一种区分服务网络的设计与实现

给出了DiffServ网络的一种设计与实现，提出了一种有效的资源管理模型。在该模型中，存在一个带宽代理(Bandwidth Broker)同步多个边界节点的接纳控制，负责区分服务网络之间的SLA(Server Level Agreement)协商，进行路由器配置；边界节点使用RSVP协议为集聚流预留资源；RSVP使用预计算QoS路由寻找路径。整个模型不仅综合了已有资源管理方案的优点，而且保持了区分服务网络的可扩展性。     

Transport-aware IP routers: a built-in protection mechanism to counter DDoS attacks

The lack-of service differentiation and resource isolation by current IP routers exposes their vulnerability to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks (Garber, 2000), causing a serious threat to the availability of Internet services. Based on the concept of layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation, where the transport-layer information is inferred from the IP headers and used for packet classification and resource management, we present a transport-aware IP (tIP) router architecture that provides fine-grained service differentiation and resource isolation among different classes of traffic aggregates. The tIP router architecture consists of a fine-grained Quality-of-Service (QoS) classifier and an adaptive weight-based resource manager. A two-stage packet-classification mechanism is devised to decouple the fine-grained QoS lookup from the usual routing lookup at core routers. The fine-grained service differentiation and resource isolation provided inside the tIP router is a powerful built-in protection mechanism to counter DDoS attacks, reducing the vulnerability of Internet to DDoS attacks. Moreover, the tIP architecture is stateless and compatible with the Differentiated Service (DiffServ) infrastructure. Thanks to its scalable QoS support for TCP control segments, the tIP router supports bidirectional differentiated services for TCP sessions.     

Enhancing aggregate QoS for video streaming

The IETF's Differentiated Services architecture is designed to provide different types or levels of service for Internet traffic. One of its key features is that traffic flows are aggregated so that routers in the core network only need to distinguish a relatively small number of aggregate flows, even if those flows consist of hundreds or thousands of individual flows. However, network-level QoS differentiation may not satisfy the requirements of many QoS-sensitive applications such as live video streaming, where end-to-end delay and reliability must be guaranteed.

This paper investigates application-level service differentiation for MPEG video streaming in a Diff-Serv-aware MPLS network infrastructure, along with routing support at the network layer. Based on the fact that MPEG video has become one of the most popular formats for Internet (wired and wireless) users, our approach enhances aggregate QoS for video streaming by employing existing application-level knowledge of the MPEG video structure; therefore it requires neither a new video compression algorithm nor additional bandwidth. Several MPEG video dispersion models are proposed and analyzed. Simulation results show that two such strategies are superior to the other tested. In addition, a new routing scheme is proposed to support searching the ‘best’ paths for efficient multi-path video streaming. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that our approaches improve the aggregate QoS of MPEG video streams, as well as overall network efficiency.     

区分服务网络的一种基于聚集状态的动态资源管理方案

提出了一种适用于区分服务网络的确保服务的动态资源提供方案:基于聚集状态的分布式动态资源管理。该方案在网络节点基于聚集状态进行接纳控制和动态资源预留,不需要核心节点保存单个流的状态,因此,该方案是可扩展的。方案包括一种轻量级动态资源预留协议和网络节点动态资源管理的相关算法,如状态建立、管理和接纳控制决策算法。该方案中,网络节点聚集状态的建立使用了基于实时流量测量的方法,在提供服务质量(QualityofService,QoS)保证的同时,得到了统计复用的增益,提高了资源的利用率,简化了信令协议,也使该方案具有很好的健壮性。     

Scalable services via egress admission control

Allocating resources for multimedia traffic flows with real-time performance requirements is an important challenge for future packet networks. However, in large-scale networks, individually managing each traffic flow on each of its traversed routers has fundamental scalability limitations, in both the control plane's requirements for signaling, state management, and admission control, and the data plane's requirements for per-flow scheduling mechanisms. In this paper, we develop a scalable architecture and algorithm for quality-of-service management termed egress admission control. In our approach, resource management and admission control are performed only at egress routers, without any coordination among backbone nodes or per-flow management. Our key technique is to develop a framework for admission control under a general “black box” model, which allows for cross traffic that cannot be directly measured, and scheduling policies that may be ill-described across many network nodes. By monitoring and controlling egress routers' class-based arrival and service envelopes, we show how network services can be provisioned via scalable control at the network edge. We illustrate the performance of our approach with a set of simulation experiments using highly bursty traffic flows and find that despite our use of distributed admission control, our approach is able to accurately control the system's admissible region under a wide range of conditions     

区分服务网络基于测量的接纳控制方案的设计与应用

提出了一种分布式可扩展的接纳控制方案，其目的是为区分服务网络提供端到端服务质量（Quality of Services,QoS)保证，该方案主要由以下部分构成：（1）连接接纳控制协议，主要负责主机和网络节点以及网络节点和带宽代理之间的信息传送，实现对连接请求的串行操作；（2）位于网络核心节点的可用带宽估计算法；（3）位于网络边缘节点的接纳控制算法；给出了该方案在视频传输方面的应用实例；利用多种网络拓扑结构和QoS指标评价该方案的性能，实验结果表明该方案能准确地控制可接纳区域和提高网络资源的利用率。     

无线Ad Hoc网络支持QoS的研究进展与展望

无线ad hoc网络的应用环境以及与Internet的互连要求它必须提供一定的服务质量(QoS)保证,然而,无线信道固有的特点及节点移动造成网络拓扑的频繁变化,使得在无线ad hoc网络中支持QoS面临许多新的挑战.从无线ad hoc网络的QoS体系结构、QoS路由、QoS信令、支持业务区分和资源预留的介质访问控制协议这4个方面出发,对近年来国内外在该方向取得的研究成果作了全面的概括总结和比较分析,系统阐述了在无线ad hoc网络中支持QoS的问题,指出了亟待解决的问题和今后的研究方向.     

网格资源查找方法的分析与比较

在网格环境下,如何快速进行资源查找定位是影响网格性能和QoS的重要因素.本文分析了目前已有的两种用于网格资源发现的资源查找算法(集中式查找算法、分布式查找算法)的优劣,并参照网络路由器的路由转发策略,提出了改进的基于路由转发的资源查找算法.     

Managing QoS for Multimedia Applications in the Differentiated Services Environment

The overall quality of network connections has a significant impact on the performance of networked applications. As a result, Quality-of-Service (QoS) management for networked multimedia applications over IP is a significant and immediate challenge. While differentiated services (DiffServ) provide a sense of resource allocation and QoS, they do not guarantee QoS. This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a content-aware bandwidth broker (CABB) that manages QoS for multimedia applications in a DiffServ environment. CABB allocates network resources to multimedia flows based on client requirements, the adaptability of the application, and its tolerance to network level parameters such as bandwidth, delay, and latency. It has been implemented and evaluated using the NS-2 simulator toolkit. Evaluations show that CABB improves network resource allocations and increases overall throughput. Furthermore multimedia application flows are better managed and controlled, improving perceived QoS and avoiding possible congestion at core routers.     

Resource Name-Based Routing in the Network Layer

New network architectures and routing technologies are being proposed to reflect the changes in the current trend of Internet communication that are becoming more and more resource-centric; the demand for the hierarchically structured resource in the network is emphasized, not the location of the resource. Therefore, routing by the resource rather than routing by the conventional Internet protocol address is more suitable for the future Internet with some attractive advantages such as reducing the burden of resolving identifier to location and achieving higher scalability by using a provider-independent addressing structure. In this paper, we propose resource name-based routing within the routers in the network layer since te ardware architecture should also be able to support the paradigm shift from host-centric to resource-centric communication. Through evaluating the required network architecture and memory size in routers, we show the feasibility of resource name-based routing by using fully qualified domain names (FQDN) as an example of describing structured information. Using approximately 700 million existing FQDNs, the evaluation result shows that resource name-based routing is feasible even when considering the limitations of ternary content addressable memory size in routers.     

大规模移动自主网络中基于簇的QoS多路径路由

在移动自主网络中,提供服务质量支持是一个核心研究问题.大量研究表明,在移动自主网络中提供服务质量保障具有很大的挑战性.提出一个基于簇的QoS多路径路由协议(CQMRP),通过一种可扩展、灵活的方式为移动自主网络提供服务质量保证.在这个策略中,每个节点只维持局部路由信息而不是整个网络的全局状态信息.它支持多个服务质量约束.采用OPNET模拟器对协议性能进行了评估,结果表明,这个协议能够为移动自主网络提供一个可靠的多路径服务质量保证.     

Traffic Engineering for wireless connectionless access networks supporting QoS-demanding media applications

This paper focuses on the problem of optimal QoS Traffic Engineering (TE) in Co-Channel Interference (CCI)-affected power-limited wireless access networks that support connectionless services. By exploiting the analytical tool offered by nonlinear optimization and following the emerging “Decomposition as Optimization” paradigm [1], the approach pursued in this paper allows to develop a resource allocation algorithm that is distributed, asynchronous, scalable and self-adaptive. Interestingly, the proposed algorithm enables each node of the network to distribute its outgoing traffic among all feasible next-hops in an optimal way, as measured by an assigned global cost function of general form. This optimal traffic distribution complies with several subjective as well as objective QoS requirements advanced by the supported media flows and involves only minimum information exchange between neighboring nodes. Furthermore, it allows for load-balanced multiple forwarding paths and it is able to self-perform optimal traffic re-distribution (i.e., re-routing) in the case of failure of the underlying wireless links. Finally, actual effectiveness of the overall proposed algorithm is numerically tested via performance comparisons against both DSDV-based single-path routing algorithms and interference-aware multipath routing algorithms.     

MANET中基于动态资源管理的QoS路由模型研究

由于时变链路和节点移动的无规则性导致了常规路由协议在MANET环境下无法正常工作,在MANET中确立QoS路由和保障QoS路由传输是促使该网络走向实用的关键。针对这一情况,在通用QoS框架和INSIGNIA结构基础上,提出了一种基于动态资源管理的QoS路由模型,该模型通过QoS路由建立模块和动态资源调整机制来实现MANET中路由的QoS保障。模拟结果显示该模型可以有效地支持MANET中满足QoS需求的多媒体信息传输。     

区分服务中聚集流行为及其标记算法研究

区分服务是目前在IP网络服务质量控制方面被广泛采用的一种体系结构,它在网络边界对用户数据流聚集进行分类、测量、标记和整型,在网络核心转发,实现PHB,从而达到对不同类型的业务进行区别对待的目的.本文通过对UDP和TCP混合聚集流的行为特性分析,指出将UDP和TCP业务进行分离的必要性.通过对TCP聚集流的仿真实验和分析,阐述了TCP聚集流和单个TCP的行为差异、聚集流中具有不同RTT的TCP流的速率差别,以及聚集流中的流的数目和链路带宽对链路利用率的影响.最后通过对TSW2cm标记算法的仿真实验,分析了该算法在公平性方面的弱点,提出了一种基于TCP流状态信息的聚集流标记算法f-TSW2cm,并对算法进行了对比实验和结果分析.     

A scalable multimedia QoS architecture for ad hoc networks

Communication demands have grown from separate data and voice to integrated multimedia, paving the way to converging fixed, mobile and IP networks. Supporting Multimedia is a challenging task for wireless ad hoc network designers. Multimedia forms high data rate traffic with stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Wireless ad hoc networks are characterized by frequent topology changes, unreliable wireless channel, network congestion and resource contention. Providing scalable QoS is the most important challenge for multimedia delivery over ad hoc networks. We introduce here a provisioning and routing architecture for ad hoc networks which scales well while provisioning QoS. The proposed architecture is analysed using a mix of HTTP, voice and video streaming applications over 54 Mbps 802.11 g-based ad hoc networks. The architecture is simulated and compared to well-known routing protocols using the OPNET Modeller. The results show that our architecture scales well with increase in the network size, and outperforms well-known routing protocols.     

Ad Hoc网络QoS路由协议研究

Ad Hoc网络自身固有的特点使得Ad Hoc网络QoS路由协议面临许多新的挑战和机遇。通过对基于标签探测（ticket-based probing,TBP）协议和在TBP协议基础上提出的延时约束最小费用的Ad Hoc网络中的完全分布式QoS路由协议——基于熵的长寿的分布式QoS路由（entropy-based long-life distributed QoS routing,EBLLD）协议进行的详细地分析和比较,可以得出以下结论：EBLLD协议有较高的路由成功率,具有可扩展性,可应用于较大规模的Ad Hoc网络。     

一种在MPLS网络中提供单流QoS保障的区分服务标记方法*

为了在MPLS网络中提供对单流的高质量服务,提出了一种基于网络的、供应方的区分服务标记方法。在数据流进入网络前按交换路径进行逐点的接入控制,再将许可的资源预留作为流状态安装在入口路由器上。在传输时,数据流在入口路由器按资源预留标记为预留内/预留外,网络节点按不同的标记队列进行区分处理。该方法提出按预留带宽标记数据流,将基于单流的资源预留定量地映射为基于行为聚合的PHB标记,实现了从集成服务到区分服务的融合。其一方面避免了拥塞,提供了对单流的定量服务质量保证;另一方面无须在核心路由器安装流状态和实现流管理,保持了区分服务的可扩展性。     

An admission control scheme for end-to-end statistical QoS provision in IP networks

This paper presents a distributed and scalable admission control scheme to provide end-to-end statistical QoS guarantees in IP network.The basic idea of the scheme is that the ingress routers make admission control decisions according to the network status information obtained by sending probing packets along the selected routing path.Each router passively monitors the arriving traffic and marks the probing packets with its network status.The performance of the presented scheme is evaluated with a variety of traffic models,QoS metrics and network topologies,The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can accurately control the admissible region and effectively improve the utilization of network resource.     

移动预测下一种基于QoS保障的组播协议

基于QoS路由及保障路由实施是支持MANET应用的关键.为解决MANET中QoS问题,在移动预测机制下提出了一种基于QoS保障的组播协议.该协议通过簇头选举,移动预测和QoS控制策略在组播源与含目的节点的组播簇头间确定最稳传输路径,并采用基于动态资源管理的QoS路由模型来保障路由实施.仿真结果显示该方案可获得较高传输成功率和较低控制开销,能有效支持MANET中具有QoS需求的组播传输.     

A differentiated services implementation for high-performance TCP flows

The IETF’s recent differentiated services (DS) architecture, which specifies a scalable mechanism for treating packets differently, offers new opportunities for building end-to-end quality of service (QoS) systems. However, it also introduces new challenges. In particular, it is not clear whether TCP’s flow and congestion control mechanisms work well with the mechanisms used for end-to-end QoS. For that reason it is essential to analyze whether the existing DS mechanisms can be used with standard TCP implementations or whether it is necessary to wait for upcoming features introduced in future modified versions of TCP. The general-purpose architecture for reservation and allocation (GARA) supports flow-specific QoS specification, immediate and advance reservation, and online monitoring and control of both individual resources and heterogeneous resource ensembles. Using GARA, we evaluated actual DS mechanisms provided by Cisco routers. We present the results of this evaluation and discuss their impact on the performance of popular TCP implementations.