不同叶幕机械修剪方式下赤霞珠葡萄所酿酒的酚类物质研究

以赤霞珠葡萄为试材,研究机械修剪叶幕厚度对葡萄酒酚类物质的影响,为试验地葡萄管理提供理论基础。通过叶幕修剪机设置4种叶幕厚度（机械+人工、机械70 cm、85 cm、100 cm）,果实成熟后采收并采用传统工艺酿造干红葡萄酒,检测花色苷及非花色苷酚类物质组成及含量。结果表明,机械+人工及机械70 cm处理方式能够有效增加基本花色苷、乙酰化花色苷、香豆酰化花色苷及咖啡酰化花色苷含量,并丰富其组成;机械70 cm处理能促进黄酮醇及非类黄酮物质的积累,并增加其组成;而机械+人工处理降低了黄烷醇及羟基肉桂酸酚类物质含量。因此,在选择叶幕管理方式时,机械+人工及机械70 cm这两种处理具有现实的参考意义。     

叶幕形和留穗量对赤霞珠葡萄酒单体酚类物质的影响

以山西晋中南地区赤霞珠为材料,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（HPLC-MS）,研究不同叶幕形和每株留穗量对所酿造的干红葡萄酒中单体酚类物质种类和浓度的影响。结果表明,相比于直立叶幕,V形叶幕可提高成熟葡萄果实的成熟度,V葡萄酒中酰化花色苷的含量（33.46 mg/L）和非花色苷单体酚类物质的总量（286.25 mg/L）分别是直立形叶幕的2.80倍和2.18倍。在直立叶幕下,适当的减少单株果穗数量,可增加葡萄酒中花色苷单体酚类物质的种类和含量,此外随着每株留穗量的减少,非花色苷单体酚类物质总量有逐渐增多的趋势。在山西晋中南地区,对于赤霞珠而言,适度减少每株留穗量或运用V形叶幕栽培管理可以提高葡萄酒中单体酚类物质含量。     

避雨栽培对赤霞珠葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响

研究避雨栽培对葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响,为酿酒葡萄避雨栽培技术的实施提供理论依据。采取简单避雨方式,以赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L cv.Cabernet Sauvignon)葡萄为材料,在转色后进行避雨处理,以露地栽培为对照;葡萄收获后采用传统工艺酿制干红葡萄酒,测定其基本理化指标及非花色苷酚的种类和含量,获得如下结果:(1)避雨栽培降低了赤霞珠葡萄酒总酸、总酚和单宁含量,但差异不显著。(2)避雨栽培对一些单体非花色苷酚类含量存在显著影响,显著降低了黄烷醇类总量,但对黄酮醇和类黄酮酚总量无显著影响;极显著降低了苯甲酸、芪类和非类黄酮酚,增加了肉桂酸类含量。(3)对葡萄酒非花色苷酚类物质种类无影响,降低了非花色苷酚类总量但差异不显著。因此,在赤霞珠葡萄转色期采取避雨措施,对干红葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响不显著。     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

3 种产量水平下酿酒甜葡萄果实品质的差异

以湖南省怀化市刺葡萄品系中的甜葡萄（Vitis davidii Foex. cv. Tianputao）品种为试材,设置3 个产量水平,分别为1 300 kg/667 m2（L1）、1 900 kg/667 m2（L2）、2 500 kg/667 m2（L3）,分别测定各产量水平下葡萄的总酸、还原糖、单体花色苷和非花色苷单体酚类物质等主要品质指标,并对果实品质进行主成分分析。结果表明：两年的甜葡萄总酸含量随产量增大而增加,还原糖含量则随产量增大而降低;2014年花色苷总量表现为L1含量最高,2015年则为L2含量较高,其中基本花色苷总量均表现为L3处理的葡萄含量最低;从两年的非花色苷单体酚类物质总量和黄酮醇类物质含量看,L2葡萄含量最高,其次是L1,L3的葡萄含量最低。结论：主成分分析可看出两年间3 种产量下的甜葡萄分布趋势一致且品质具有差异性,结合两年酚类物质含量看,1 900 kg/667 m2产量下的甜葡萄含量较高。     

浸渍酶及酵母对蛇龙珠葡萄酒中非花色苷酚的影响

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术分析了Vinozym G、FCE两种浸渍酶以及BDX、XR两种酵母对于蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒发酵过程中一些非花色苷酚类物质的影响。结果显示:经XR酵母和两种不同酶处理的T3、T4组样品中主要的非花色苷酚类物质黄烷-3-醇在变化趋势以及最终含量上的差别很小,多数黄酮醇类物质含量上无显著差异。而经BDX酵母和两种不同酶处理的T1、T2组样品中总非花色苷酚类物质的含量在酿酒结束后较高。经FCE酶和BDX酵母处理的T2组酒样总糖苷、类黄酮、醇类物质含量在4种处理中最高,最有利于葡萄酒颜色的稳定,黄烷-3-醇类物质在酿酒结束后表现出上升趋势。     

干红葡萄酒色泽的形成

干红葡萄酒的酿造是以红葡萄为原料,酿造过程中采用果浆浸提技术,尽可能多的将果皮中所含的色素类物质浸提出来,并采取各种措施使色素类物质稳定。本文仅就红葡萄酒色泽的形成进行探讨。1 红葡萄酒中的色素类物质葡萄酒的色泽主要由来自于葡萄各部分及橡木桶中的色素物质构成。葡萄酒中的色素物质是一种酚类化合物。酚类物质是影响红葡萄酒品质的主要因素,它不仅赋予葡萄酒颜色,而且使葡萄酒具有复杂的口感和味感特性。葡萄中酚类物质很多,而且易于变化,其中主要有酚酸、类黄酮和单宁多聚体。酚酸中有两类主要的物质,即羟基肉桂酸和羟基苯…     

葡萄成熟度对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响

以新疆天山北麓石河子产区的4种不同成熟度‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实所酿葡萄酒为样本,对葡萄酒中的酚类物质组成和抗氧化活性进行测定,分析样品的差异性及相关性,探究葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化活性的影响。通过对酚类物质含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力的测定,结果表明,葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化能力有较大影响。花色苷含量随着葡萄成熟度的上升呈现增高趋势,黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇含量呈现下降趋势。抗氧化能力的不同主要是由酚类物质差异导致。黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇类物质对DPPH自由基清除率影响较大;花色苷乙酰化物质会使低成熟度的葡萄酒呈现出与高成熟度葡萄酒相似的铁离子还原能力。     

乙烯利处理‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实对其葡萄酒中酚类物质组分的影响

为探索外源乙烯利处理葡萄果实对葡萄酒酚类物质组分的影响,本研究以欧亚种酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,在转色期对葡萄果实喷施400 mg/L乙烯利（含1 mL/L Tween-80）（处理组）或1 mL/L Tween-80（对照组）,采收期采收并进行小容器发酵后,利用高效液相色谱离子阱-质谱联用对葡萄酒酚类物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,外源乙烯利处理可有效提高葡萄酒的饱和度（C值）及红黄色色调（a值和b值）,提高葡萄酒中以二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷为主的大部分单体花色苷和总花色苷质量浓度,同时以表儿茶素和没食子酸为主的大部分单体非花色苷酚和非花色苷酚的总质量浓度也显著提高,而葡萄酒中的花青素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷、花青素-3-O-(6-O-反式香豆酰化)葡萄糖苷和水杨酸质量浓度不受乙烯利处理的影响。偏最小二乘法判别分析结果表明,对照组和处理组的葡萄酒中酚类物质组分差异较大,花色苷酚中的二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷、甲基花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷和羟基苯甲酸中的没食子酸是其主要的差异性酚类物质组分,且对乙烯利处理的葡萄酒贡献较大。乙烯利处理能够提高葡萄酒中3’5’/3’-羟基取代花色苷、甲基化/未甲基化花色苷、吡喃/非吡喃花色苷的比例,同时降低3’5’/3’-羟基取代黄烷醇和3’5’/3’-羟基取代黄酮醇的比例。综上,田间应用乙烯利处理葡萄果实有助于葡萄酒中酚类物质的积累,可应用于酿酒葡萄的栽培生产中。     

2 种产量赤霞珠葡萄酒香气和花色苷的比较

应用气相色谱-质谱联用和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-质谱联用技术对卢龙县2 种产量（7 500和10 500 kg/hm2）赤霞珠葡萄酒中香气和花色苷类物质进行定性与定量分析。共检测出32 种香气物质（包括高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、萜烯和降异戊二烯类、挥发性酚类等）和16 种花色苷类物质（包括5 种基本花色苷及其乙酰
化和香豆酰化衍生物）。结果表明,7 500 kg/hm2产量条件下赤霞珠葡萄酒中拥有较高含量的高级醇、酯类、脂肪酸、挥发性酚类及香气总量,其中异戊醇、2-苯基乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯和辛酸含量显著高于10 500 kg/hm2产量,而10 500 kg/hm2产量葡萄酒中萜烯类和降异戊二烯类物质含量略高。10 500 kg/hm2产量处理的葡萄酒中的花色苷总量高于7 500 kg/hm2产量处理的葡萄酒中花色苷总量,但花色苷单体中除花翠素葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素葡萄糖苷外,其余花色苷含量差异均不显著。因此,幼果膨大期疏穗降低产量对葡萄酒香气组成和含量的影响大于对花色苷的影响。     

Comparing the effects of exogenous abscisic acid on the phenolic composition of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

Phenolic compounds from red wines exert a strong influence on wine quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) is essential for the physiological and biochemical function of plants, but few investigators have thoroughly researched its effects on phenolic compounds in dyer grape varieties. The effects of exogenous ABA treatment on the phenolic composition and individual anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic contents of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the ABA-treated grapes, including anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes were compared. The phenolic compounds in the Yan 73 wine were different from those in the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The phenolic content (anthocyanins and non-anthocyanins) of the Yan 73 wine was significantly higher than that of the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The concentrations of the individual phenolic compounds were enhanced by the ABA treatment for the two different wine varieties. The effects on the compositions varied, a similar trend was observed for the ratios of Cy-derivative and Dp-derivative pigments from the two wine varieties, and all non-acylated pigments were enhanced. The stilbene content was enhanced, the ratios of flavan-3-ol dimers and dimer-glucosides were reduced, and the effects on the composition of other compounds varied between the two grape varieties.     

产地与品种对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的影响

选取同一产地(天水)3 个葡萄品种：“西拉(Shiraz)”、“蛇龙珠 (Carbernet Gernischet)”、“赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)”所酿制的新鲜干红葡萄酒以及5 个不同产地(天水、和硕、玛纳斯、延庆和怀来)赤霞珠葡萄酒,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析葡萄酒中11 种酚酸、5 种黄烷-3- 醇、10 种黄酮醇和2 种黄酮的含量。结果表明：同一产地不同品种和同一品种不同产地间的葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量都存在显著差异。其中,赤霞珠葡萄酒是3 个葡萄品种中酚类物质含量最高的品种;在5 个不同产地中,延庆赤霞珠葡萄酒中酚酸含量最高,黄烷-3- 醇含量最高的为和硕赤霞珠葡萄酒,而怀来赤霞珠葡萄酒中所含黄酮醇含量最高。     

苹果酒中酚酸、黄烷-3-醇的检测

以小国光(Ralls)和富士(Fuji)及其所酿制的新鲜苹果酒为试验材料,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定分析苹果原汁、发酵中酒样和苹果成品酒中11种酚酸、5种黄烷-3-醇的含量。结果表明:苹果和苹果酒中存在4种酚酸(原儿茶酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、对-香豆酸)、2种黄烷-3-醇(儿茶素和表儿茶素);不同品种的苹果原汁和苹果成品酒中酚类物质的含量都存在显著差异。其中,小国光苹果和小国光苹果酒中的酚类物质总含量较高;对于每个品种,绿原酸都是最主要的酚酸类物质,含量最高的黄烷-3-醇类物质都是表儿茶素。随着发酵过程的进行,苹果酒中酚类物质的含量有不同程度的增加。其增加趋势为S型曲线,即先平缓再较快再平缓。     

High hydrostatic pressure treatment: An artificial accelerating aging method which did not change the region and variety non-colored phenolic characteristic of red wine

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the region and variety non-colored phenolic characteristics of red wine was investigated in this study. After HHP treatment, many changes occurred in the non-colored phenolic compounds in red wines. Changes in total phenolic acids and the contents of eleven phenolic acids among different regions and varieties varied and showed an overall upward trend, while chlorogenic acid decreased in several wines. The total flavan-3-ols and five flavan-3-ols largely decreased among the different regions and different varieties, while EGC slightly increased. In addition, HHP treatment did not change the grape variety and grape geographic origin discrimination based on phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols, which suggests that HHP treatment had no effect on the region and variety of non-colored phenolic characteristics of red wine. These results could expedite the use of HHP processing in the wine industry.Industrial relevanceHHP is an important technology which could simulate the traditional aging process in wine industry and could shorten a lot of time and save great economic costs. However, no HHP-treated wine has been introduced in the market throughout the world so far. This is due, in large part, to the lack of correlation studies. In this study, we proved that HHP didn't change grape variety and grape geographic origin phenolic characteristics, hence it could be used in geographic indication wines and varietal wines. With these results, we hope HHP technology could be successfully used in wine industry as early as possible.     

混菌顺序发酵对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

为研究不同非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对葡萄酒品质的影响,选用2种商业非酿酒酵母（编号为CT10、PL09）分别与3种商业酿酒酵母（编号为MST、CEC01、F33）以1∶1混合顺序发酵,得到赤霞珠葡萄干红葡萄酒样（编号为CM、CC、CF、PM、PC、PF）,并分析各酒样的理化指标、颜色参数、酚类物质含量及感官品质。结果表明,与酿酒酵母单菌发酵相比,混菌发酵将发酵期延缓了2～3 d,总酸、干浸出物含量分别增加3.20%～7.75%和0.20%～3.47%,且提升总色素、聚合色素的稳定性,并提高酚类物质含量。其中酒样CM、PF中单宁、总酚、总黄酮含量分别提升2.30%、17.74%、44.68%,50.96%、19.02%、15.34%;酒样CM总花色苷含量提升22.90%,而酒样PF降低31.25%;酒样CM、PF香气复杂,口感圆润饱满,感官评分均为“优秀”,分别比对照提高35.81%、22.23%。综上,添加非酿酒酵母混菌发酵有助于提升赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的品质。     

The influence of pectolytic enzyme addition and prefermentative mash heating during the winemaking process on the phenolic composition of Okuzgozu red wine

The effects of pectolytic enzyme addition and mash heating prior to fermentation on the phenolic component of Okuzgozu red wine during the winemaking and ageing processes were investigated. In general, the highest concentration of total phenolics was found in the mash-heated wines, whereas the total flavan-3-ol and total anthocyanin contents in all of the wines, decreased notably during the winemaking and ageing processes. As determined by HPLC, hydroxycinnamic acids were the major phenolic acids in the red wines. After 6 months in the bottle, the enzyme-treated wines had lower phenolic acid concentrations than had the control and mash-heated wines, but no significant (p < 0.05) differences were found in the concentration of total phenolic acids between the control and mash-heated wines. All of the phenolic acid levels decreased with the winemaking and ageing processes whereas only gallic acid increased. The wines treated by the pectolytic enzyme addition had a lower monomeric flavan-3-ol content than had the other wines, and the amount of monomeric anthocyanins extracted did not increase with the addition of enzymes.     

闪蒸工艺对干红葡萄酒中多酚含量和感官特性的影响

利用HPLC法和Folin酚比色法分别对经闪蒸工艺和传统工艺进行酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中进行了研究。结果表明,通过闪蒸工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒多数单体酚类物质和总酚要高于传统工艺。与传统工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒相比,其中闪蒸工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒咖啡酸、丁香酸、阿魏酸大幅度提高,没食子酸含量基本未发生变化。感官品评结果也显示,闪蒸处理的葡萄酒的综合感官质量显著高于传统方法处理的葡萄酒。与传统工艺相比,闪蒸工艺酿造的葡萄酒更适合多酚物质的转化,进一步改善酒的风味,实现口感的平衡。     

Effect of grape processing on selected antioxidant phenolics in red wine

Wine, particularly red wine, is an important source of polyphenols and several studies have shown that moderate wine consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. It has been hypothesized that these antioxidant compounds may be responsible for the potential beneficial effects of wine. The influence of different vinification techniques (fermentation on skin [A], mash heating [B], and the combination of both [C]) on the antioxidant capacity and the phenolic composition of red wines (Spätburgunder [Pinot Noir], Lemberger, and Cabernet Franc) were tested in the present study. The highest concentrations of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, stilbenes, and antioxidant capacity were found in the red wines which were produced under the conditions of C, followed by B and A.     

HPLC-PDA-MS fingerprinting to assess the authenticity of pomegranate beverages

HPLC with fluorescence, PDA and mass spectrometric detection were used to analyse the (poly)phenol content of a Bordeaux red wine, POM Wonderful pomegranate juice and three other beverages advertised as being made from 100% pomegranate juice. The red wine and POM Wonderful juice contained characteristic anthocyanin profiles with the latter also being characterised by the presence of ellagitannins and the former by flavan-3-ols monomers and procyanidin dimers and trimers. The three other pomegranate products all contained the expected ellagitannins but their anthocyanin profiles were a mixture of red wine and pomegranate anthocyanins. They also contained flavan-3-ol monomers and procyanidin dimers and trimers, components not usually detected in 100% pomegranate beverages. The HPLC-based procedures, therefore, provide a straight-forward means of accessing the authenticity of pomegranate-based products with the ready detection of constituents derived from red grapes.     

Stability of phenolic compounds in dry fermented sausages added with cocoa and grape seed extracts

The level of eleven target phenolic compounds was evaluated in dry fermented sausages added with vegetable extracts. Grape seed (GSE1 and GSE2) and cocoa extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, were added in the formulation of dry fermented sausages (“salchichón” and “fuet”). Evolution of the major monomeric and oligomeric phenolic compounds of these extracts was evaluated during sausage shelf life by UHPLC-MS/MS. Kind of sausage did not affect significantly overall stability of the target compounds. At the end of the ageing process, catechin and epicatechin were at 54–61%, gallic acid and galloylated flavan-3-ols at 59–91%, oligomeric flavan-3-ols at 72–95% and glycosylated flavonols at 56–88% (in cocoa treatment) and 82–94% (in GSE treatment) of the contents that were added to the meat batter. All phenolic compounds levels did not decrease further significantly after ageing until the end of shelf life. Sensory analyses showed no important differences between control and cocoa added products, while grape seed addition gave these products abnormal sensory profiles. The 0.5% (w/w) addition of vegetal extracts was suitable to enrich dry fermented sausages with health-beneficial polyphenols.