光伏逆变器无功调节能力分析与控制策略研究

通过建立光伏逆变器接入配电网稳态分析模型,以接入点运行电压、最大运行电流和SPWM调制控制条件为约束,分析了不同工况下逆变器的无功调节能力。构建接入配电网运行时面向电网电压调整的无功功率控制策略,该策略以控制接入点电压为目标,逆变器通过补偿系统需求的无功对电压进行支撑。构建分布式光伏接入配电网应对配电网负荷变化和光伏注入功率变化引起的电压无功调整仿真实验,验证了该策略的有效性。     

New control strategy for 2-stage grid-connected photovoltaic power system

This work deals with the performances and responses of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plant in normal and disturbed modes. The system is composed of a solar array, a dc–dc converter and a three-phase inverter connected to the utility grid. On the one hand a suitable control of the dc–dc converter is developed in order to extract the maximum amount of power from the PV generator. On the other hand an active and reactive power control approach (PQ) has been presented for the inverter. This method can provide a current with sinusoidal waveform and ensure a high power factor. Therefore, the grid interface inverter transfers the energy drawn from the PV into the grid by ensuring constant dc link voltage. Modeling and controlling were carried out using the informational graph of causality and the macroscopic energy representation methods. The simulation under MATLAB/SIMULINK and the experimental results show the control performance and dynamic behavior of grid-connected PV system in normal and disturbances modes.     

Modeling and simulation of three phase multilevel inverter for grid connected photovoltaic systems

This paper presents a control for a three phase five-level neutral clamped inverter (NPC) for grid connected PV system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is capable of extracting maximum power from the PV array connected to each DC link voltage level. The MPPT algorithm is solved by fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy MPPT is integrated with the inverter so that a DC–DC converter is not needed and the output shows accurate and fast response. A digital PI current control algorithm is used to remain the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to achieve high dynamic performance with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The validity of the system is verified through MATLAB/Simulink and the results are compared with three phase three-level grid connected NPC inverter in terms of THD.     

A high power quality anti-islanding method using effective power variation

Islanding phenomenon is undesirable because it leads to a safety hazard to utility service personnel and may cause damage to power generation and power supply facilities as a result of unsynchronized re-closure. In order to prevent the phenomenon, various anti-islanding methods have been studied. Until now, frequency or start phase shift methods of inverter current have much attention as active anti-islanding methods, which cause reactive power variation to the utility. However, these methods deteriorate usually the power quality like power factor or harmonic performance. This paper proposes a high power quality active anti-islanding method using effective power variation, which is implemented by periodically increasing/decreasing variation of inverter current magnitude. If it causes the large variation of inverter output voltage after islanding, active frequency drift (AFD) method as a simple anti-islanding method will be injected into the inverter current for a designed period and islanding can be detected. In case of large voltage variation when the grid is connected, AFD method will be removed after the designed period. Unlike most active anti-islanding method deteriorating power quality, the proposed method will have high performance of islanding detection and good power quality. For the verification of the proposed method, simulated results and experimental results in addition to analysis are presented using a 3 kW PV inverter.     

Z源逆变电路及其直通控制策略在光伏并网系统中的应用

针对传统的Z源逆变电路控制方式中需要独立分析升压电路控制因子和并网电路控制因子的问题,先在典型的Z源全桥逆变电路的拓扑结构中实现单桥臂上下管的直通相位控制方式下的开关时序,进而分析了Z源逆变电路的5种模态的工作原理,提出了一种适用于单相光伏逆变系统的Z源逆变电路直通控制方式,就是利用能量传递和傅里叶算法在直通零矢量和输出逆变电压之间建立直接联系。以一台3kW光伏并网逆变样机的测试结果表明,样机PV电压稳定,并网电压电流相位在50%输出功率下基本一致,其谐波含量和功率因数符合要求;同时,还具备一定的过压、欠压动态保护特性,反应时间迅速。结果表明,Z源逆变电路及其直通控制策略在光伏并网系统中的应用效果较好。     

Probabilistic Wavelet Fuzzy Neural Network based reactive power control for grid-connected three-phase PV system during grid faults

This study presents a reactive power controller using Probabilistic Wavelet Fuzzy Neural Network (PWFNN) for grid-connected three-phase PhotoVoltaic (PV) system during grid faults. The controller also considers the ratio of the injected reactive current to meet the Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) regulation. Moreover, the balance of the active power between the PV panel and the grid-connected inverter during grid faults is controlled by the dc-link bus voltage. Furthermore, to reduce the risk of over-current during LVRT operation, a current limit is predefined for the injection of reactive current. The main contribution of this study is the introduction of the PWFNN controller for reactive and active power control that provides LVRT operation with power balance under various grid fault conditions. Finally, some experimental tests are realized to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

新型H6拓扑无隔离单相光伏并网逆变器研究

与带隔离变压器相比,无隔离变压器的光伏并网逆变器成本低、体积小、效率高,但无隔离光伏并网系统的漏电流将影响系统的安全运行,必须进行有效抑制,同时逆变器应具有向电网提供无功功率的能力。对此提出了一种新型的H6拓扑单相并网逆变器,该拓扑能有效抑制漏电流,且能向电网输出无功功率,采用单极性调制策略,输出电压具有三电平特性。基于对拓扑结构、工作过程及无功功率控制的详细分析,建立了Matlab/Simulink仿真模型验证理论分析的正确性,并搭建了1kW的实验平台,对理论分析和仿真结果进行了试验验证。     

Photovoltaic solar system connected to the electric power grid operating as active power generator and reactive power compensator

In the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems acting as distributed generation (DG) systems, the DC energy that is produced is fed to the grid through the power-conditioning unit (inverter). The majority of contemporary inverters used in DG systems are current source inverters (CSI) operating at unity power factor. If, however, we assume that voltage source inverters (VSI) can replace CSIs, we can generate reactive power proportionally to the remaining unused capacity at any given time. According to the theory of instantaneous power, the inverter reactive power can be regulated by changing the amplitude of its output voltage. In addition, the inverter active power can be adjusted by modifying the phase angle of its output voltage. Based on such theory, both the active power supply and the reactive power compensation (RPC) can be carried out simultaneously. When the insolation is weak or the PV modules are inoperative at night, the RPC feature of a PV system can still be used to improve the inverter utilisation factor. Some MATLAB simulation results are included here to show the feasibility of the method.     

基于LC滤波的光伏逆变器电感电流反馈控制策略研究

针对光伏并网逆变器的特点,基于电感电流反馈控制的光伏并网逆变器,提出了参考电流相位超前的电流内环控制策略。通过分析单相并网逆变器结构,推导了LC滤波器上电压电流矢量关系。加入电网电压瞬时值前馈解耦控制,研究了比例调节和准比例谐振调节两种策略下参考电流与输出电流的关联。基于一台3 kW逆变器为实验平台的理论分析和实验结果表明,采用该策略的逆变器并网电流时刻跟踪电网电压频率和相位,功率因数为1,并网电流谐波失真度低于3%。     

不平衡电网电压下T型三电平光伏并网逆变器的有限集模型预测控制

为实现电网电压不平衡时对T型三电平光伏并网系统输出功率和电流质量的控制,以达到入网功率平稳或电流正弦为控制目标,结合光伏阵列输出功率前馈,在两相静止坐标系下提出一种直流母线电压外环PI控制、并网电流内环有限集模型预测控制的控制策略,并在电压外环中引入2倍频陷波器以获得平滑的入网功率参考值。仿真结果表明:当电网电压不对称时,采用所提控制策略能够实现对入网有功、无功功率2倍频脉动及负序电流的分别抑制或协调控制,且并网电流谐波畸变小、入网电能质量高,同时实现T型三电平逆变器的中点电位平衡。     

A multi-function grid connected PV system with three level NPC inverter and voltage oriented control

In this paper a grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system is presented. The grid integration of the PV system is carried out via a three phase three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. To control the inverter a modified version of voltage oriented control (VOC) method and the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique have been applied. With the proposed modification the PV system operates as a shunt active power filter (SAPF), a reactive power compensator, and a load’s current balancer simultaneously. In this way the PV system operates more efficiently compared to the conventional PV systems and offers ancillary services to electric power system. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is established through simulation results with Matlab/Simulink in steady state and transient response of the electric power distribution system.     

Direct power control of grid connected PV systems with three level NPC inverter

This paper presents the control of a three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) voltage source inverter for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The control method used is the Extended Direct Power Control (EDPC), which is a generic approach for Direct Power Control (DPC) of multilevel inverters based on geometrical considerations. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms, that allow maximal power conversion into the grid, have been included. These methods are capable of extracting maximum power from each of the independent PV arrays connected to each DC link voltage level. The first one is a conventional MPPT which outputs DC link voltage references to EDPC. The second one is based on DPC concept. This new MPPT outputs power increment references to EDPC, thus avoiding the use of a DC link voltage regulator. The whole control system has been tested on a three-level NPC voltage source inverter connected to the grid and results confirm the validity of the method.     

光伏发电并网逆变器建模及电能质量评估

鉴于光伏发电并网逆变器的建模对于光伏大规模接入、保障系统稳定运行具有重要意义,提出了系统仿真方案,利用Hammerstein-Wiener(HW)非线性模型对光伏并网逆变器的运行进行仿真。通过试验获得直流逆变器电压电流波形、交流逆变器电压电流波形、电压公共耦合点、电网和负荷电流;利用编程确定各种模拟波形并搜索与实际波形相比最准确的模型,同时将该方法运用到电能质量分析中,进而完成对系统的分析和建模。模拟结果表明,该模型效果较好,可以为系统规划、防止系统故障和改善电能质量等方面提供理论依据。     

弱电网下光伏并网逆变器的数字H∞鲁棒控制器设计

针对弱电网下光伏并网逆变器可能发生的失稳现象,提出一种光伏并网逆变器的数字H_∞鲁棒控制器设计方法。首先建立传统控制策略下光伏并网逆变器的控制模型,并分析其在弱电网条件下的稳定性。为了提高LCL型光伏并网逆变器对电网阻抗变化的鲁棒性,考虑数字控制延时的影响,通过建立离散域下光伏并网逆变器的标准H_∞控制模型,并设计加权函数,求得光伏并网逆变器的数字H_∞控制器。与传统的双闭环控制策略相比,理论分析与仿真和实验结果均表明,所设计的数字H_∞控制器可显著增强弱电网条件下光伏并网逆变器的稳定性。     

Analysis of reactive power strategies in HVDC‐connected wind power plant clusters

Offshore wind power plants (WPPs) built near each other but far from shore usually connect to the main grid by a common high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission system. In the resulting decoupled offshore grid, the wind turbine converters and the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter share the ability to inject or absorb reactive power. The overall reactive power control dispatch influences the power flows in the grid and hence the associated power losses. This paper evaluates the respective power losses in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters when applying 5 different reactive power control strategies. The case study is made for a 1.2‐GW–rated cluster comprising 3 WPP and is implemented in a combined load flow and converter loss model. A large set of feasible operating points for the system is analyzed for each strategy. The results show that a selection of simulations with equal wind speeds is sufficient for the annual energy production comparison. It is found that the continuous operation of the WPPs with unity power factor has a superior performance with low communication requirements compared with the other conventional strategies. The optimization‐based strategy, which is developed in this article, allows a further reduction of losses mainly because of the higher offshore grid voltage level imposed by the high‐voltage DC voltage‐source converter. Reactive power control in HVDC‐connected WPP clusters change significantly the overall power losses of the system, which depend rather on the total sum of the injected active power than on the variance of wind speeds inside the cluster.     

基于DSP的光伏并网逆变系统的设计

介绍了基于DSP的光伏并网逆变系统的设计。系统采用TMS320F2407作为主控芯片,通过最大功率跟踪,使太阳电池动态工作在最大功率点上。运用电流预估计原理使输出性能得到提高,通过软件锁相使输出电流同步跟踪电网电压相位,并具有电网掉电识别、过流、欠压和监控等功能,保证了光伏并网发电的安全运行,并具有远程通讯功能。     

光伏逆变器改进控制策略的稳定性研究

光伏逆变器在弱电网下运行时,不均匀的线路阻抗使微电网控制系统功率因数下降、带宽变窄、控制性能减弱、跟踪误差变差,甚至导致逆变器系统退出运行等现象。为此,首先在双闭环控制方式下,通过电压环振荡处理引入瞬时无功控制手段与电压前馈控制方式来减少无功输出,提高逆变器控制系统并网电流质量。其次采用锁相环与锁频环复合同步手段优化跟踪质量,提高控制系统功率因数以及抗干扰能力。最后通过搭建两台2 kW同型号的单向并网逆变器并联运行的实验平台验证了该控制方法的正确性与实用性。     

Analysis and enhancement of PV efficiency with incremental conductance MPPT technique under non-linear loading conditions

This paper presents experimental evaluations for variation in the efficiency of energy extracted from a photovoltaic (PV) module (under non-linear loading) incorporated with an incremental conductance(IC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The focus is on the evaluation of the PV panel under non-linear loading conditions using the experimental installation of a 100W_p photovoltaic array connected to a DC–DC converter and a KVA inverter feeding a non-linear load. Under the conditions of non-linear loading, both the simulation and experiment show that the MPPT technique fails to attain maximum power point due to the presence of ripples in the current leading eventually to a reduction in efficiency. In this paper, panel current is taken as a function of load impedance in the MPPT algorithm to eradicate power variation, as load impedance varies with supply voltage under non-linear conditions. The system is simulated for different non-linear loads using MATLAB-Simulink. A TMDSSOLAREXPKIT was used for MPPT control. In case 2, the inverter is connected to a single phase grid. When a voltage swell occurs in the grid, PV power drops. This power loss is reduced using the proposed MPPT method. The results of simulations and experimental measurements and cost efficiency calculations are presented.     

基于PR控制和谐波补偿的三相光伏并网系统

将电网电压定向矢量控制与比例谐振(PR)控制相结合的控制策略应用于三相光伏并网系统中,实现逆变器的并网控制。该控制策略比传统PI调节器的双闭环电网电压定向控制更简便,不需要复杂的坐标旋转变换和前馈解耦控制。同时,PR控制器可以很方便地实现并网电流低次谐波的补偿。仿真结果验证了该系统的结构和控制策略的有效性,可提高电网的电能质量。     

SMC-DPC based active and reactive power control of grid-tied three phase inverter for PV systems

In this paper, sliding mode control (SMC) – direct power controller (DPC) based active and reactive power controller for three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of two main controllers: the DC/DC boost converter to track the possible maximum power from the PV panels and the grid-tied three-phase inverter. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is used to transfer the maximum power from the PV panels. Control of the active and reactive powers is performed using the SMC-DPC strategy without any rotating coordinate transformations or phase angle tracking of the grid voltage. In addition, extra current control cycles are not used to simplify the system design and to increase transient performance. The fixed switching frequency is obtained by using space vector modulation (SVM). The proposed system provides very good results both in transient and steady states with the simple algorithms of P&O and SMC-DPC methods. Moreover, the results are evaluated by comparing the SMC-DPC method developed for MPPT and the traditional PI control method. The proposed controller method is achieved with TMS320F28335 DSP processor and the system is experimentally tested for 12 kW PV generation systems.