Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine

Experiments has been carried out to estimate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder; four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends with standard diesel. Tests has been conducted using the fuel blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% biodiesel with standard diesel, with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 21 and at different loading conditions. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake power, indicated mean effective pressure, mechanical efficiency and exhaust gas temperature. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The results of the experiment has been compared and analyzed with standard diesel and it confirms considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrogen oxides emissions. It has found that the combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine

In this study, performance and emissions of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. For the study, cottonseed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was added to diesel fuel, numbered D2, by volume of 5%(B5), 20%(B20), 50%(B50) and 75%(B75) as well as pure CSOME (B100). Fuels were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine. The effects of CSOME-diesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were examined at various engine speeds and full loaded engine. The effect of B5, B20, B50, B75, B100 and D2 on the engine power, engine torque, bsfc's and exhaust gasses temperature were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of blends on CO, NO_x, SO₂ and smoke opacity were investigated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the use of the lower blends (B5) slightly increases the engine torque at medium and higher speeds in compression ignition engines. However, there were no significant differences in performance values of B5, B20 and diesel fuel. Also with the increase of the biodiesel in blends, the exhaust emissions were reduced. The experimental results showed that the lower contents of CSOME in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.     

CNG-diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis with the aid of artificial neural network

This study investigates the use of artificial neural network (ANN) modelling to predict brake power, torque, break specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine modified to operate with a combination of both compressed natural gas CNG and diesel fuels. A single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine was modified for the present work and was operated at different engine loads and speeds. The experimental results reveal that the mixtures of CNG and diesel fuel provided better engine performance and improved the emission characteristics compared with the pure diesel fuel. For the ANN modelling, the standard back-propagation algorithm was found to be the optimum choice for training the model. A multi-layer perception network was used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. It was found that the ANN model is able to predict the engine performance and exhaust emissions with a correlation coefficient of 0.9884, 0.9838, 0.95707, and 0.9934 for the engine torque, BSFC, NO_x and exhaust temperature, respectively.     

Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste tire pyrolysis oil–diesel blends in a diesel engine

Disposal of waste tires is one of the most important problems that should be solved. This problem can be solved by considering waste tires for production of hydrogen or fuel for diesel engines. This paper presents the studies on the performance and emission characteristics of a four stroke, four cylinders, naturally aspirated, direct-injected diesel engine running with various blends of waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) with diesel fuel. Fuel properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions of WTPO and its blends were analyzed and compared with those of petroleum diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that WTPO–diesel blends indicated similar performance with diesel fuel in terms of torque and power output of the test engine. It was found that the blends of pyrolysis oil of waste tire WTPO10 can efficiently be used in diesel engines without any engine modifications.     

Performance and exhaust emissions of a biodiesel engine

In this study, the applicabilities of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been investigated for the performance and exhaust-emission values of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesels from different feedstocks and petroleum diesel fuels. The engine performance and emissions characteristics of two different petroleum diesel-fuels (No. 1 and No. 2), biodiesels (from soybean oil and yellow grease), and their 20% blends with No. 2 diesel fuel were used as experimental results. The fuels were tested at full load (100%) at 1400-rpm engine speed, where the engine torque was 257.6 Nm. To train the network, the average molecular weight, net heat of combustion, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, C/H ratio and cetane number of each fuel are used as the input layer, while outputs are the brake specific fuel-consumption, exhaust temperature, and exhaust emissions. The back-propagation learning algorithm with three different variants, single layer, and logistic sigmoid transfer function were used in the network. By using weights in the network, formulations have been given for each output. The network has yielded R² values of 0.99 and the mean % errors are smaller than 4.2 for the training data, while the R² values are about 0.99 and the mean % errors are smaller than 5.5 for the test data. The performance and exhaust emissions from a diesel engine, using biodiesel blends with No. 2 diesel fuel up to 20%, have been predicted using the ANN model.     

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalysts and its operational characteristics on variable compression ratio CI engine

In the present work, the optimum biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oil to biodiesel through transesterification method was investigated. The base catalyzed transesterification under different reactant proportions such as the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and mass ratio of catalyst to oil was studied for optimum production of biodiesel. The optimum condition for base catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil was determined to be 12:1 and 5 wt% of zinc doped calcium oxide. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel such as the calorific value, flash point and density were examined and compared to conventional diesel. The properties of produced biodiesel and their blend for different ratios (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100) were comparable with properties of diesel oil and ASTM biodiesel standards. Tests have been conducted on CI engine which runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, injection pressure of 200 bar, compression ratio 15:1 and 17.5, and varying engine load. The performance parameters include brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and emissions parameters such as Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and smoke opacity varying with engine load (BP). Diesel engine's thermal performance and emission parameters such as CO, HC, and NOx on different biodiesel blends demonstrate that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst was suitable to be used as diesel oil blends and had lesser emissions as compared to conventional diesel.     

基于不同原料生物柴油混合燃料的发动机性能研究

对一台TDI柴油机燃用花椒籽、棉籽、棕榈和餐饮废油脂4种不同原料制成的生物柴油(以10%体积比分别与柴油混合制成)的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了试验研究,探讨了4种生物柴油对发动机性能的影响。研究结果表明:在燃用4种生物柴油时,棕榈油制生物柴油的功率和纯柴油基本一致,其余混合燃料的功率都比纯柴油略有下降;4种混合燃料的油耗与纯柴油基本一致;与纯柴油相比,生物柴油混合燃料的碳烟、CO、HC排放均较低,而NOx排放略高。     

Artificial Neural Network based prediction of performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio CI engine using WCO as a biodiesel at different injection timings

Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuels and environmental threat due to pollution a number renewable sources of energy have been studied worldwide. In the present investigation influence of injection timing on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder, four stroke stationary, variable compression ratio, diesel engine was studied using waste cooking oil (WCO) as the biodiesel blended with diesel. The tests were performed at three different injection timings (24°, 27°, 30° CA BTDC) by changing the thickness of the advance shim. The experimental results showed that brake thermal efficiency for the advanced as well as the retarded injection timing was lesser than that for the normal injection timing (27° BTDC) for all sets of compression ratios. Smoke, un-burnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions were reduced for advanced injection timings where as NO_x emissions increased. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was used to predict the engine performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Separate models were developed for performance parameters as well as emission characteristics. To train the network, compression ratio, injection timing, blend percentage, percentage load, were used as the input parameters where as engine performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), exhaust gas temperature (T_exh) were used as the output parameters for the performance model and engine exhaust emissions such as NO_x, smoke and (UBHC) values were used as the output parameters for the emission model. ANN results showed that there is a good correlation between the ANN predicted values and the experimental values for various engine performance parameters and exhaust emission characteristics and the relative mean error values (MRE) were within 8%, which is acceptable.     

An investigation of using biodiesel/marine diesel blends on the performance of a stationary diesel engine

Vegetable oils are produced from numerous oil seed crops. While all vegetable oils have high-energy content, most require some processing to assure safe use in internal combustion engines. Some of these oils already have been evaluated as substitutes for diesel fuels. With the exception of rape seed oil which is the principal raw material for biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters, sunflower oil, corn oil and olive oil, which are abundant in Southern Europe, along with some wastes, such as used frying oils, appear to be attractive candidates for biodiesel production. In this paper, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions measurements from a single cylinder, stationary diesel engine are described. The engine was fueled with pure marine diesel fuel and blends containing two types of biodiesel, at proportions up to 50%. The two types of biodiesel appeared to have equal performance, and irrespective of the raw material used for their production, their addition to the marine diesel fuel improved the particulate matter, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions.     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降,油耗有所上升,烟度大幅下降,NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系,合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能,又可有效地降低碳烟排放,且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机,掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大,影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷,燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大,而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

Hydrogen addition to tea seed oil biodiesel: Performance and emission characteristics

Compression ignition engines are the dominant tools of the modern human life especially in the field of transportation. But, the increasing problematic issues such as decreasing reserves and environmental effects of diesel fuels which is the energy source of compression ignition engines forcing researchers to investigate alternative fuels for substitution or decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels. The mostly known alternative fuel is biodiesel fuel and many researchers are investigating the possible raw materials for biodiesel production. Also, hydrogen fuel is an alternative fuel which can be used in compression ignition engines for decreasing fuel consumption and hazardous exhaust emissions by enriching the fuel. In this study, influences of hydrogen enrichment to diesel and diesel tea seed oil biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) were investigated on an unmodified compression ignition engine experimentally. In consequence of the experiments, lower torque and higher brake specific fuel consumption data were measured when the engine was fuelled diesel biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) instead of diesel fuel. Also, diesel biodiesel blends increased CO₂ and NO_x emissions while decreasing the CO emissions. Hydrogen enrichment (5 l/m and 10 l/m) was improved the both torque and brake specific fuel consumption for all test fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen enrichment reduced CO and CO₂ emissions due to absence of carbon atoms in the chemical structure for all test fuels. Increasing flow rate of hydrogen fuel from 5 l/m to 10 l/m further improved performance measures and emitted harmful gases except NO_x. The most significant drawback of the hydrogen enrichment was the increased NO_x emissions.     

Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine

In the present investigation the high viscosity of the jatropha curcas oil which has been considered as a potential alternative fuel for the compression ignition (C.I.) engine was decreased by blending with diesel. The blends of varying proportions of jatropha curcas oil and diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared with diesel fuel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of biodiesel and jatropha oil was also studied. The performance of the engine using blends and jatropha oil was evaluated in a single cylinder C.I. engine and compared with the performance obtained with diesel. Significant improvement in engine performance was observed compared to vegetable oil alone. The specific fuel consumption and the exhaust gas temperature were reduced due to decrease in viscosity of the vegetable oil. Acceptable thermal efficiencies of the engine were obtained with blends containing up to 50% volume of jatropha oil. From the properties and engine test results it has been established that 40–50% of jatropha oil can be substituted for diesel without any engine modification and preheating of the blends.     

6BTA 5.9 G2-1 Cummins engine performance and emission tests using methyl ester mahua (Madhuca indica) oil/diesel blends

Neat mahua oil poses some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. The transesterification of mahua oil can reduce these problems. The use of biodiesel fuel as substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in heavy-duty diesel engine is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on the properties of bio-diesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable resource, its biodegradability and potential to exhaust emissions. A Cummins 6BTA 5.9 G2- 1, 158 HP rated power, turbocharged, DI, water cooled diesel engine was run on diesel, methyl ester of mahua oil and its blends at constant speed of 1500 rpm under variable load conditions. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NOx) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results indicate that with the increase of biodiesel in the blends CO, HC reduces significantly, fuel consumption and NOx emission of biodiesel increases slightly compared with diesel. Brake specific energy consumption decreases and thermal efficiency of engine slightly increases when operating on 20% biodiesel than that operating on diesel.     

Exergy analysis of small DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the merits of exergy analysis over energy analysis for small direct injection (DI) diesel engine using the blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Taguchi’s “L’ 16” orthogonal array has been used for the design of experiment. The engine tested at different engine speeds, load percentages, and blend ratios, using the waste cooking oil biodiesel. Basic performance parameters and fuel input exergy, exergetic efficiency (second law efficiency), exergy associated with heat transfer, exergy associated with the exhaust gas and destruction of exergy are calculated for each blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel. Results show that the optimum operating conditions for minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exergy destruction are achieved when engine speed at 1900 rev/min, load percentage is 75%, and the engine is fueled with B40.     

Performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil and diesel blends

The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine when fueled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% blends with diesel (on a volume basis) are investigated and compared with standard diesel. The suitability of waste cooking oil methyl ester as a biofuel has been established in this study. Bio diesel produced from waste sun flower oil by transesterification process has been used in this study. Experiment has been conducted at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm, 50% load and at compression ratios of 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1 and 22:1. The impact of compression ratio on fuel consumption, combustion pressures and exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. Optimum compression ratio which gives best performance has been identified. The results indicate longer ignition delay, maximum rate of pressure rise, lower heat release rate and higher mass fraction burnt at higher compression ratio for waste cooking oil methyl ester when compared to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency at 50% load for waste cooking oil methyl ester blends and diesel has been calculated and the blend B40 is found to give maximum thermal efficiency. The blends when used as fuel results in reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and increase in nitrogen oxides emissions.     

Performance characteristics of a low heat rejection diesel engine operating with biodiesel

Vegetable oils are a promising alternative among the different diesel fuel alternatives. However, the high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow characteristics of vegetable oils can cause some problems such as injector coking, severe engine deposits, filter gumming, piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication oil from long-term use in diesel engines. These problems can be eliminated or minimized by transesterification of the vegetable oils to form monoesters. These monoesters are known as biodiesel. The important advantages of biodiesel are lower exhaust gas emissions and its biodegradability and renewability compared with petroleum-based diesel fuel. Although the transesterification improves the fuel properties of vegetable oil, the viscosity and volatility of biodiesel are still worse than that of petroleum diesel fuel. The energy of the biodiesel can be released more efficiently with the concept of low heat rejection (LHR) engine. The aim of this study is to apply LHR engine for improving engine performance when biodiesel is used as an alternative fuel. For this purpose, a turbocharged direct injection (DI) diesel engine was converted to a LHR engine and the effects of biodiesel (produced from sunflower oil) usage in the LHR engine on its performance characteristics have been investigated experimentally. The results showed that specific fuel consumption and the brake thermal efficiency were improved and exhaust gas temperature before the turbine inlet was increased for both fuels in the LHR engine.     

The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil–diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine

The use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil–diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters.     

Experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel/ultra-low sulfur diesel blends

The major obstacle to biodiesel commercialization is the high cost of raw materials. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is an economical source and thus an effective strategy for reducing the raw material cost. Using waste cooking oil also solves the problem of waste oil disposal. This study investigated the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogenic potencies and regulated matters, and brake specific fuel consumption from a heavy-duty diesel engine under the US-HDD transient cycle for five test fuels: ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), WCOB5 (5 vol% biodiesel made from waste cooking oil + 95 vol% ULSD), WCOB10, WCOB20, and WCOB30. Experimental results indicate using ULSD/WCOB blends decreased PAHs by 7.53%-37.5%, particulate matter by 5.29%-8.32%, total hydrocarbons by 10.5%-36.0%, and carbon monoxide by 3.33%-13.1% as compared to using ULSD. The wide usage of WCOB blends as alternative fuels could protect the environment.     

The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Previous research has shown that biodiesel-fueled engines produce less carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions compared to diesel fuel. One drawback of biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation than petroleum-based diesel fuel. In its advanced stages, this oxidation can cause the fuel to become acidic and to form insoluble gums and sediments that can plug fuel filters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of oxidized biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. A John Deere 4276T turbocharged DI diesel engine was fueled with oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel and the performance and emissions were compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. The neat biodiesels, 20% blends, and the base fuel (No. 2 diesel) were tested at two different loads (100 and 20%) and three injection timings (3° advanced, standard; 3° retarded). The tests were performed at steady-state conditions at a single engine speed of 1400 rpm. The engine performance of the neat biodiesels and their blends was similar to that of No. 2 diesel fuel with the same thermal efficiency, but higher fuel consumption. Compared with unoxidized biodiesel, oxidized neat biodiesel produced 15 and 16% lower exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions from oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel.     

使用废烹调油作为柴油的补充

使用废烹调油作为柴油的补充具有能源、经济及环保方面的优点。对植物油及柴油的理化性质进行了比较。综述在柴油机上使用废烹调油的技术。阐述柴油机使用废烹调油的性能、燃烧及排放特性。