Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki, Finland. The city has an undergroundmaster plan （UMP） for its whole municipal area, not only for certain parts of the city. Further, the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step. Some examples of underground space usein other cities are also given. The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urbanunderground space use, including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aestheticallyacceptable landscape, anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urbandevelopment by future generations. Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21st century; at thesame time, the necessity to control construction work has also increased. The UMP of Helsinki reservesdesignated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the longterm. The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city＇s underground constructionwork and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities. Tampere, the thirdmost populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries, is also a good exampleof a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources. Oulu, the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ＇go underground＇. An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-kmsubsea tunnel is also discussed. A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areasof Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city's underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground'.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.     

Energy-sensitive land-use planning

The Department of Landscape Planning (part of the Environmental Agency) in Hamburg, Germany, is undertaking a project to address the existing disparity between energy and land-use planning. This project involves the integration of energy-relevant parameters in new land-use plans currently being developed for the entire Hamburg area. In order to facilitate this integration, a comprehensive cartographic process has been developed that is compatible with the existing mapping and planning techniques used by the Department. This mapping process consists of a series of overlay maps designed to produce a composite picture of existing energy use, conservation and renewable resource potential, and environmental impacts associated with existing energy production.     

Climate and regional land-use planning

One of the most important tasks of regional land-use planning is to protect the natural resources. Damage and prejudices caused by planning activities can either be reduced or prevented by considering the interactions in the biosphere. The climatologist acting as advisor, has to be prepared for the relevant project, especially with the large-scale maps. For this purpose, however, the available climatological basic material does not suffice; consequently it has to be essentially supplemented by acquiring additional data and developing new methods. The general climatic structure of the area or country in question plays a decisive role, so methods as well as analytic and synthetic results are not transferable to other areas or countries in every case. Another aspect is that often different planning purposes have to be considered because of the differences in the infrastructure of the corresponding area.Based on case studies, the planning purposes are presented, in particular for human settlements, trade and industry, and results are given of the pertaining climatological investigations, partly with an evaluation of the thermal and air-hygienic discomfort. The large economic benefit which can be gained by this special field of applied climatology shall serve as an example for the great importance of the World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP) within the framework of the World Climate Programme (WCP) which has already been started.     

Modelling land-use change for spatial planning support

Land-use change is a key factor in the development of the human and physical environment. Models of land-use change help understand this intricate system and can provide valuable information on possible future land-use configurations. The latter is crucial for policy makers across the globe that have to deal with such varied topics as: urbanisation, deforestation, water management, erosion control and the like. This paper provides a concise introduction to the current state of land-use models, their applications to spatial policy issues and the main research issues in this field. It thus establishes the background for the six papers that make up this special issue on modelling land-use change for spatial planning support.     

Action space as planning concept in spatial planning

Society is becoming more and more complex. This shows up in an increasing diversity of activity and mobility patterns of individuals, households, companies and organizations. In a network society, the significance of physical distance declines as the importance of available time increases. Many spatial planning concepts like ‘location policy’ and ‘the compact city’ and the criteria of accessibility do not take these developments sufficiently into account. This reduces the effectiveness of mobility and spatial policy. Spatial planning can benefit from deeper insight into the time-space options that individuals have. For that reason, planners need concepts that help them to understand the behaviour of individual actors and to influence them at the local and regional level. One such concept is action space: the area within which persons can undertake activities. This paper presents the theoretical backgrounds of this concept. A typology of action space for dual-income households with children, living in two Dutch municipalities, is constructed and analyzed. In addition, a model of action space, called MASTIC, is developed. This model allows planners to determine the degree to which the action spaces of individuals can be influenced. Some applications of the model are discussed: to identify the mobility effects of urban form; to coordinate services at the local level; and, finally, to assess the influence of demographic, cultural and economic developments on the composition of the population and thereby to study the aggregate mobility effects of an area. Martin Dijst (1957) is an associate professor of urban geography at the Urban Research center Utrecht (URU), Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University in the Netherlands. His research activities are focused on transportation studies. He is particularly interested in the relation between urbanization, infrastructure and the activity/travel patterns of specific population categories. In 1995 he completed his Ph.D. dissertation entitled “An elliptical life” in which he treats action space as an integral measure of accessibility and mobility.     

莫斯科的空间结构规划

本文是根据莫斯科总体规划设计研究院编制的 2 0 2 0年莫斯科城市发展总体规划方案之空间结构规划编译。     

青岛城市地下空间开发利用规划

规划范围为青岛市主城区。规划在竖向层面上，将青岛市地下空间划分为四个层次，本次规划主要考虑0～30m范围内的地下空间资源。     

Underground space needs an interdisciplinary approach

During a very long period of time, civil engineers have been the only ones to be designated as the experts for underground space, while the planners and architects were the ones of the development at the surface. This silo approach to work is now a thing for the past in most major cities, but solving this fragmentation of the disciplines does not happen overnight. It first took a few thinkers to promote and publish on the subject, such as Edouard Utudjian, founder of GECUS in 1937, and also that planners abandon their ambiguous position on this invisible space, become part of multi-disciplinary teams and participate in the dissemination of new knowledge, particularly through some international associations such as ACUUS. With biennial scientific conferences dating back to 1983, the organization actively promotes since partnerships amongst all actors in the field of planning, management, research and uses of urban underground space in all its forms. The originality of ACUUS comes from its success in attracting public, private and university levels into a cohesive network of mutual cooperation, which is not so common in international organizations.     

生态城市规划中城市空间形态规划原则浅析

介绍了苏州西部生态城规划中城市空间形态方面的规划原则，主要包括组团式发展模式、微风通道、短路径交通、生态社区等，对生态城市规划进行了有益的尝试，希望对今后的生态城市规划有所启示。     

Qualitative hydrological and land-use planning tool for the Israel Coastal aquifer

Due to a variety of past and present land-usages on the aquifer ground surface, appropriate groundwater management should consider anthropogenic activities on the ground surface and the potential of unsaturated zone media to convey water and pollutants to the aquifer. The objective of this paper is to present an approach which generates guidelines and recommendations which can lead to sustainable development. This method assesses the lithological characteristics of the aquifer's vadose zone, indicating potential rechargeability, while weighting factors leading to potential groundwater pollution resulting from some land-use. Recommendations regarding land-use planning and aquifer recharge can then provide a qualitative ecological tool towards sustainable groundwater management. Owing to its location, its critical significance to the country's fresh water supply, and its available field data, Israel's Coastal aquifer is employed here as the study area for implementation of this approach.     

城市色彩空间规划设计

通过色彩在城市空间领域相互映衬的客观规律,以及人在城市环境中对城市空间色彩的感知程度,从平面和立面叙述了人与城市色彩空间的关系,从而提出城市色彩空间的设计方法。     

浅谈地下空间利用规划

通过对城市经济和城市问题的研究,分析国内外城市地下空间发展的现状和问题,以大连市地下空间利用规划为例,提出地下空间布局及规划利用的探索方式和规划原则,以期指导城市建设工作。     

The politics of public space planning in Singapore

This paper considers the role of, and hence the social and political significance that has been accorded to, the design and provision of public spaces in the urban planning process. This approach gives useful insights into understanding the role these spaces have played in the colonial and post‐colonial city of Singapore. This discussion argues that public spaces in both the colonial and the post‐colonial city are essentially constructions by the ruling élite and its planning regime and are thus politically charged. Popular involvement has been singularly lacking in the planning and development of public spaces in post‐colonial Singapore. Instead, the general public has been marginalized in the creation of these spaces by the colonial and post‐colonial state. The completeness of this exclusion is shown through the demise of most of the vital and liveliest, albeit previously appropriated, public spaces of the colonial city. Public housing and the re‐invention of public spaces provided by a new social and political order followed the end of British colonial rule. In the following discussion, the role and significance of public spaces through the colonial period and then in the post‐colonial developmental state are examined. It is shown that public space provision by government authorities has served initially more as an imposition of colonial ideals and social segregation, and latterly as a reification of the prevailing political ideology, than in meeting real public needs for such spaces. A major focus of this article is the use of public space as a political tool of control by the state over its denizens in the Foucauldian sense, and how this could be construed even through different systems of governance and political agendas in Singapore.     

上海世博园绿地规划建设

绿色世博是上海世博园规划的一个重要理念,对绿地系统构建具有举足轻重的作用。在充分诠释世博主题和绿色世博核心理念的基础上,秉承中国独特的历史脉络和文化底蕴,遵循人与自然、人与人、历史与未来"三大和谐"的原则,采用生态设计理念,集成世博园区绿地空间配置技术、绿地物种多样性优化技术、适宜植物选择与合理布局技术以及植物快速繁殖和低能耗养护技术,为世博园区绿地建设方案的进一步完善和实施提供技术支撑。     

Urbanization and land-use planning in Adapazari (Turkey) reconsidered after the 1999 earthquake

On 17 August 1999, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 struck the Eastern Marmara Region of Turkey, destroying hundreds of buildings and killing thousands of people. It is not enough to analyze the damage inflicted by the earthquake solely in terms of its physical features (magnitude, epicenter or depth). Regional policies (particularly industrialization and urbanization) and unsuitable land-use planning/engineering processes also played a role. This paper presents a critical evaluation of these factors with reference to Adapazar, one of the cities that suffered heavily from these non-natural processes.     

德国城市开放空间规划的规划思想和规划程序

对德国城市开放空间的发展以及规划内容做了系统的回顾和分析 ,总结了 1980年代以来德国城市开放空间建设的经验和教训 ,以及现在较为完善的规划方法和规划程序。指出 ,近 2 0年来的开放空间规划实践逐步向“可持续发展的城市开放空间”方向转变 ,形成了较为科学的、以生态科学、环境科学、美学和休闲娱乐相结合的规划体系