Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Air Voids on the Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

The aim of this study is to investigate the asphalt mixture anisotropy of both the modulus and Poisson's ratio due to air voids using a discrete element modeling simulation method. Three three-dimensional cubic digital samples of asphalt mixture with different shapes of single air void were built using discrete element software PFC~(3D). The aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic included in the digital samples were modeled using different contact models, with due consideration of the volumetric fractions of the different phases. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. Simulation of the uniaxial cyclic compressive tests was performed on the three cubic samples loaded in three different directions. Dynamic modulus in three directions and Poisson's ratio in six directions were calculated from the compression stress-strain responses. Results show that both the modulus and Poisson's ratio are dependent on the preferential orientation of air voids. The anisotropy of the modulus and Poisson's ratio increases as the pressure loading on the asphalt mixture increases. Compared to the modulus, Poisson's ratio due to air voids has been shown to be more anisotropic. The maximum of Poisson's ratio and modulus is shown to be up to 80% and 11% higher than the minimum, respectively.     

不同受力模式下的沥青混合料接触力链分布特征

为了研究拉压弯剪不同受力模式下沥青混合料内部的接触力链传递分布情况,明确骨料砂浆不同组分抵抗荷载时的各自贡献水平,基于工业CT与数字图像处理技术获取了骨料颗粒模型,利用PFC3D软件构建了SMA13级配的沥青混合料三维数字化试件并进行了不同受力模式下的虚拟试验,对沥青混合料内部接触力链的传递分布特征以及砂浆骨料不同组分的接触力组成分布情况进行可视化及量化分析,以力链概率作为量化指标对不同受力模式下各类接触力链的分布特征进行统计分析。研究结果表明:利用离散元方法建立的三维数字化模型可以较好地模拟沥青混合料低温力学行为;单轴压缩受力模式下各类接触的强力链占比均为4种受力模式当中的最高水平,骨料间的嵌挤作用为抵抗外载的主要因素,骨料所传递的接触力水平占总接触力的69.9%;间接拉伸与半圆弯拉载荷模式下,沥青砂浆内部与界面位置的强力链占比显著高于骨料间的强力链占比,沥青砂浆所传递的接触力分别占总接触力的50.1%和57.4%,沥青砂浆间的黏结力为抵抗破坏的主导因素;单轴贯入受力模式下沥青砂浆与界面位置的强力链占比略高于骨料间接触的强力链占比,骨料所传递的接触力占总接触力的64.7%。强弱力链占比可以较好地反映沥青混合料不同组分在不同受力模式下的传递载荷能力,依据研究结果可以从细观结构角度为深入了解沥青混合料的力学行为提供理论依据。     

Effects of Aggregate Size and Specimen Scale on Asphalt Mixture Cracking Using a Micromechanical Simulation Approach

A micromechanical model based on discrete element method(DEM) was employed to investigate the effects of aggregate size and specimen scale on the cracking behavior of asphalt mixture. An algorithm for generating three-dimensional aggregates that can reflect the realistic geometry such as shape, size and fracture surface of aggregate particles was developed using a user-defined procedure coded with FISH language in particle flow code in three-dimensions(PFC3 D). The parallel-bond model(PBM), linear contact model(LCM), and slip model(SM), whose sets of micro parameters were obtained by comparing experimental tests with numerical simulation results, were used to characterize the internal contact behavior of asphalt mixture. Digital asphalt mixture specimens were used to simulate the effects of aggregate size and specimen scale on the cracking behavior by the indirect tensile(IDT) test. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: Both cracks and IDT strength decrease with increasing aggregate size. However, the heterogeneity of contact-force distribution augments with increasing aggregate size, especially with 13.2-16 mm aggregate. The aggregate size of 4.75-9.5 mm dominates in forming skeleton structure for asphalt mixture. The IDT strength decreases and cracks augment with increasing sample scale. The crack growth can be well interpreted from the perspective of energy analysis. The conclusions show that the proposed micromechanical model is suitable for the simulation of crack propagation. This study provides an assistant tool to further study the cracking behavior of particle-reinforced composites material such as asphalt mixture and Portland cement concrete.     

Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete cracking using a user-defined three-dimensional micromechanical approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the “Fish” language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account for aggregate gradation and fraction. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were performed to obtain input material parameters for the numerical simulation. A set of the indirect tensile test were simulated to study the cracking behavior of AC at two levels of temperature, i e, −10 °C and 15 °C. The predicted results of the numerical simulation were compared with laboratory experimental measurements. Results show that the 3D DEM model is able to predict accurately the fracture pattern of different asphalt mixtures. Based on the DEM model, the effects of air void content and aggregate volumetric fraction on the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete were evaluated.     

Investigation of micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures by a three-dimensional discrete element model

The micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures was studied using the discrete element method. The discrete element sample of stone mastic asphalt was generated first and the vehicle load was applied to the sample. A user-written program was coded with the FISH language in PFC3D to extract the contact forces within the sample and the displacements of the particles. Then, the contact forces within the whole sample, in asphalt mastic, in coarse aggregates and between asphalt mastic and coarse aggregates were investigated. Finally, the movement of the particles in the sample was analyzed. The sample was divided into 15 areas and a figure was drawn to show how the balls move in each area according to the displacements of the balls in each area. The displacements of asphalt mastic balls and coarse aggregates were also analyzed. The experimental results explain how the asphalt mixture bears vehicle load and the potential reasons why the rutting forms from a micro-mechanical view.     

基于离散元法的沥青混合料虚拟疲劳试验方法

为了从细观角度深入分析沥青混合料疲劳机理,运用离散元方法实现了沥青混合料小梁试件的虚拟疲劳试验。首先,根据概率理论,建立了由混合料三维体积级配至沥青混合料二维数字试件数量级配推导公式;接着,根据蒙特卡洛方法,编制了考虑集料不规则形状的沥青混合料二维数字试件生成程序,以此生成了沥青混合料二维数字试件;然后,结合离散元基本原理,提出了包括沥青混合料离散元模型的建立、离散单元的接触模式选择和疲劳失效判断标准在内的一整套沥青混合料虚拟疲劳试验方法;最后,进行了沥青混合料小梁疲劳试验,并与基于离散元方法的虚拟试验结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,虚拟试验结果与真实试验结果相差无几,所建立的虚拟疲劳试验方法可以作为沥青混合料疲劳性能分析的辅助手段。     

基于离散单元方法的多孔沥青混合料级配比选

应用离散单元方法结合PFC2D软件,对多孔沥青混合料的级配进行了评价,建立了细观尺度上的直观离散元数值模型,构建了粗细两种级配的PAC-13多孔沥青混合料骨架结构二维模型,进行了结构稳定性虚拟试验.仿真结果表明,相同空隙率条件下,PAC-13粗型级配的骨架结构比细型级配更稳定,结构承载力和抵抗局部变形的能力更佳.同时进...     

Discrete Element Modeling of Asphalt Concrete Cracking Using a User-defined Three-dimensional Micromechanical Approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the Fish language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account ...     

基于数字图像处理和有限元建模方法的沥青混合料劈裂试验数值模拟

应用数字图像处理技术及工业CT扫描获得试件图像,结合有限元建模方法,建立了包含集料、空隙和胶浆在内的沥青混合料有限元模型,并模拟研究了沥青混合料劈裂试验。结果表明:通过定义应力集中因子,可用来描述沥青混合料内部应力的不均匀分布,级配类型、模量比、有无空隙及加载位置都对模拟结果有较大影响。采用DIP-FEM方法能够很好地将沥青混合料的微观结构和宏观力学性能结合起来。     

Delaunay三角网格的沥青混合料粗集料分布特性

为研究沥青混合料的细微观结构特征,提出粗集料分布特性的量化方法和指标.基于数字图像处理技术对粒径大于2.36 mm的沥青混合料粗集料质心进行delaunay三角剖分,建立三角单元内A1/A2（集料-胶浆面积比）参数表征细观结构局域特征,通过对A1/A2统计特性的描述、分析以及概率形式的统计推断,得到粗集料整体分布特性的量化与分析结果.研究表明,不同级配之间粗集料的总量及级配各档位质量分布的差异性将显著影响细观结构特征,如沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料（SMA）、开级配抗滑磨耗层混合料（OGFC）和高性能路面沥青混合料（SUP） 3种级配粗集料的平均紧密程度呈递减趋势.此外,给出A1/A2参数的集中趋势指标和偏态指标,并在此基础上提出非参数检验方法对沥青混合料细观结构进行对比,评判多种级配细观结构的嵌挤紧密特征的异同,认为SMA和OGFC的细观嵌挤特征类似,而SUP和SMA以及OGFC相比细观结构更趋于分散.     

嵌挤密实沥青混合料设计方法与评价参数研究

按照嵌挤、密实、稳定的设计准则,分析与定位矿料在沥青混合料中的作用,研究沥青混合料组成设计方法和流程以及与之配套的试验方法和参数。首先,通过研究提出嵌挤-密实级配混合料设计方法:起骨架作用的粗集料的掺配比例应以粗集料间隙率VCA和贯入试验CPV值分析确定;起填充作用的细集料可采用泰波公式来确定;混合料组成比例可以采用体积设计法进行设计和计算。其次,通过研究提出了混合料级配评价方法和参数:设计出的混合料体积特性应满足VCAmix相似文献   

厂拌热再生过程中旧矿料颗粒的迁移行为

为提高热再生混合料的均匀性与生产质量,设计一种以回收沥青路面材料(reclaimded asphalt pavement, RAP)模拟制备、利用磁铁分离新旧矿料及迁移程度测试为关键步骤的室内试验,并通过该试验分析了RAP掺量、拌和时间及沥青用量对不同规格旧矿料颗粒迁移程度的影响。试验结果表明:热再生沥青混合料中旧矿料颗粒不能全部脱离原矿料,其迁移程度约为55%~75%;RAP掺量对迁移程度影响不大,随着拌和时间和沥青用量的增加,迁移程度不断增大;适当延长拌和时间,掺加新沥青或再生剂以及增加沥青用量可以促进旧矿料有效迁移,提高热再生沥青混合料的均匀性。     

Degradation behavior of aggregate skeleton in stone matrix asphalt mixture

The degradation behavior of aggregate skeleton in stone matrix asphalt mixture was investigated based on theoretical analysis, laboratory test and field materials evaluation. A stress-transfer model was established to provide the fundamental understanding of the stress distribution and degradation mechanism of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) aggregate skeleton. Based on the theoretical analysis, crushing test and superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) test were used to evaluate the degradation behavior of aggregate skeleton of SMA. To verify the laboratory test results, gradation analysis was also conducted for the field materials extracted from SMA pavements after long-time service. The results indicate that the degradation of SMA aggregate skeleton is not random but has fixed internal trend and mechanism. Special rule is found for the graded fine aggregates generated from coarse aggregate breakdown and the variation of 4.75 mm aggregate is found to play a key role in the graded aggregates to form well-balanced skeleton to bear external loading. The variation of 4.75 mm aggregate together with the breakdown ratio of aggregate gradation can be used to characterize the degradation behavior of aggregate skeleton. The crushing test and SGC test are proved to be promising in estimating the degradation behavior of SMA skeleton.     

基于离散元理论的OGFC矿料级配设计

提出开级配沥青磨耗层(open graded friction courses,OGFC)混合料矿料级配设计应针对粗细集料在混合料中所起的作用不同进行分别设计的理念.提出基于离散元理论和试验相结合的OGFC混合料粗集料级配设计的新方法:以4.75 mm筛孔通过率作为粗集料级配控制点,根据离散元理论计算粗集料中各粒径最优体积分数,通过粗集料的干捣试验进行VCA_min的验证,根据粗集料空隙率和设计空隙率的要求,确定粗集料的级配.采用N法进行OGFC混合料的细集料级配设计,为了满足设计空隙率的要求,在细集料设计中要求2.36~4.75 mm的质量分数不超过5%.在研究粗集料和细集料级配设计的基础之上给出了OGFC矿料新的级配范围.     

沥青混凝土中粗集料形貌特征分析

为分析沥青混凝土中粗集料形貌特征,了解其对沥青混合料性能的影响.利用工业CT对不同级配沥青混凝土断面进行扫描,用图像处理技术和统计学方法从扫描图像中获取粗集料的形貌参数,分析粗集料级配对形貌参数的影响.结果表明:CT扫描结合图像处理技术可准确获取沥青混凝土中粗集料形貌参数;粗集料颗粒的纵横比AR_1和AR_2和棱角性的累积分布概率服从三参数威博尔分布;轮廓分形维数、纵/横向趋向参数、纵向偏角均值以及面积参数对粗集料级配的变化表现敏感;而纵/横向趋向参数、纵向偏角均值、轮廓分形维数、棱角性和面积参数,能够显著表征4.75 mm粒径集料的通过率变化.     

Stochastic structural model of rock and soil aggregates by continuum-based discrete element method

Ancient slope[1], debris-flow deposit[2] and rock-filling dam[3] are usually made of rock and soil aggregates (RSA). The RSA is a typical inhomogeneous and discontinuous medium, and its main characteristics include: (i) loose piling up by blocks or particles, (ii) mixing of different blocks with a range of shapes and sizes, (iii) stochastic distribu- tion of blocks in space, (4) fillings often in between blocks. The mechanical properties of these rock and soil aggregates are commonly obtaine…     

Stochastic structural model of rock and soil aggregates by continuum-based discrete element method

This paper first presents a stochastic structural model to describe the random geometrical features of rock and soil aggregates. The stochastic structural model uses mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape to construct the microstructures of aggregates, and introduces two types of structural elements (block element and jointed element) and three types of material elements (rock element, soil element, and weaker jointed element) for this microstructure. Then, continuum-based discrete element method is used to study the deformation and failure mechanism of rock and soil aggregate through a series of loading tests. It is found that the stress-strain curve of rock and soil aggregates is nonlinear, and the failure is usually initialized from weaker jointed elements. Finally, some factors such as mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape are studied in detail. The numerical results are in good agreement with in situ test. Therefore, current model is effective for simulating the mechanical behaviors of rock and soil aggregates.     

利用形态学多尺度算法分割粗集料粘连图像

为准确地对X-ray CT沥青混合料切片图像材质分类过程中存在的颗粒粘连图像进行分割,提出一种利用半径r分别为1、2、3、4的圆形结构元素分别对沥青混合料粗集料粘连图像进行极限腐蚀的改进形态学多尺度算法,通过判断各个分割图像分割线的数目,以分割线数目出现频率最大的分割数作为最终分割,并以最小的结构元素所对应的分割图像作为实际的分割图像,最后通过叠加独立颗粒图像和经粘连分割后的图像生成目标分割图像.最后着重开展了此算法的分割效果和分割精度研究.结果表明:与形态学多尺度算法相比,改进形态学多尺度算法既能有效地分割沥青混合料粗集料粘连图像,又能较好地抑制颗粒的欠分割与过分割现象,并获得较高的分割效果和分割精度,减少数值建模中的难度.     

基于数字图像的沥青混合料离散元几何建模方法

沥青混合料的性能与其细观结构密切相关,离散元方法在解决沥青混合料这种复杂、多相、不连续介质材料的细观问题时,具有很大优势。针对以往沥青混合料离散元建模不能较好模拟集料颗粒形状的问题,结合数字图像处理技术,提出了一种新的沥青混合料离散元几何建模方法,主要有3个步骤：1）使用特征聚类方法,将沥青混合料切片图像中的集料与沥青砂浆分离;2）并利用链码边界跟踪和线段表算法将分离的集料区域填充为离散元中的＂聚粒＂;3）用离散元的圆盘单元填充沥青胶砂区域,实现沥青混合料切片图像的二维离散元几何建模。利用该模型,较好地模拟了沥青混合料在贯入荷载作用下变形的动态过程。     

粗集料表面纹理粗糙度的分形测量和描述

为了分析粗集料表面纹理状况对沥青混合料性能的影响,采用激光轮廓仪对8种不同粗集料表面纹理曲线进行直接测量.运用分形理论中对随机过程的结构函数方法,分析了表面纹理曲线的分形特征.采用定量评定方法,以分形维数D和截距K为评价指标,对粗集料表面纹理粗糙度进行了研究.结果表明,粗集料表面纹理曲线均在一定范围内具有分形特性,粗集料表面纹理的粗糙程度不受粒径大小影响.