欠驱动水面船舶的非线性滑模轨迹跟踪控制

针对模型参数存在不确定性和风、浪、流时变干扰的三自由度欠驱动水面船舶动态轨迹跟踪控制问题,根据滑模控制对系统的不确定性和外界干扰具有鲁棒性的特点,提出了一种新型的非线性滑模控制律设计方法.在设计时根据欠驱动水面船舶的固有特性,船舶在横向上没有驱动,如果要同时控制船舶水平面位置和艏摇角3个自由度的运动,就需要分别引入关于纵向跟踪误差的一阶滑动平面和关于横向跟踪误差的二阶滑动平面来间接设计控制律.仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器能够使船舶跟踪虚拟船产生的参考轨迹,对参数不确定和外界扰动具有强的鲁棒性.     

Bottom-following control for an underactuated unmanned undersea vehicle using integral-terminal sliding mode control

The bottom-following problem of an underactuated unmanned undersea vehicle(UUV) is addressed. A robust nonlinear controller is developed by using integral-terminal sliding mode control(ITSMC), which can exponentially drive an UUV onto a predefined path at a constant forward speed. The kinematic error equations are first derived in the Serret-Frenet frame. Using the line of sight(LOS) method, Lyapunov's direct technique and tracking differentiator, the guidance law is established. Then, the kinematic controller, the guidance law, is expanded to cope with vehicle dynamics by resorting to introduce two integral-terminal sliding surfaces. Robustness to parameter perturbation is addressed by incorporating the reaching laws associated with the upper bound of the parameter perturbation. The proposed control law can guarantee that all error signals globally exponentially converge to the origin. Finally, a series of numerical simulation results are presented and discussed. In these simulations, wave, constant unknown ocean currents(for the purposes of the controller) and the parameter perturbation are added to illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the bottom-following control scheme.     

模型不确定时滞欠驱动AUV的模糊变结构控制

为了实现具有时变水动力系数、未建模动态和时滞等不确定性的欠驱动自主水下航行器的鲁棒控制,以变结构控制的切换函数及其变化率为模糊控制器的输入,以变结构控制律的变化率为模糊控制器的输出设计了一个模糊变结构控制器;为了得到更好的性能,引入了压缩扩张隶属度函数,设计一定的模糊规则自适应地调整模糊控制器中的比例因子和量化因子;将该控制器和模糊变结构控制器,准滑模控制器进行了仿真对比,证明本文设计的控制器有更好的性能;最后基于该控制器对具有水动力系数不确定性,未建模动态和控制输入时滞的AUV运动模型进行了数值仿真,结果表明该控制器有很强的鲁棒性,而且控制成本很小,只在某些情况有极弱的抖振.     

基于微分平滑的欠驱动船舶航迹控制

对于欠驱动船舶水平面运动的直接航迹控制问题,由于其具有欠驱动和非线性的特点,不能采用静态反馈线性化的方法来处理．首先证明了欠驱动船舶航迹控制系统属于微分平滑系统,基于微分平滑系统中所有状态量均可表示为平滑输出及其导数的函数这一特点,在进行船舶航迹控制器设计时,采用直接动态反馈线性化的方法,建立模型的等价表达式,并将其解耦成为2个可控的线性系统,设计反馈控制律,使欠驱动水面船舶在外界干扰的情况下相对于预先设定的航迹,跟踪误差全局渐近镇定．该方法解除了以往轨迹跟踪控制律中要求角速度持续激励的假设条件．通过仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

A nonlinear bottom-following controller for underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles

The bottom-following problem for underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles^(AUV) was addressed by a new type of nonlinear decoupling control law. The vertical bottom-following error and pitch angle error are stabilized by means of the stern plane, and the thruster is left to stabilize the longitudinal bottom-following error and forward speed. In order to better meet the need of engineering applications, working characteristics of the actuators were sufficiently considered to design the proposed controller. Different from the traditional method, the methodology used to solve the problem is generated by AUV model without a reference orientation, and it deals explicitly with vehicle dynamics and the geometric characteristics of the desired tracking bottom curve. The estimation of systemic uncertainties and disturbances and the pitch velocity PE (persistent excitation) conditions are not required. The stability analysis is given by Lyapunov theorem. Simulation results of a full nonlinear hydrodynamic AUV model are provided to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller.     

海流干扰下的欠驱动AUV三维路径跟踪控制

为解决存在海流干扰和模型不确定性情况下欠驱动自主水下航行器(AUV)的三维路径跟踪控制问题,首先在Serret-Frenet坐标系下,基于虚拟向导建立了跟踪误差模型.然后,在运动学控制器中基于李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)理论和反步法设计具有自适应律的虚拟向导和一种改进的积分视线法(ILOS)导引律,克服了海流的干扰并减少了超调.应用反步自适应滑模控制(BASMC)理论设计动力学控制器,保证了系统的稳定性和鲁棒性.最后,应用非线性级联理论证明了整个控制系统的闭环稳定性.仿真结果表明:基于AUV与流体的相对速度来实现的控制律,便于工程应用.该控制器能够有效克服海流和模型不确定的影响,实现对三维路径的跟踪.     

智能船舶自动舵系统自适应模糊输出反馈控制

针对智能船舶自动舵系统,考虑输入饱和、回转角速度未知和指定性能,提出一种自适应模糊控制算法.本文自适应模糊输出反馈算法采用状态观测器、辅助系统和误差转换系统,模糊逻辑系统用于估计未知非线性函数,状态观测器用于估计未知回转角速度状态,辅助系统和误差转换系统分别用于补偿不匹配控制信号和变换航向角追踪误差.基于Lyapuno...     

Serret-Frenet frame based on path following control for underactuated unmanned surface vehicles with dynamic uncertainties

The path following problem for an underactuated unmanned surface vehicle(USV) in the Serret-Frenet frame is addressed. The control system takes account of the uncertain influence induced by model perturbation, external disturbance, etc. By introducing the Serret-Frenet frame and global coordinate transformation, the control problem of underactuated system(a nonlinear system with single-input and ternate-output) is transformed into the control problem of actuated system(a single-input and single-output nonlinear system), which simplifies the controller design. A backstepping adaptive sliding mode controller(BADSMC)is proposed based on backstepping design technique, adaptive method and theory of dynamic slide model control(DSMC). Then, it is proven that the state of closed loop system is globally stabilized to the desired configuration with the proposed controller. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

基于执行依赖启发式动态规划的船舶减摇鳍在线最优控制

针对船舶线性横摇系统,设计了一种基于执行依赖启发式动态规划(ADHDP)方法的在线学习最优减摇鳍控制器.在设计过程中直接使用输入输出数据获取系统状态值.利用评价网络来逼近针对船舶减摇鳍控制系统设计的性能指标函数,并通过执行网络获得最优控制律,这两个网络都是多层前馈神经网络,即反向传播(BP)神经网络.在训练过程中,这两...     

潜艇近水面舵减横摇的改进变结构控制

为了提高横摇控制性能,依据潜艇舵减横摇的原理和变结构控制理论,在潜艇非线性模型基础上提出了航向控制器和横摇控制器的设计方法.该方法以航向角和横摇角各自的偏差及其导数建立变结构控制切换面,选取相应的指数趋近律,分别计算了航向和横摇的变结构控制律,最后利用加权方法得到了总的方向舵控制规律.针对变结构控制的抖振现象,利用自适应双神经元对趋近率进行在线修正.仿真研究表明,改进变结构控制提高了近水面航行潜艇水平面操纵控制的性能.     

Combined Control Allocation and Sliding Mode Control in the Dynamic Control of a Vehicle with Eight In-Wheel Motors

An eight wheel independently driving steering (8WIDBS) electric vehicle is studied in this paper. The vehicle is equipped with eight in-wheel motors and a steer-by-wire system. A hierarchically coordinated vehicle dynamic control (HCVDC) system, including a high-level vehicle motion controller, a control allocation, an inverse tire model and a lower-level slip/slip angle controller, is proposed for the over-actuated vehicle system. The high-level sliding mode vehicle motion controller is designed to produce desired total forces and yaw moment, distributed to longitudinal and lateral forces of each tire by an advanced control allocation method. And the slip controller is designed to use a sliding mode control method to follow the desired slip ratios by manipulating the corresponding in-wheel motor torques. Evaluation of the overall system is accomplished by sine maneuver simulation. Simulation results confirm that the proposed control system can coordinate among the redundant and constrained actuators to achieve the vehicle dynamic control task and improve the vehicle stability.     

欠驱动AUV的鲁棒位置跟踪控制

为了实现具有参数不确定性和外界干扰的欠驱动AUV的水平面鲁棒位置跟踪,基于李雅普诺夫理论,使用反步法设计了一个非线性控制器,并利用滑模控制方法提高控制系统的鲁棒性;为了检验该控制器的性能,选择有时变参考速度的正弦曲线作为参考轨迹,在控制输入受限的情况下,对具有参数不确定性和外界干扰的欠驱动AUV系统进行了数值仿真,结果表明本文设计的控制器能很好地实现欠驱动AUV的水平面位置跟踪控制,具有很强的鲁棒性。     

Trajectory tracking control for underactuated unmanned surface vehicles with dynamic uncertainties

The trajectory tracking control problem for underactuated unmanned surface vehicles(USV) was addressed, and the control system took account of the uncertain influences induced by model perturbation, external disturbance, etc. By introducing the reference, trajectory was generated by a virtual USV, and the error equation of trajectory tracking for USV was obtained, which transformed the tracking problem of underactuated USV into the stabilization problem of the trajectory tracking error equation. A backstepping adaptive sliding mode controller was proposed based on backstepping technology and method of dynamic slide model control. By means of theoretical analysis, it is proved that the proposed controller ensures that the solutions of closed loop system have the ultimate boundedness property. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

四旋翼飞行器控制系统的设计与实现

为了解决四旋翼飞行器的飞行控制问题,设计了一种基于位置式比例积分微分(PID)算法的飞行控制系统.该控制系统以MSP430f149处理器为中央处理器,以MPU-6050传感器为惯性测量器件.在搭建的姿态控制平台上,为了实现控制系统的稳定飞行,结合四旋翼飞行器的飞行原理对传感器输出的姿态角进行PID控制,然后将PID控制器的输出信号与电机的基本油门相结合,用以调节4路脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号占空比的方式来控制电调电路,再由电调驱动电机并控制电机转速.结果表明,俯仰角、横滚角、偏航角的误差均小于1°,验证了PID算法对四旋翼飞行器姿态角控制的有效性,保障了飞行器自稳定控制的鲁棒性.     

Modeling and designing for ship steering integrated simulator

The modeling of a ship steering integrated simulator(SSIS)applied to the design,debugging and maintenance of an autopilot is discussed.A nonlinear responsive model is proposed and applied to the design of SSIS.The SSIS generates real signals of the ship heading,the rudder angle,the ship position and the output to the autopilot.A variety of factors,such as ship speed variety,shallow water effect,nonlinearity of yaw and actuator,and environmental disturbances like wind,wave and current are considered carefully.Detailed formulas for calculating relevant parameters are provided.Taken a naval ship as an example,the physical-digital simulations on SSIS and the digital simulation on a Marine System Simulator(MSS)were conducted separately in various sailing conditions.Simulation results show that the simple nonlinear responsive model can be applied to ship motion control and simulation with sufficient accuracy and effectiveness.     

侧向风干扰下的汽车主动前轮转向最优控制

侧向风对汽车行驶操纵稳定性有重要影响.通过分析侧向风干扰下车辆稳定性,提出基于主动前轮转向(active front wheel steering,AFS)的控制策略.AFS控制器采用线性二次型最优控制算法,以实现横摆角速度和质心侧偏角目标值跟踪.为了评价控制算法,基于MATLAB/Simulink和CarSim协同仿真环境建立整车动力学模型、单点预瞄驾驶员模型、控制器模型、道路和侧向风模型.仿真结果表明,AFS可有效提高车辆在侧向风干扰下的操纵稳定性,且控制算法对车速和路面附着系数具有良好的鲁棒性.     

基于中心流形理论的欠驱动航天器姿态控制

考虑一类欠驱动航天器的执行机构为喷气推力器,根据航天器姿态动力学理论,建立欠驱动航天器姿态动力学方程。对于仅有两个反作用飞轮的零动量姿态控制系统设计了不连续的状态反馈控制器。基于给出的欠驱动航天器姿态动力学方程,设计控制律,利用中心流形方法判别驱动航天器系统在临界情形下的稳定性,得出欠驱动航天器姿态达到稳定状态的稳定性控制参数条件。数值仿真验证了所设计控制律的有效性。     

Stability control of steer by wire system based on <Emphasis Type="Italic">μ</Emphasis> synthesis robust control

The uncertainty influences may result in performance deterioration and instability to the steer by wire (SBW) system. Thus, it must make the control system keep robust stability from uncertainty, and have good robustness. In order to effectively restrain the interference and improve steering stability, this paper presents a μ synthesis robust controller based on SBW system, which considers the effect of model uncertainty and external disturbance on the system dynamics. Taking the ideal yaw rate tracking, interference suppression and excellent robustness as the control objectives, the μ synthesis robust controller is designed using linear fractional transformation theory to deal with the uncertainty. Then, it is testified through time domain and robustness simulation analysis. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can not only ensure robustness and robust stability of the system quite well, but improve handling stability of the vehicle effectively. The results of this study provide certain theoretical basis for the research and application of SBW system.     

基于改进切换增益自适应率的欠驱动USV滑模轨迹跟踪控制

针对参数的不确定性和外界干扰的非线性给欠驱动无人艇(USV)的精确轨迹跟踪控制带来的挑战,提出基于改进切换增益自适应率（ISGA）的欠驱动USV滑模轨迹跟踪控制算法. 该算法结合反步法和PI滑模控制,以保证欠驱动USV跟踪并保持期望的轨迹;采用基于理想增益的ISGA算法,以提高系统的鲁棒性和抑制滑模抖振现象. 借助李雅普诺夫直接法证明轨迹跟踪控制系统的全局指数稳定性. 仿真结果显示,所提算法具有鲁棒性强、滑模抖振弱和控制精度高等优点. 相较2种先进的轨迹跟踪控制算法,所提算法的位姿控制精度提高超过25.0%.     

基于串级MPC和EPS的集成驾驶员转向车道线保持

针对电动助力转向( EPS)作为转向执行机构的车道线保持的控制系统设计及保留驾驶员对车辆操控问题,提出基于串级模型预测控制( MPC)和EPS集成驾驶员转向的车道线保持系统. 在车道线识别视觉系统空间,建立车道线保持状态空间模型,设计基于MPC的车道线保持控制器( LMPC) . 建立EPS状态空间模型,设计基于MPC的EPS车辆前轮转角控制器( EMPC) . LMPC与EMPC经逆转向机构模型组成串级控制结构. 分析驾驶员转向对车道线保持控制的影响,进而通过保留驾驶员对车辆控制来提高处理紧急事件的能力. 仿真结果表明:在不同车速和不同曲率道路下,该控制策略均能快速消除横向位置偏差和航向角偏差,保证车辆沿着车道线行驶,具有较好的适应性和鲁棒性. 驾驶员转向可以改善车道线保持和提高车辆主动安全性.