垃圾焚烧发电技术在我国的应用及发展趋势

垃圾焚烧处理和发电技术具有环保和能源的双重效益，是未来垃圾处理的发展方向。根据近几年我国垃圾焚烧发电从无到有，发展迅速的情况，介绍了垃圾焚烧应用情况，简要分析了其在技术推广和融资等方面的障碍以及未来的应用潜力。     

垃圾焚烧的二次污染物排放处理

随着垃圾焚烧技术的不断发展,由此产生的二次污染问题也日益显现出来,主要包括垃圾焚烧所产生的飞灰污染、烟气中二恶英以及重金属的污染,特别是二恶英污染已引起全世界的关注,这对垃圾焚烧工艺的进一步发展提出了新的挑战。污染给人类的生存环境造成了很大的破坏,严重威胁着人类的安全。因而,二次污染物的排放控制问题成为亟待解决的问题。本文就垃圾焚烧所产生的二次污染物的排放处理进行讨论。     

Energy potential from municipal solid waste in Malaysia

The average amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Malaysia is 0.5–0.8 kg/person/day and has increased to 1.7 kg/person/day in major cities. This paper highlights the MSW characteristics for the city of Kuala Lumpur. Currently, the waste management approach being employed is landfill, but due to rapid development and lack of space for new landfills, big cities in Malaysia are switching to incineration. A simple evaluation was conducted to establish the amount of energy that would be recovered based on the characteristics of the MSW if it were to be incinerated. From the characterization exercise, the main components of the Malaysian MSW were found to be food, paper and plastic, which made up almost 80% of the waste by weight. The average moisture content of the MSW was about 55%, making incineration a challenging task. The calorific value of the Malaysian MSW ranged between 1500 and 2600 kcal/kg. However, the energy potential from an incineration plant operating based on 1500 ton of MSW/day with an average calorific value of 2200 kcal/kg is assessed to be at 640 kW/day.     

中国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理现状及发展分析

针对中国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理起步较晚,发展很快的状况,简要分析了我国垃圾焚烧处理现状及技术应用的基本现状,进而给出了有助于焚烧行业发展的一些建议.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理工艺的研究

针对我国城市生活垃圾的特点,对现有的垃圾焚烧处理工艺进行了深入的研究。结果表明:机械炉排焚烧炉技术比较适合国内的高水分、低热值垃圾,是目前垃圾焚烧发电行业应大规模推广的技术;烟气净化采用半干法脱酸塔加布袋除尘器的组合工艺为较佳方案。该研究成果对今后城市生活垃圾焚烧发电工程的建设和运营具有一定的参考价值。     

广州市城市生活垃圾焚烧发电CDM案例分析

以广州市生活垃圾焚烧发电为例，基于3个基准线，应用增量成本分析方法，计算了垃圾焚烧发电作为CDM项目的单位碳减排成本，其成本为116．6～144．3美元／t，并进行敏感性分析，得出要降低CDM项目的单位碳减排成本，需望同时考虑多种因素的综合影响。同时对垃圾焚烧发电方案在广州市的应用作了经济性评价，认为城市生活垃圾焚烧发电技术可成为进行CDM合作项目的优先技术领域。     

Energy recovery from incineration of Tehran municipal solid waste and its air pollution effects

In this paper, energy recovery by incineration of municipal solid waste from the city of Tehran has been studied. A laboratory was established to obtain the physical and chemical compositions of the waste. Data on the amount of collected solid waste was also analyzed. Based on this information and, a survey of current technologies consideration of air pollution effects and other factors, it was concluded that incineration of Tehran municipal solid waste may not be acceptable at the present time.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的垃圾前处理系统的设计

垃圾前处理系统,即在垃圾进入锅炉之前对垃圾进行处理的系统,是城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的重要的组成部分,也是工程设计中的重点和难点。结合在工程设计中的学习和实践,简要介绍了使用炉排炉的垃圾电厂中的垃圾前处理系统;针对使用CFB焚烧锅炉的电厂,对目前已经出现的几种形式的处理系统,进行了简单的阐述和比较分析,根据不同的情况给出推荐方案和建议：在需要全量破碎的情况下,推荐采用四列式布置,否则,推荐采用两列式布置,无论采用哪种布置形式,应设置人工分拣工序。     

城市生活垃圾能源化技术的发展动态

简述了城市生活垃圾能源化的可行性,介绍了焚烧、垃圾衍生燃料、熔融、气化、液化等主要技术。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧热电冷联供系统研究

随着人们环保意识的逐渐提高和垃圾卫生填埋场地的日趋匮乏,城市生活垃圾焚烧技术以其占地小、处理时间短、减量化显著、无害化较彻底以及可回收余热等优势,在我国的应用日益广泛。文章结合溴化锂吸收式制冷技术,提出了由城市生活垃圾焚烧炉余热驱动的热电冷联供系统,该系统与传统的垃圾焚烧发电系统相比,不仅焚烧余热的综合利用效率显著提高,而且真正实现了能量的阶梯利用;同时,由于效率提高以及自身性能的改善导致碳和污染物排放下降,使得该系统具有更为优良的环保性能。     

An analysis of power generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants in Taiwan

Heavily (about 99%) depending on imported energy, Taiwan, a country in the subtropics, has limited natural resources. In this regard, biomass energy from (MSW) municipal solid waste incineration plants thus became attractive during the 1990s. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of MSW-to-energy in Taiwan. This paper gave a concise summary of current status of domestic energy consumption &; power generation, MSW generation &; MSW incineration treatment, and electricity generation from MSW incineration plants since 2000. Based on the electricity generation in 2008 (i.e., 2967 GWh), the environmental benefit of mitigating CO₂ emissions and the economic benefit of selling electricity were preliminarily calculated to be around 1.9 × 10⁶ tons and US$ 1.5 × 10⁸, respectively. However, since the heat content of incinerated MSW and the methodologies were used on the recommendation of the (IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the net emissions of CO₂ equivalent from methane (CH₄) &; nitrous oxide (N₂O) have been estimated to be at around 76,000 and 88,000 tons/year compared to coal and oil, respectively.     

垃圾焚烧发电电价补贴方法探讨

针对目前垃圾焚烧发电电价补贴无法对采用循环流化床锅炉的电厂发放的不合理现象,提出采用以垃圾处理量作为电价补贴核算基准的方法,以解决循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉掺烧煤炭难以计量及监管的问题,并提出对各种技术均适用的垃圾焚烧发电电价补贴规则的建议。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理中重金属污染的形成与控制

焚烧法作为处理城市生活垃圾的一种新方法 ,得到了广泛的应用 ,但它导致的重金属污染问题限制了其应用与发展。文章在分析重金属形成机制的基础上 ,提出了相应的控制技术和防治措施。并报道了城市生活垃圾与煤在循环流化床中混烧时重金属脱除效率的试验研究结果     

Technical, economic and environmental analysis of energy production from municipal solid waste

Four technologies are investigated which produce energy from municipal solid waste (MSW): incineration, gasification, generation of biogas and utilisation in a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, generation of biogas and conversion to transport fuel.Typically the residual component of MSW (non-recyclable, non-organic) is incinerated producing electricity at an efficiency of about 20% and thermal product at an efficiency of about 55%. This is problematic in an Irish context where utilisation of thermal products is not the norm. Gasification produces electricity at an efficiency of about 34%; this would suggest that gasification of the residual component of MSW is more advantageous than incineration where a market for thermal product does not exist. Gasification produces more electricity than incineration, requires a smaller gate fee than incineration and when thermal product is not utilised generates less greenhouse gas per kWh than incineration. Gasification of MSW (a non-homogenous fuel) is, however, not proven at commercial scale.Biogas may be generated by digesting the organic fraction of MSW (OFMSW). The produced biogas may be utilised for CHP production or for transport fuel production as CH₄-enriched biogas. When used to produce transport fuel some of the biogas is used in a small CHP unit to meet electricity demand on site. This generates a surplus thermal product.Both biogas technologies require significantly less investment costs than the thermal conversion technologies (incineration and gasification) and have smaller gate fees. Of the four technologies investigated transport fuel production requires the least gate fee. A shortfall of the transport fuel production technology is that only 50% of biogas is available for scrubbing to CH₄-enriched biogas.     

Partitioning of heavy metals during municipal solid waste incineration on a laboratory fluid bed furnace

The content of heavy metals in the main physical compositions of municipal solid waste (MSW) is analyzed. The effects of temperature, chlorine and water on the partitioning of heavy metals are studied using a laboratory fluidized-bed (FB) furnace with simulated MSW composition. The experimental results show that temperature and chloride content in the feed have significant influence on the volatility of heavy metals, especially those of lower boiling point such as Hg, Cd and Zn. The influence of water is slight. Translated from Proceeding of the CSEE, 2005, 25(17): 100–104 [译自: 中国电机工程学报]     

Performance analysis of energy recovery in an Italian municipal solid waste landfill

The objective of this paper is to assess the techno-economic viability of the use of fuel cell as an alternative technology for landfill gas energy recovery. The case of an Italian municipal solid waste landfill is analyzed. The landfill was opened in 1998 and in 2001 the energy recovery facility started operation. The current landfill gas conversion system is based on internal combustion engine technology. However, the drawbacks of internal combustion engine in terms of conversion efficiency and air emissions are widely acknowledged. Some authors have proposed molten carbonate fuel cell as one of the most interesting solution for landfill gas energy recovery for the near future. Fuel cells have proven capable of providing superior energy efficiency and environmental performance, but their widespread use is constrained by the capital cost required. Using actual data from the landfill, a comparison between the current energy recovery system and a hypothetical alternative solution based on molten carbonate fuel cell is performed. The analysis assesses the cost-effectiveness of the two solutions, considering also some environmental externalities usually not included in traditional economic assessment. The main strengths and weaknesses of the two landfill gas energy recovery systems are highlighted and some new insights into molten carbonate fuel cell overall sustainability are provided.     

城市生活垃圾等高热值废弃物资源化利用技术

针对我国城市生活垃圾、废塑料等高热值废弃物,采用比较成熟的焦炉炼焦、蓄热式火焰炉等热解技术,开发高热值城市生活垃圾外热式固定床热解技术、共焦化技术与设备,可以发挥钢铁企业的技术设备优势,减少高热值废弃物热解工艺的研究周期.实现废弃物处理过程的无害化和资源化利用的最大化.     

Electro-stimulated biological production of hydrogen from municipal solid waste

Hydrogen production from municipal solid wastes was investigated by applying a weak current (0.06 A) to a slurry of municipal solid waste in an anaerobic reactor at 55 °C using 4 electrodes (carbon graphite for the cathode and platinum electroplated titanium for the anode). Current application to the organic waste stimulated the hydrogen producing bacteria especially bacteria related to the Thermotogales and Bacillus families. Measured hydrogen production rates were comprised between 16 and 41 mL/h. Comparison of bacterial and archaeal communities in methane-producing (control) and electro-stimulated reactors showed similar species but with different dynamics correlated to hydrogen or methane production. Energy efficiency of the overall bioelectrolysis process using municipal solid waste and an applied voltage of 3V was approximately 12.4%, which is relatively low compared to values reported in the literature for organic wastes and can be explained by the low organic carbon content and availability in the municipal solid waste. Results of this study highlight some important operational constraints with respect to electro-stimulated hydrogen production from organic wastes; related in particular to electrode lifetime expectancies. Results nevertheless illustrate the potential for hydrogen production from municipal solid waste as a possible route for energy recovery.     

Thermophilic composting of municipal solid waste

Process of composting has been developed for recycling of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The bioreactor design was modified to reduce the composting process time. The main goal of this investigation was to find the optimal value of time period for composting of MSW in thermophilic bioreactor under aerobic condition. The temperature profiles correlated well with experimental data obtained during the maturation process. During this period biological degraders are introduced in to the reactor to accelerate the composting process. The compost materials were analyzed at various stages and the environmental parameters were considered. The final composting materials contained large organic content with in a short duration of 40 days. The quantity of volume reduction of raw MSW was 78%. The test result shows that the final compost material from the thermophilic reactor provides good humus to build up soil characteristics and some basic plant nutrients.