Cable-truss supporting system for gob-side entry driving in deep mine and its application

In order to solve the large deformation controlling problem for surrounding rock of gob-side entry driving under common cable anchor support in deep mine, site survey, physical modeling experiment, numerical simulation and field measurement were synthetically used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock. Besides, applicability analysis, prestress field distribution characteristics of surrounding rock and the control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock were also further studied for the gob-side entry driving in deep mine using the cable-truss supporting system. The results show that, first, compared with no support and traditional bolt anchor support, roof cable-truss system can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of tensile cracks in the roof surrounding rock and arc shear cracks in the two sides, moreover, the broken development of surrounding rock, roof separation and extrusion deformation between the two sides of the roadway are all controlled; second, a prestressed belt of trapezoidal shape is generated in the surrounding rock by the cable-truss supporting system, and the prestress field range is wide. Especially, the prestress concentration belt in the shallow surrounding rock can greatly improve the anchoring strength and deformation resisting capability of the rock stratum;third, an optimized support system of ‘‘roof and side anchor net beam, roof cable-truss supporting system and anchor cable of the narrow coal pillar" was put forward, and the support optimization design and field industrial test were conducted for the gob-side entry driving of the working face 5302 in Tangkou Mine, from which a good supporting effect was obtained.     

三软煤层巷道支护方式及围岩控制效果分析

在分析三软煤层极不稳定煤巷矿压特点基础上，研制了适应两帮大变形的可缩性工字钢支架、适应两帮及顶底严重变形特别是底鼓的U29可缩性环形支架，设计了锚架注联合支护的参数与工艺，并在同一采区先后进行了工业性试验．采用数值模拟方法研究了三软条件下锚梁网索支护不同参数选取、不同布置形式对围岩变形的控制效果，优选了支护参数并进行了现场试验，比较试验结果，表明极不稳定煤巷围岩变形主要特点是强烈和持久的两帮移近及底鼓，锚梁网索支护是控制围岩大变形的有效方法，其技术关键是提高锚杆初锚力、布置底角锚杆及顶角锚索．     

Stability control of surrounding rocks for a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region简

In order to effectively control the deformation and failure of surrounding rocks in a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region, the deformation and failure mechanism and stability control mechanism were studied. With such methods as numerical simulation and field testing, the distribution law of the displacement, stress and plastic zone in the surrounding rocks was analyzed. The deformation and failure mechanisms of coal roadways in deep tectonic areas were revealed: under high tectonic stress, two sides will slide along the roof or floor; while the plastic zone of the two sides will extend along the roof or floor, leading to more serious deformation and failure in the corner of two sides and the bolt supporting the corners is readily cut off by the shear force or tension force. Aimed at controlling the large slippage deformation of the two sides, serious deformation and failure in the corners of the two sides and massive bolt breakage, a “controlling and yielding coupling support” control technology is proposed. Firstly, bolts which do not pass through the bedding plane should be used in the corners of the roadway, allowing the two sides to have some degree of sliding to achieve the purpose of “yielding” support, and which avoid breakage of the bolts in the corner. After yielding support, bolts in the corner of the roadway and which pass through the bedding plane should be used to control the deformation and failure of the coal in the corner. “Controlling and yielding coupling support” technology has been successfully applied in engineering practice, and the stability of deep coal roadway has been greatly improved.     

Numerical simulation of the effect of coupling support of bolt-mesh-anchor in deep tunnel

The mechanical effects of bolt-mesh-anchor coupling support in deep tunnels were studied by using a numerical method, based on deep tunnel coupling supporting techniques and non-linear deformation mechanical theory of rock mass at great depths. It is shown that the potential of a rigid bolt support can be efficiently activated through the coupling effect between a bolt-net support and the surrounding rock. It is found that the accumulated plastic energy in the surrounding rock can be sufficiently transformed by the coupling effect of a bolt-mesh-tray support. The strength of the surrounding rock mass can be mobilized to control the deformation of the surrounding rock by a pre-stress and time-space effect of the anchor support. The high stress transformation effect can be realized by the mechanical coupling effect of the bolt-mesh-anchor support, whereby the force of the support and deformation of the surrounding rock tends to become uniform, leading to a sustained stability of the tunnel.     

Bolt-grouting combined support technology in deep soft rock roadway

Analyzing the mineral composition, mechanical properties and ground stress testing in surrounding rock,the study investigated the failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway with high stress. The boltgrouting combined support system was proposed to prevent such failures. By means of FLAC3D numerical simulation and similar material simulation, the feasibility of the support design and the effectiveness of support parameters were discussed. According to the monitoring the surface and deep displacement in surrounding rock as well as bolt axial load, this paper analyzed the deformation of surrounding rock and the stress condition of the support structure. The monitor results were used to optimize the proposed support scheme. The results of field monitors demonstrate that the bolt-grouting combined support technology could improve the surround rock strength and bearing capacity of support structure, which controlled the great deformation failure and rheological property effectively in deep soft rock roadway with high stress. As a result, the long term stability and safety are guaranteed.     

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.     

锁脚锚杆和系统锚杆对软弱围岩隧道安全性影响研究

针对软弱围岩隧道开挖过程中,出现变形过大的问题,施工现场往往采用锁脚锚杆和系统锚杆的支护措施.通过数值模拟的方法,对比分析锁脚锚杆和系统锚杆对支护结构的变形和内力的影响,得到如下结论：锁脚锚杆在隧道整体下沉方面,作用更为明显;系统锚杆对隧道的水平收敛效果更好;添加系统锚杆相对于锁脚锚杆对隧道整体的安全性提高更大.综合考虑软弱围岩拱顶沉降大和水平收敛大的现状,施工过程中,应该综合使用系统锚杆和锁脚锚杆,以保证隧道的安全施工.     

开挖中的围岩破裂性质与支护对象研究

为了保证地下工程的稳定和安全，研究地下工程的围岩状态和支护对象很有意义．在现场实测、物理和数值模拟的基础上，提出深埋地下工程的围岩中普遍存在破裂状态，并认为这一破裂状态区域具有许多特殊的性质和规律，是一个反映地应力和岩体强度对地下工程稳定性作用的综合指标．破裂区发展产生的碎胀变形或碎胀力是地下工程支护的对象或载荷来源．     

Anchoring eccentricity features and rectifying devices for resin grouted bolt/cable bolt

The anchoring eccentricity of the bolt and cable bolt is a common problem in geotechnical support engineering and affects the ability of the bolt and cable bolt to control the rock mass to a certain extent. This paper reports on numerical simulation and laboratory experiments conducted to clarify the effect of eccentricity on the anchoring quality of the bolt and cable bolt, and to establish an effective solution strategy. The results reveal that the anchoring eccentricity causes unbalanced stress distribution and the uncoordinated deformation of the resin layer, which results in higher stress and greater deformation of the resin layer at the near side of the rod body. Additionally, as the degree of anchoring eccentricity increases, the effect becomes more significant, and the resin layer of the anchoring system becomes more likely to undergo preferential failure locally, which weakens the load-bearing performance of the anchoring system. This paper develops an innovative bolt anchoring rectifying device (B-ARD) and cable bolt anchoring rectifying device (C-ARD) on the basis of the structural characteristics of the bolt and cable bolt to better ensure the anchoring effect of them. The working effects of these two devices were verified in detailed experiments and analysis. The experimental results show that the anchoring rectifying devices (ARD) improve and ensure the anchoring concentricity of the bolt and cable bolt, which will help improve the supporting performance of them. The paper provides a convenient and effective method for improving the anchoring concentricity of the bolt and cable bolt, and provides a concept and reference for technical research on improving the effect of roof bolting.     

锚喷锚索组合支护技术在井下大型硐室的应用

锚喷锚索组合支护 ,是一种新型支护技术 ,具有开挖量小、施工工期短、服务年限长等优点 ,一般适用于井下跨度 5m以上的大断面永久硐室 ,其柔性支护特性 ,对围岩岩性较差的硐室尤为有利 ,与料石、钢筋砼砌碹相比 ,可大大降低维修费用 .     

Support technology of deep roadway under high stress and its application

Roadway instability has been a major concern in the fields of mining engineering. This paper aims to provide practical and efficient strategy to support the roadways under high in-situ stress. A case study on the stability of deep roadways was carried out in an underground mine in Gansu province, China. Currently,the surrounding rock strata is extremely fractured, which results in a series of engineering disasters, such as side wall collapse and severe floor heave in the past decades. Aiming to solve these problems, an improved support method was proposed, which includes optimal bolt parameters and arrangement, floor beam layout by grooving, and full length grouting. Based on the modeling results by FLAC3D, the new support method is much better than the current one in terms of preventing the large deformation of surrounding rock and restricting the development of plastic zones. For implementation and verification, field experiments, along with deformation monitoring, were conducted in the 958 level roadway of Mining II areas. The results show that the improved support can significantly reduce surrounding rock deformation, avoid frequent repair, and maintain the long-term stability of the roadway. Compared to the original support, the new support method can greatly save investment of mines, and has good application value and popularization value.     

深部巷道围岩控制原理与应用研究

采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验的方法，研究深部巷道围岩稳定问题，认为深部巷道围岩控制的基本方法是提高围岩强度、转移围岩高应力以及采用合理的支护技术．提出了深部巷道围岩控制的基本技术和控制过程：1）应力转移降低巷道浅部围岩应力；2）采用高预紧力、大延伸量的高强度锚杆、锚索支护系统，强化锚固区围岩强度，提高巷道围岩自身稳定性；3）加强巷道两帮、底角支护，提高巷道最薄弱部位（两帮、底角）残余强度、提高巷道围岩的整体稳定性；4）应用高水速凝材料注浆加固破碎区，提高破碎围岩的完整性和力学参数．该研究成果已成功应用于工程实践．     

三软综放沿空锚网索支护巷道回采期间围岩变形特征

针对三软综放沿空巷道围岩大变形、难支护的特点,提出采用锚网索支护新技术,通过对试验巷道数值模拟以及表面位移、围岩深部位移和围岩应力的现场监测,分析了试验巷道矿压显现活动规律,掌握了试验巷道在锚网索支护下的围岩变形规律,这为锚网索支护在三软煤层巷道的推广应用和支护参数设计提供了科学依据.     

隧洞破碎带围岩失稳破坏模式及控制措施研究

为了解决在隧洞开挖过程中遇到节理带、断层等软弱破碎岩带时,发生大变形、塌方等围岩失稳破坏等问题,需提前或及时做好围岩支护措施,以确保洞室围岩的稳定及施工安全。本文以长河坝水电站泄洪洞工程为研究对象,通过对现场勘测资料、隧洞开挖施工方案及工程地质条件等的综合分析,确定了软弱破碎带围岩稳定的主要影响因素,提出了隧洞破碎带围岩的典型失稳破坏模式。针对隧洞破碎带处围岩的潜在失稳问题,综合采用超前支护、开挖后及时进行喷锚+钢支撑+锚筋束联合支护,并通过有限元手段对隧洞围岩支护方案的加固效果进行了分析。有限元计算结果表明,隧洞破碎带处经及时加强支护后,围岩变形得到有效地控制,避免了洞室围岩失稳破坏现象的发生;现场监测数据及实施效果也表明及时加强支护措施对围岩稳定控制的有效性。     

软岩巷道交叉点锚杆支护数值模拟分析

以云南恩洪煤矿软岩巷道为背景,应用数值模拟对软岩巷道交叉点3种支护方案进行分析研究.结果表明,全断面预应力锚杆支护改善了交叉点的应力集中程度,起到一定卸压作用,并控制了围岩的变形量,保证了软岩巷道交叉点的稳定.     

深部巷道稳定的若干岩石力学问题

论述了深部岩石力学与工程问题研究的意义；评述了深部原岩应力分布对岩石性质与岩石工程的影响；指出了岩石强度失效与工程围岩破坏过程的实质；分析和评价了岩石破坏所形成的序列结构形式以及对其强度的影响．根据深部岩石工程施工以及变形破坏的特点，通过对工程开挖的卸压影响、岩石脆性与延性破坏的关系以及岩石变形、破坏的时间效应的分析，说明了深部岩石工程稳定有其不同的性质与特点．     

破裂岩石锚固组合拱承载能力及其合理厚度探讨

在分析软岩锚喷支护机理及其破坏特征的基础上，探讨了破坏岩石锚固组合拱承载能力、支护载荷、组合拱合理厚度和合理锚杆长度的理论计算问题．所建议的计算公式，与实际符合较好．研究成果对于分析软岩锚喷支护机理和软岩支护是有益的．     

高应力软岩巷道耦合支护研究

为了研究确定高应力软岩巷道二次支护时间和支护强度，以焦煤集团古汉山矿西大巷为研究对象，采用FLAC加中的指数蠕变模型，研究分析围岩应力和围岩变形速度随时间的变化规律、二次支护时间及支护强度对围岩变形的影响规律．结果表明：采用指数蠕变模型得到的围岩变形随时间的变化规律与现场观测基本吻合，一次支护后围岩应力、围岩变形速度趋于稳定的时间段基本一致，在此时间段内进行二次支护后围岩蠕变速度最小，而且二次支护强度在0．25～0．30MPa范围内可以有效地控制围岩蠕变速度，二次支护强度大于该范围，围岩的蠕变速度也不会再有明显的降低，保持了巷道稳定．     

A local homogenization approach for simulating the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt in deep underground openings

Fully grouted bolts are a key component of the support system for underground openings. Although considerable effort has been made in the simulation of the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolts on the rock masses surrounding underground openings, most of the work has limited significance since the structural element approach is used. This study proposes a local homogenization approach (L-H approach) that integrates elastoplastic mechanics, composite mechanics, and analytical approaches with numerical simulation to effectively simulate the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on deep surrounding rock masses. In the L-H approach, the representative volume of bolted rock mass (RVBRM) with a fully grouted bolt is established based on the original mesh model utilized in the rockbolt element approach. The RVBRM is a regular quadrangular prism with a cross-sectional size equal to the bolt spacing and a length equal to the bolt length. The RVBRM is homogenized by the L-H approach from a unidirectional bolt-reinforced composite into a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium whose mechanical properties are described by a new transversely isotropic elastoplastic model. The L-H parameters for the RVBRM are obtained using analytical approaches, composite mechanics, and known parameters of the rock mass and bolt. Using the L-H approach, the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on the bolted rock specimen and the surrounding rock mass in Jinping II Diversion Tunnel #2 with a depth greater than 2000 m is simulated. The results show that the predictions of the L-H approach are more in agreement with the physical model results of bolted rock specimen and provide a more realistic response of the bolted surrounding rock mass. The L-H approach demonstrates that fully grouted bolts with common bolt spacings and diameters substantially enhance the elastic modulus, shear strength, and tensile strength of the rock mass in the direction of the bolt axis.     

Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments

A series of plane-strain physical model experiments are carried out to study the spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway, which is subjected to the pressure induced by the mining process. The digital photogrammetry technology and large deformation analysis method are applied to measure the deformation and fracture of surrounding rocks. The experimental results indicate that the deformation and fracture of coal pillars are the cause to the instability and failure of the surrounding rocks. The spatiotemporal evolution rule of the rock deformation and fracture surrounding gob-side roadway is obtained. The coal pillar and the roof near coal pillar should be strengthened in support design. The engineering application results also can provide a useful guide that the combined support with wire meshes, beam, anchor bolt and cable is an effective method.