food rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect of glycerol (Gly) content (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), film thickness (30, 60, 100 μm) as well as environmental relative humidity (RH) (50% or 75%) were analysed. Results obtained confirmed that potato starch films delayed the rancidity in vegetable oil. Films without Gly provided the same protection as films with 10% Gly. Films with higher Gly content were not as effective oxygen barrier. It is likely that the fact that film protective capability diminished with increased RH or Gly content was due to the increasing moisture content of the films. Despite that fact, potato starch films can be considered a very efficient oxygen barrier even at RH as high as 75%.     

Pasting and Crystalline Property Differences of Commercial and Isolated Rice Starch with Added Amino Acids

ABSTRACT This study compared effects amino acid structure and type on the pasting properties and crystallinity of rice starch isolated from flour. Amino acids were added at 2 and 6% of the starch (dry basis) for RVA analyses. Charged amino acids had more of an influence on pasting properties than neutral amino acids. Our results indicated that the negatively charged amino acids had a similar effect as that of the positive charged amino acids for decreasing cooking stability of the starch, but opposite effects on retrogradation tendency. Charged amino acids increased the crystallinity of the starch, potentially enhancing resistant starch nature.     

“抗性淀粉-肠道菌群-代谢产物”营养轴的研究进展

抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）在小肠内不易消化吸收,但可被大肠肠道菌群利用产生短链脂肪酸等代谢物并调节肠道菌群平衡,促进短链脂肪酸的产生及调节胆汁酸代谢。因此,本文构建“RS-肠道菌群-代谢产物”营养轴系统,概述RS调控肠道菌群介导代谢物产生的作用机制,比较菌群发酵对RS表观结构、晶体结构和分子结构产生的影响,阐述RS结构特性与肠道菌群群落结构、短链脂肪酸产量和胆汁酸排泄之间的关系,总结RS通过调节肠道菌群及肠道代谢物改善代谢性疾病的作用机制。此外,进一步展望RS-肠道菌群-胆汁酸之间的作用途径以及RS在代谢性疾病中与胆汁酸和短链脂肪酸的作用机制。