热电厂波纹管开裂原因分析

对某电厂使用几百小时而破损的3层不锈钢波纹管，进行了宏观、金相、断口形貌及腐蚀产物的分析.结果表明，波纹管破裂从内层开始，逐渐引发中间层和外层开裂；开裂是由于内层水蒸气结露，水蒸气中的氯化物浓缩而导致穿晶型应力腐蚀开裂；应力来自工作应力和冷加工残余应力.管壁上除环向裂纹，还有轴向裂纹,呈树枝状.     

供热管道铰链型波纹管补偿器失效原因分析

通过宏观形貌检验、金相检验、断口分析和腐蚀产物化学成分分析,对发生泄漏的奥氏体不锈钢铰链型波纹管补偿器进行了失效原因分析。结果表明:使用介质中氯离子引起的应力腐蚀导致了波纹管补偿器开裂和泄漏。     

不锈钢截止阀波纹管组件腐蚀开裂失效分析

目的针对某炼油厂波纹管截止阀中双层不锈钢304波纹管组件发生开裂,造成截止阀失效的现况,通过失效分析,寻找腐蚀开裂的原因。方法对失效开裂的不锈钢截止阀双层波纹管组件进行外观检查,采用金相显微镜和直读光谱仪分别对失效组件的金相组织和化学成分进行分析,用电子显微镜观察组件断口形貌与特征。结果波纹管组件外层管壁断口上可以观察到解理面和解理台阶,并且能看到腐蚀产物的存在,这是奥氏体不锈钢发生应力腐蚀断裂的典型特征;内层管壁断口上有韧窝存在,属于机械断裂。金相组织和化学成分分析表明,波纹管组件使用的不锈钢材质合乎设计与使用要求。导热油介质检测结果显示,导热油中含氯55 mg/kg,总硫含量350 mg/kg,有害离子含量较高。结论双层波纹管组件的内层管壁和外层管壁的失效机制不同:外层管壁是由Cl~-导致的应力腐蚀开裂;内层管壁是由于外层管壁失效引起波纹管组件失稳,造成抗压强度和寿命急剧降低,在应力的作用下出现韧性断裂。建议降低导热油中有害离子含量,使用耐蚀性更好的材质。     

750kV变电站GIS设备波纹管失效分析

对某750 kV变电站发生泄漏的GIS设备波纹管及焊缝部位进行宏观检查、断口分析、微观形貌分析和化学成分分析,并用有限元方法计算带缺陷的波纹管应力分布,对发生泄漏的波纹管进行失效原因分析。结果表明,应力腐蚀是波纹管发生泄漏穿孔的主要原因,同时焊接缺陷导致波纹管连接处强度下降,使得焊缝产生局部开裂并发生泄漏。在波纹管生产过程中可通过改进焊接工艺和加强焊接产品质量无损检测,防止污染物带入,有效避免波纹管失效的发生。     

热力管线中不锈钢波纹管破裂原因分析

采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析了热力管线中不锈钢 波纹管破裂原因.该波纹管破裂特征与一般环向开裂不同，裂纹沿轴向扩展.分析认为，破裂 属穿晶应力腐蚀.引起应力腐蚀的介质是土壤中的氯化物，而应力则来自环向工作应力和冷 加工残余应力，而环向工作应力起主导作用。     

Al-Zn-Cu-Mg及Al-Cu-Mg在氯化物水溶液中应力腐蚀开裂的扫描电镜断口形貌

本文研究了Al—Zn—Cu—Mg及Al—Mg—Cu在氯化物水溶液中用慢应变速率方法得到的应力腐蚀开裂的扫描电镜断口形貌。结果发现两种铝合金在氯化物水溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂断口复盖着—层腐蚀产物,这层腐蚀产物可以呈现不同的扫描电镜断口形貌,如类似解理的“平滑”形貌,“龟裂泥巴状”形貌等等。遮盖了应力腐蚀开裂固有的真实形貌;应力腐蚀开裂固有的真实形貌是相同的,呈典型的沿晶开裂形貌,盖有腐蚀产物层的形貌则取决于介质pH和电位。因此,应该根据铝合金应力腐蚀开裂固有的真实扫描电镜断口形貌来鉴别铝合金的应力腐蚀。将断口进行化学去膜处理可以得到铝合金应力腐蚀开裂的固有的真实的扫描电镜断口形貌。     

换热器波纹管失效分析

某种换热器的主要换热元件波纹管使用后发生严重损坏。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线能谱（EDS）等手段对失效波纹管进行断口宏、微观分析、能谱分析、金相检验及化学成分分析,以确定其失效原因。结果表明：该波纹管的失效性质为应力腐蚀,波纹管断口形貌以沿晶断裂为主,断口上可见明显的腐蚀产物,断口内壁有明显的腐蚀坑和由腐蚀坑发展的裂纹,能谱分析结果表明断口腐蚀产物中含有一定量的S和Cl元素;分析认为波纹管在加工过程中的残余应力和使用环境中的Cl-是导致其发生应力腐蚀的主要原因,此外材料中Cr含量偏低也是导致其发生应力腐蚀的另一原因。     

316L不锈钢波纹管泄漏原因分析

316L不锈钢波纹管在装配使用一个月后发生泄漏。采用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜和化学分析仪,对失效波纹管进行了断口宏微观观察、金相组织检查和化学成分分析。结果表明：裂纹起始于波纹管内壁波峰处,其周围存在大量腐蚀产物,主要以穿晶裂纹为主,沿圆周方向穿透管壁而形成泄漏点。分析认为,波纹管失效性质为典型的应力腐蚀,失效原因为高温下波纹管内壁在海水强腐蚀性环境和较大拉应力共同作用下产生应力腐蚀开裂所致。     

PVC反应器三通接管法兰泄漏原因分析

针对PVC反应器三通接管法兰泄漏失效,进行了宏观、微观形貌及化学成分分析;力学性能测试以及应力校核,结果表明,法兰的失效模式为应力腐蚀开裂.由于法兰含碳量偏高,含铬偏低,硬度偏高,热影响区晶粒粗大,导致材料抗应力腐蚀能力下降,最终法兰在氯离子和局部应力共同作用下发生应力腐蚀开裂.     

医疗废物焚烧装置中锅炉管爆裂分析

对医疗废物焚烧装置中使用不到1年而爆裂的304锅炉管进行了宏观形貌、金相组织、断口形貌及腐蚀产物的分析.结果表明,炉管爆裂属应力腐蚀开裂.造成炉管应力腐蚀的内因为304不锈钢是对氯化物、硫化物等相当敏感的材料;外因为医疗废物焚烧时产生的高温烟气中所含氯化物、硫化物腐蚀和来自炉管的工作应力与加工应力;并提出了相应的改进建议.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.