Potential for acrylamide formation in potatoes: data from the 2003 harvest

Reducing sugars, free amino acids, and the potential for acrylamide formation were determined in more than 50 potato samples from the 2003 harvest in Switzerland. The reducing sugar content strongly correlated with acrylamide, whereas no correlation was found between acrylamide and free asparagine or the pool of free amino acids. The reducing sugar contents and the acrylamide potentials were higher in most of the cultivars tested than in the samples from 2002. This was probably due to the hot and dry summer of 2003. Monitoring sugars and amino acids during heating at 120 °C and 180 °C showed that glucose and fructose reacted much faster than sucrose and the amino acids. Glutamine was consumed to a larger extent than any of the other amino acids. During prolonged storage, the reducing sugars decreased considerably while only moderate changes in the free amino acids were observed. Altogether, glucose and fructose remain the critical factors for acrylamide formation in potatoes and represent the most feasible way of reducing the formation of acrylamide in potato products.     

不同处理方式对芡实中游离氨基酸和碳水化合物的含量及淀粉消化率的影响

以芡实为原料,采用水煮后冷冻干燥、水煮后热风干燥、冷冻干燥、太阳晒干、热风干燥等5种方式处理芡实,测定处理后芡实中游离氨基酸、还原糖、总糖、淀粉含量及淀粉消化率,比较不同处理方法的差异性。结果表明:热风干燥、冷冻干燥、太阳晒干对芡实中还原糖、总糖和游离氨基酸的含量影响差异极显著(P<0.01),且冷冻干燥、太阳晒干、热风干燥的芡实中还原糖、总糖、游离氨基酸的含量依次下降,这表明真空冷冻干燥处理能最大程度地保留样品中还原糖、总糖等物质。冷冻干燥、热风干燥及太阳晒干的处理方法对赖氨酸、亮氨酸、色氨酸等游离氨基酸的含量影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。水煮加工处理显著影响芡实中还原糖、总糖和游离氨基酸的含量(P<0.01),而对淀粉含量影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。淀粉体外消化率分析表明,各样品的淀粉体外消化率均随着消化时间的增加而呈现上升的趋势,不同干燥方式显著影响芡实中淀粉的体外消化率,冷冻干燥、热风干燥、太阳晒干的芡实中淀粉体外消化率依次增大,水煮后样品中淀粉的体外消化率增加,且水煮后冷冻干燥的样品中淀粉的体外消化率最高。     

Effect of glucose and glycine addition to cocoa mass before roasting on Maillard precursor consumption and pyrazine formation

Cocoa mass was treated with glucose and/or glycine before roasting. For glucose‐treated samples the reductions in reducing sugars and free amino acids were 41.1 and 56.9% respectively, whereas for glycine‐treated samples the respective reductions were 16.2 and 37.4%. The combination of glucose plus glycine treatment led to 39.0 and 48.9% reductions in reducing sugars and free amino acids respectively. For free amino acids the reductions in control and glucose‐treated samples were similar, 56.2 and 56.9% respectively, indicating that the added glucose did not significantly (P < 0.05) influence the free amino acid uptake. When glycine was added, the consumption of free amino acids (37.4%) was lower than for the control and glucose treatments. When glucose and glycine were added, the reduction in free amino acids (48.9%) was lower than for the control and glucose treatments but higher than for the glycine treatment. Apparently, glycine addition inhibited the reducing sugar and free amino acid consumption, whereas glucose addition enhanced the reducing sugar and free amino acid consumption. The glucose plus glycine treatment was similar to the glycine treatment in the contents of 2,5‐dimethyl‐ and trimethylpyrazines. For 2‐methylpyrazine the value for glucose‐treated samples was lower than for control and glycine‐treated samples but almost equal to the value for the glucose plus glycine treatment. It is concluded that the addition of glucose and/or glycine does not affect pyrazine production. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

发芽过程中大豆生理活性和GABA等物质含量变化及相关性研究

研究了大豆发芽过程中生理活性和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)等物质含量的变化,并对指标间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:随着培养温度的升高和时间的延长,大豆芽菜的生长加快,呼吸作用增强,可溶性糖含量下降,还原糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和GABA含量升高,干物质含量随发芽时间的延长呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,GABA的富集量与芽长(r=0.888)、呼吸强度(r=0.917),可溶性蛋白(r=0.878)和游离氨基酸(r=0.943)具有极显著的正相关,但是和干物质含量具有极显著的负相关(r=-0.915)。综合考虑大豆芽菜品质和GABA累积量等因素,大豆在30℃避光发芽5 d,是生产富含GABA豆芽的合适条件。     

不同处理方法对草菇呈味物质释放的影响

以草菇子实体为研究对象,以可溶性糖及糖醇、有机酸、5’-核苷酸、游离氨基酸组成和含量、分子质量分布为指标,研究常压蒸煮、高压蒸煮和酶解3?种处理方法对草菇呈味物质释放的影响,结果表明：常压蒸煮制备液可溶性糖及糖醇的总量显著降低,高压蒸煮制备液可溶性糖及糖醇的总量和原液基本相同,而酶解作用显著地提高了样品中可溶性糖的含量;和原液相比,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮提取后有机酸总量显著增加,而复合酶解制备液有机酸总量显著降低;3?种处理方法作用后的游离氨基酸总量都有所增加,以高压蒸煮增加最显著,同时高压蒸煮制备液的鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸以及苦味氨基酸的含量均显著增加;常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮制备后,大于3?000?Da组分的含量有所减少,高压蒸煮制备液中小于3?000?Da的组分含量最多,是制备呈味肽的重要来源。因此,不同处理方法对草菇呈味物质的释放有着明显差异,可以根据所需要的呈味物质采用不同的处理方法。     

Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. Part 1. Potatoes and other tuber crops

In Part 1 of a planned series of articles on preservation of foods of plant origin by gamma irradiation, the current state of research on the technological, nutritional, and biochemical aspects of sprout inhibition of potatoes and other tuber crops are reviewed. These include varietal responses, dose effects, time of irradiation, pre‐ and postirradiation storage, and handling requirements; postirradiation changes in carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, amino acids, and other nutrients; respiration; biochemical mechanisms involved in sprout inhibition; wound healing and microbial infection during storage; formation of wound and light‐induced glycoalkaloids and identification of irradiated potatoes. The culinary and processing qualities with particular reference to darkening of boiled and processed potatoes are discussed. The prospects of irradiation on an industrial scale as an alternative to chemical sprout inhibitors or mechanical refrigeration are considered.     

Factors Influencing the Free Amino Acid Content of Potato (Solanum tuberosumL) Tubers during Prolonged Storage

Tubers of the potato cultivars Pentland Dell and Record were stored for a period of up to 40 weeks at 5°C and 10°C over four consecutive storage seasons (1989–1990 to 1992–1993). Reconditioning treatments at 20°C were also performed at early, mid and late stages in storage. To assess the turnover of proteins during storage, tubers were analysed for free amino acid and soluble protein content. The net direction of nitrogen flow was dependent on the state of dormancy of the tuber and hence storage duration. An increase in free amino acid content commonly occurred during the latter part of storage, caused by an upturn of proteinase activity on the break of dormancy. This increased enzyme activity was probably due to de novo synthesis of proteinases, in particular of a 47 kDa aspartic proteinase which was purified to homogeneity and shown to have a marked substrate-specificity for endogenous tuber proteins such as patatin. The rate of protein turnover increased with storage temperature, although the net direction of nitrogen flow was temperature independent. However, when nitrogen flow exhibited a distinct direction, such as the protein breakdown in Pentland Dell during late storage, this was enhanced by higher temperatures. The accumulation of free amino acids in Pentland Dell at 10°C corresponded with a deterioration of processing quality that could not be accounted for by an upturn in reducing sugar content. Despite an excess of free amino acids with respect to reducing sugars, amino acids had a probable syn-ergistic influence on fry colour over the later stages of storage resulting in a darker colour per unit reducing sugar than in early storage. Reconditioning treatments were ineffective as a means of lowering the free amino acid pool size, these treatments operating solely through the decrease in reducing sugar content.     

Influence of Reducing Sugars and Amino Acids in the Color Development of Fried Potatoes

Color development during potato frying was studied. Increments of reducing sugars led to increase in color of fried potatoes. For L (luminosity) between 60–51, corresponding to a reducing sugar content of 120–140 mg %, an acceptable color was obtained. Both amino acids and reducing sugars participated in the color development of potato during frying, with the amount of reducing sugars being the limiting factor. Fructose yielded the highest browning followed by glucose. Sucrose addition caused practically no change in the final color of the fried potato. At low content of reducing sugars the reaction followed first-order kinetics, the activation energy, Ea, being equal to 31 Kcal mol^-1.     

不同处理方式对米荞营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响

为研究不同处理方式对米荞营养组成和生物活性的影响,以西盟米荞为原料,分析发芽、发酵、蒸制和蒸制后发酵四种处理方式对米荞的还原糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、γ-氨基丁酸、总酚、总黄酮等营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,米荞经发芽、发酵、蒸制和蒸制后发酵四种方式处理后,总酚、总黄酮含量及清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(D...     

不同氧分压对金针菇贮藏保鲜效果的影响

为研究不同氧气配比对金针菇贮藏保鲜效果的影响,在PE 聚乙烯塑料袋(20cm × 30cm,厚度0.5～1mm)中放入100g 金针菇,分别按0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100% 氧气配比充气包装(以氮气调节其气体组成),包装袋封口后放入温度为0～3℃的冷库进行贮藏,同时设立空气包装的金针菇于室温或低温贮藏作为对照。每隔3～5d 取样一次,评定其水分损失率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力、丙二醛含量、游离氨基酸含量、还原糖含量和感官指标等。结果表明,在氧气配比为80% 的包装时,其PPO 酶活力、丙二醛、游离氨基酸含量最低,水分损失和还原糖损失最少,感官变化最小,贮藏保鲜效果最好。采用高氧气调包装(HOAP)金针菇贮藏保鲜35d 仍有较好的商品品质。     

不同提取方法对灰树花呈味物质释放的影响

目的：研究不同处理方法（酶解、高压蒸煮及闪式高速提取器处理）对灰树花呈味物质释放的影响。方法：采用高效液相色谱法分析可溶性糖、有机酸、游离氨基酸含量和分子质量分布,采用电子舌分析灰树花呈味物质的呈味特性,采用主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）法对不同提取方法制备的产物进行统计分析。结果：和原液相比,所有的处理方式样品可溶性糖的总量都显著性降低（P＜0.05）,尤其采用闪式高速提取处理后的高压蒸煮制备液降低最多;相反,有机酸总量在处理后都呈现显著性增加（P＜0.05）,且在经过闪式高速提取器处理后呈一定程度增加;两种酶解作用后样品的游离氨基酸总量都有所增加,高压蒸煮样品的游离氨基酸总量减少,复合酶酶解制备液的鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸以及苦味氨基酸含量均显著增加（P＜0.05）;两种酶解制备液肽分子质量分布中小于3 000 Da的组分含量最多,经过闪式高速提取后其含量减少,说明闪式高速提取不利于游离氨基酸的提取。PCA分析发现无论酶解还是高压蒸煮处理,味感及呈味物质都与原样存在明显差异,闪式高速提取处理后其味感及呈味物质也发生了明显改变。结论：灰树花的呈味特性与其特定的呈味物质关系密切,而呈味物质的高效制备取决于提取方法,本研究可为后续灰树花调味品的开发和呈味肽的制备提供理论指导。     

油炸时间对云南牛干巴煎炸过程中理化特性的影响

以云南特色牛干巴为实验材料,对牛干巴油炸过程中水分、蛋白质、还原糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸含量及硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、酸价、羰基价及过氧化值进行测定,分析其随油炸时间变化的动态规律。结果表明：牛干巴水分含量、还原糖含量和酸价与油炸时间呈极显著负相关（r分别为－0.791、－0.988、－0.933,P＜0.01）;牛干巴蛋白质含量与油炸时间呈极显著正相关（r=0.889,P＜0.01）;牛干巴TBARs值随油炸时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,油炸8 min时达到最大值,为1.535 mg/100 g,TBARs值与油炸时间呈显著正相关（r=0.688,P＜0.05）;牛干巴氨基酸总量与油炸时间呈极显著正相关（r=0.727,P＜0.01）,主要以天冬酰胺、脯氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸为主,呈味氨基酸含量也与油炸时间呈极显著正相关（r=0.763,P＜0.01）;牛干巴中的脂肪酸总量、羰基价、过氧化值与油炸时间的相关性不显著。     

外源酶制剂对雪茄茄芯烟叶化学成分和感官品质的影响

为揭示外源酶制剂在雪茄茄芯烟叶二次发酵中的作用,以初次发酵后的德雪1号中部叶为试验材料,添加60、90和120 U/g 3种浓度的植酸酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶和中性蛋白酶4种酶制剂进行二次发酵试验,并测定了二次发酵后雪茄茄芯烟叶氨基酸含量（质量分数）、常规化学成分含量,同时进行了可用性指数（CCUI）和感官品质评价。结果表明,添加外源酶制剂总体上可提高茄芯烟叶总糖、还原糖、钾和氨基酸含量,降低蛋白质和总氮含量,改善烟叶化学成分协调性及感官品质。与对照相比,120 U/g纤维素酶和120 U/g果胶酶处理可显著提高茄芯烟叶总糖和还原糖含量、降低烟碱含量。90 U/g植酸酶和90 U/g中性蛋白酶处理可显著增加茄芯烟叶氨基酸含量、降低蛋白质含量。CCUI分析结果表明,果胶酶和纤维素酶处理后茄芯烟叶化学成分协调性总体上优于植酸酶和中性蛋白酶处理。同一外源酶制剂处理条件下,烟叶感官品质得分均随酶制剂浓度的增加而增加,其中120 U/g植酸酶处理得分最高,120 U/g纤维素酶处理次之。因此,在二次发酵前添加120 U/g纤维素酶有利于改善茄芯烟叶的化学成分协调性,提高烟叶感官品质。     

Water-soluble precursors of beef flavour: I. Effect of diet and breed

The effects of diet and breed on the concentration of water-soluble flavour precursors, namely sugars, free amino acids, ribonucleotides, creatinine, carnosine and creatine, were studied in beef longissimus lumborum muscle. Diet had a significant effect on the concentration of free amino acids, with animals fed on grass silage having higher free amino acid levels than animals fed on a concentrate diet, whereas animals fed concentrates had a higher total reducing sugar content. Differences between a beef breed (Aberdeen Angus×Holstein-Friesian) and a dairy breed (Holstein-Friesian) were generally small.     

不同品种枣果果实品质分析与评价

试验研究6个品种枣果的理化品质特性,评价指标主要包括可溶固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸、糖酸比、还原糖、可溶性糖、有机酸和游离氨基酸。结果表明:葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖是其主要可溶性糖,且均以蔗糖含量最高;苹果酸和琥珀酸是其主要有机酸,占有机酸总含量92%以上;脯氨酸是其含量最丰富的氨基酸,占总游离氨基酸68%以上,其次是天冬氨酸。梨枣因含水量高,酸度低、可食率高、糖酸比适中,适合鲜食;哈密大枣和木枣含糖量高、含水量低、酸度较高、糖酸比高,适合干制;金丝小枣与灰枣酸度较高,但TSS与糖含量也较高,可鲜食也可干制。     

UV-B辐照下大豆发芽富集异黄酮品种筛选及发芽动力学

以天骄（TJ）、苏青1号（SQ1）、苏青3号（SQ3）和95-优1（95Y1）4 个品种的大豆为原材料,在中波紫外光（ultraviolet radiation B,UV-B）辐照条件下,进行发芽实验,以发芽5 d后大豆异黄酮含量及其关键酶活力为主要指标,并综合分析生理生化指标,筛选出富集大豆异黄酮的最适合品种。结果表明：发芽的天骄大豆异黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalnine ammonialyase,PAL）和查耳酮合酶（chalcone synthase,CHS）活力最大,豆芽质量良好,发芽率、芽长、呼吸强度、游离氨基酸和还原糖含量都显著高于其余品种,故天骄大豆籽粒是发芽富集异黄酮的良好品种。以天骄为原料,对其进行发芽动力学实验。结果表明：随着发芽时间的延长,异黄酮含量显著增加,第7天为发芽前的3.02 倍,PAL活力显著上升,CHS活力先上升后下降。大豆中可溶性蛋白等大分子物质含量呈减少趋势,游离氨基酸等小分子物质含量逐渐增加。本实验筛选出天骄为UV-B辐照条件下富集大豆异黄酮的最适品种。     

不同饲养环境、岁龄及部位大青山山羊肉风味前体物质的差异分析

目的:探讨大青山山羊肉中风味前体物质的变化规律,为其肉质风味特性研究提供基础.方法:采用高效液相、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)等方法测定了两种饲养环境下(山地与滩地)、三个岁龄阶段(1.5、2.5、3.5岁龄)大青山山羊臂三头肌、背最长肌和股二头肌中还原糖、硫胺素、氨基酸及脂肪酸的含量.结果:饲养环境没有对还原糖和硫胺...     

In situ activity of chymotrypsin in sugar‐salted herring during cold storage

In situ activity of intestinal chymotrypsin in sugar‐salted whole herring during cold storage was evaluated by analysing changes in the low‐molecular‐weight nitrogen fraction when a specific inhibitor was added. Addition of chymostatin (0.01 mM ) to sugar‐salted herring gave 100% inhibition of chymotrypsin activity compared to sugar‐salted herring without chymostatin. Inhibition of chymotrypsin did not affect the profile of low‐molecular‐weight peptides analysed by capillary zone electrophoresis, but resulted in 22% lower content after 26 weeks of storage. Inhibition of chymotrypsin resulted in 17% lower content of free amino acids. The relative amount of single free amino acids was unaffected by the presence of inhibitor, except for valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, which were formed in lower relative amount. Removal of intestines (gutted herring) and thereby all intestinal proteolytic activity did not change the free amino acid profile, except for the concentration of histidine which decreased more when intestines were present. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Free Amino Acid Stability in Reducing Sugar Systems

Solutions of free amino acids were sterilized in different carbohydrate mixtures, at different pH values, and both browning and free amino acid content monitored at different storage temperatures. Results showed the expected behavior of a Maillard process, (e.g., increasing reaction rate with increases in pH, temperature and reducing sugar content). However, only three (tryptophan, histidine and lysine) of the amino acids tested (nine essential + taurine) were notably affected, even under stringent conditions (50°C storage, glucose containing solution at pH 7.5). Thus many free amino acids could probably be added to most food matrices without Maillard reactions affecting overall protein quality.     

高密度二氧化碳对荔枝汁品质的影响

为探讨高密度二氧化碳(DPCD)非热杀菌技术对荔枝汁品质的影响,将新鲜荔枝汁经DPCD处理(8MPa、36℃、10min)后,测定pH值、可溶性固形物含量、电导率、褐变度、VC含量和游离氨基酸含量等指标的变化。结果表明：DPCD处理对荔枝汁的pH值、总酸度和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性有显著影响,经DPCD处理后荔枝汁的还原糖、总多酚和游离氨基酸的含量略有增加,其他指标没有明显变化。