小型变桨距风力机的气动优化设计

基于叶素动量理论分析了小型风力机的气动性能分析模型,并提出了叶片的气动优化设计方法.结合叶片制造和应用中的实际要求,设计了10 kW小型变桨距风力机叶片的气动外形.计算结果表明,设计叶片具有良好的气动性能,验证了该设计方法有效实用.     

Influence of blade rotation on the lightning stroke characteristic of a wind turbine

The blades of a wind turbine rotate during normal operation. To investigate the influence of blade rotation on the lightning‐attracting ability of a wind turbine, a discharge test platform is designed for scaled wind turbines. The 50% impulse voltages and flash probabilities of the scaled wind turbines with gap distances of 1 to 8 m in the static and rotary conditions are determined by using the discharge test and selective discharge test. The discharge test for a single wind turbine with a gap of 1 to 2 m indicates that the breakdown voltages of the gap between the scaled turbine and electrodes increases with an increase in the blade rotation speed. However, the discharge test with a gap distance of 4 to 8 m indicates that the breakdown voltage of the fan decreases with an increase in the blade rotation speed. The test results of the scaled dual wind turbines experiment have the same rules. To explain this phenomenon, the influence of wind speed on the space‐charge distribution and electrical field intensity of corona discharge is simulated in the background of a target thundercloud. The rotation of the fan reduces the space‐charge density near the area of the blade tip, which leads to an increase in the field strength near the blade tip of the wind turbine and a decrease in the field strength away from the blade tip. This influence varies in short and long air gap, resulting in opposite relationships between discharge voltage and distance from the tip of the turbine. The results can provide a reference for the lightning protection of wind turbines.     

The relationship between chord length and rime icing on wind turbines

Numerical simulations of ice accumulation on four different wind turbine blade profiles, from 450 kW, 600 kW, 1 MW and 2 MW, fixed speed, stall controlled, wind turbines, were performed to determine how wind turbine size affects atmospheric icing. The simulations indicate that dry rime icing is less severe for larger wind turbines both in terms of local ice mass and in terms of relative ice thickness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new method for spatial allocation of turbines in a wind farm based on lightning protection efficiency

Existing studies of the spatial allocation of wind farms are typically based on turbine power generation efficiency and rarely consider the damage caused by lightning strikes. However, lightning damage seriously affects the economic performance of wind farms because of the high cost of repairing or replacing damaged blades. This paper proposes a method for the spatial optimization of multiple turbines based on lightning protection dependability. Firstly, the lightning protection efficiency of turbine blade protection systems is analyzed by combining the physical mechanisms of lightning leader progression with a conventional electro‐geometric model to develop an electro‐geometric model of turbine blades (EGMTB). Then, the optimized spatial allocation of multiple turbines in a wind farm is investigated using the EGMTB. The results are illustrated from an example wind farm with 1.5 MW turbines, which shows that the optimal spacing between two turbines perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction L_⊥ is 4R‐6R, where R is the length of a turbine blade. This spacing is shown to effectively shield turbine blades from lightning damage over a wide range of lightning currents (>26‐60 kA). Note that, the suggested L_⊥ will be smaller considering the influence of lightning polarity as it takes more difficulty developing upward leader (UL) in the condition of positive lightning striking. Experiments verify the effectiveness and correctness of this method.     

一种水平轴风轮叶片的气动设计方法

发展了两种先进的水平轴风轮叶片气动计算和设计方法－PROPGA和PROPID,PROPGA是基于最优化方法的遗传算法,用于最初的叶片选择和几何设计;PROPID是一种基于反问题的叶片气动设计方法,用于最后的叶片造型和性能预估。给出了两个实例,一个是以基础科学研究为目的实验探索用全新风轮,另一个则是用于商业生产的小型风轮。在实际风轮设计中的成功使用证明,PROPID和PROPGA是一种强有力的设计工具,两者的结合使用可以得到最佳的风力涡轮气动性能。     

定桨距风力机气动优化设计优化方向分析

简述风力气动优化设计的模型和方法，分析定桨距风力机桨叶外形变化对气动性能的影响，指出气动优化设计应考虑的优化目标和主要参数，并根据该方法对２００ｋＷ定桨距风力机进行了气动优化设计，给出优化结果并加以分析比较。     

考虑叶片旋转及土-结构相互作用对风电结构动力特性影响的研究

风力发电建设场地土特性及叶片转速变化会引起风力发电机动力特性及响应发生变化。基于西北地区某风电场的2 MW三桨叶水平轴风力发电机,利用ANSYS软件建立风力发电机整机模型,考虑叶片旋转及土-结构相互作用对风力发电机动力特性的影响,研究风力发电机在不同叶片转速、不同场地条件及两者共同作用下的动力特性变化规律,并利用坎贝尔图分析上述工况下风力发电机的共振特性。结果表明:叶片转速增加使风力发电机的自振频率逐渐增大,塔筒与叶片的耦合变形使频率增长加快;考虑土-结构相互作用时,风力发电机频率降低,且场地土越软风力发电机频率越小;当两种工况共同作用时,叶片旋转只对一阶频率产生影响,对高阶频率影响甚微,且风力发电机频率降低;考虑叶片旋转时风力发电机在1P转频内不产生共振点,在3P转频内一阶频率的共振点为14 r/min。此外在不同场地土下风力发电机均会产生共振点,其中Ⅲ类土的共振频率最远离额定转频。因此在风电场的场地选择、结构设计及日常运行时应注意其动力特性变化,使其频率远离共振区域,为风力发电机安全运行提供保障。     

Improved Modal Dynamics of Wind Turbines to Avoid Stall‐induced Vibrations

Stall‐induced edgewise blade vibrations have occasionally been observed on three‐bladed wind turbines over the last decade. Experiments and numerical simulations have shown that these blade vibrations are related to certain vibration modes of the turbines. A recent experiment with a 600 kW turbine has shown that a backward whirling mode associated with edgewise blade vibrations is less aerodynamically damped than the corresponding forward whirling mode. In this article the mode shapes of the particular turbine are analysed, based on a simplified turbine model described in a multi‐blade formulation. It is shown that the vibrations of the blades for the backward and forward edgewise whirling modes are different, which can explain the measured difference in aerodynamic damping. The modal dynamics of the entire turbine is important for stability assessments; blade‐only analysis can be misleading. In some cases the modal dynamics may even be improved to avoid stall‐induced vibrations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discharge path observation and the statistical characteristics of discharge paths for long–air gap discharge for in‐operation wind turbines

When a wind turbine is in normal operation, the blades are rotating, and this blade rotation may affect the process of lightning striking the wind turbine. To investigate this problem, long‐gap discharge tests are performed in this study. Moreover, a multiple physical parameter synchronous observation platform is designed for a scaled wind turbine. Long‐gap discharge tests of a static and rotary‐scaled wind turbine with blade tip‐electrode gap distances of 1 to 8 m are conducted, and the discharge paths under different gaps and wind turbine operating conditions are obtained. The characteristic parameters—arc shape upon discharge, lengths of the downward and upward leaders, blade angle at the moment of discharge, and angle of upward leader initiation—are statistically analyzed. The analysis of the aforementioned data indicates that rotation has opposite effects on the discharge characteristic parameters under short and long gap distances. According to the analysis, blade rotation reduces the space charge density of the corona discharge near the tip, which leads to an increase in the field strength near the blade tip and a decrease in the field strength away from the blade tip. Short and long gaps have different degrees of influence on discharge, which changes the difficulty of upward leader initiation at the blade tip and consequently alters the entire discharge process. The obtained results can provide a reference for the lightning protection of wind turbines.     

双馈风力发电机组等效模型对机组暂态稳定性影响

为研究并网双馈风力发电机组的机电耦合作用对机组暂态性能的影响,采用等效集中质量法,在Mat-lab/Simulink环境下,提出一种基于叶片弯曲柔性和传动轴扭转柔性的风力发电机组3质量块等效模型。结合双馈发电机控制策略,分别以额定功率750 kW和3 MW的风力发电机组为例,对其在电网电压跌落和机械扰动两种情况下进行暂态稳定性仿真,并将仿真结果和传统的1质量块、2质量块等效模型的仿真结果进行比较分析。结果表明:随着单机容量的增加,叶片的柔性对机组暂态稳定性的影响逐渐增大,建立3质量块等效模型对研究大容量双馈风力发电机组暂态稳定性是必要和有效的。     

Performance of a 3 kW wind turbine generator with variable pitch control system

A prototype 3 kW horizontal upwind type wind turbine generator of 4 m in diameter has been designed and examined under real wind conditions. The machine was designed based on the concept that even small wind turbines should have a variable pitch control system just as large wind turbines, especially in Japan where typhoons occur at least once a year. A characteristic of the machine is the use of a worm and gear system with a stepping motor installed in the center of the hub, and the rotational main shaft. The machine is constructed with no mechanical breaking system so as to avoid damage from strong winds. In a storm, the wind turbine is slowed down by adjusting the pitch angle and the maximum electrical load. Usually the machine is controlled at several stages depending on the rotational speed of the blades. Two control methods have been applied: the variable pitch angle, and regulation of the generator field current. The characteristics of the generator under each rotational speed and field current are first investigated in the laboratory. This paper describes the performances of the wind turbine in terms of the functions of wind turbine rotational speed, generated outputs, and its stability for wind speed changes. The expected performances of the machine have been confirmed under real wind conditions and compared with numerical simulation results. The wind turbine showed a power coefficient of 0.257 under the average wind speed of 7.3 m/s.     

Testing basic performance of a very small wind turbine designed for multi-purposes

A very small wind turbine system for multi-purposes was developed and its performance was reported in this paper. The rotor diameter of the turbine is 500 mm. The tests of the energy output, turbine speed, power coefficient, and torque of turbine were carried out for a wide rage of free stream velocity. The flow around the wind turbine and the influence of the turbulence were investigated with a particle image velocimetry. Experimentally obtained power coefficient was 0.4 in maximum and 0.36 in the rated running condition, respectively. The tip speed ratio corresponding to the optimum driving condition was 2.7. Comparing with the other commercial turbines, the performance was excellent at a slow turbine speed. By the flow visualization and PIV measurement around the wind turbine, the approaching flow velocity and the accelerated flow field passing the blade tip was obtained. It was confirmed that the actual flow passed through the blades was about 20% slower than the ideal flow. Tip vortex shed from the blade tip was also visualized clearly.     

Gurney襟翼对水平轴风力机性能影响的实验研究

在小型低速风洞中对装有NACA4424翼型叶片的水平轴风力机及在其尾缘加装Gurney襟翼的风力机进行了一系列性能对比实验。Gurney襟翼的高度分别为2%b和4%b(b为翼型弦长),叶片安装角在6°~14°范围内,实验风速为6~15m/s。实验结果表明,Gurney襟翼对水平轴风力机性能有显著影响,特别是在大安装角(即大攻角和大升力)下;在小安装角(即小攻角和小升力)时,Gurney襟翼使风力机性能降低。同时,装2%b襟翼的风力机性能要高于装4%b襟翼的风力机;在12°安装角时,前者提高风力机功率最少有39%,而后者也可提高风力机功率在34%以上。对于风力机最常用的叶型FFA-W3-211加装2%b的Gurney襟翼后的风洞对比实验同样证明了上述结论。     

Aeroelastic analysis of a floating offshore wind turbine in platform‐induced surge motion using a fully coupled CFD‐MBD method

Modern offshore wind turbines are susceptible to blade deformation because of their increased size and the recent trend of installing these turbines on floating platforms in deep sea. In this paper, an aeroelastic analysis tool for floating offshore wind turbines is presented by coupling a high‐fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver with a general purpose multibody dynamics code, which is capable of modelling flexible bodies based on the nonlinear beam theory. With the tool developed, we demonstrated its applications to the NREL 5 MW offshore wind turbine with aeroelastic blades. The impacts of blade flexibility and platform‐induced surge motion on wind turbine aerodynamics and structural responses are studied and illustrated by the CFD results of the flow field, force, and wake structure. Results are compared with data obtained from the engineering tool FAST v8.     

Quantitative detection method for icing of horizontal‐axis wind turbines

Icing seriously endangers the operational safety of wind turbines, and there has been a lack of research on the quantitative detection and early warning of the icing distribution on a blade. In order to address the present state and specific engineering problems of wind turbines, a method based on external sensor installation is proposed for quantitatively monitoring the icing distribution on a blade through numerical simulation and sensor detection technology. Field tests were performed on 1.5 and 2.0 MW wind turbines in icy weather. The detected distribution and thickness of the blade icing showed good agreement with the field results, which verifies the effectiveness of the detection method. The error between the detected and real ice thicknesses was approximately 20%, which breaks through the limitations of previous qualitative monitoring, and the error for specific ice formations on the blade was within the acceptable range. This new monitoring method can provide a reference for wind turbine icing detection and technical support for the efficient design and effective operation of icing protection facilities.     

新型双风轮风力机气动特性的三维流场数值模拟

基于Simplic算法,采用SST κ-ω湍流模型,利用Fluent6．3数值模拟软件对新型的小型双风轮风力机的气动特性进行了三维流场研究,并与同规格单风轮风力机的三维流场进行了比较．结果表明：与单风轮风力机相比,随着后风轮叶片数目的增加,新型双风轮风力机的湍流强度变大,风力机运行的稳定性在一定程度上有所降低;当后风轮的叶片数目合理时,后风轮对前风轮的影响较小,且可以有效地捕捉到前风轮的漏风,使得新型双风轮风力机的风轮在获得较大迎风面积的同时可以保持较高的转速,进而能够高效地实现风能的两级利用,明显提高发电功率和增大风能利用系数．     

An experimental investigation of a class of resistance-type,direction-independent wind turbines

The resistance-type, direction-independent wind turbine is suitable for the generation of power on a small scale in developing countries. So far, all work on this class of wind turbine seems to be restricted to the Savonius rotor. The present paper reports the findings of an experimental investigation of an entire class of wind turbines which includes the conventional Savonius rotor. The influence of four rotor-geometry parameters (i.e. number of blades, blade angle, blade location and angle of setting of the blade) is studied and discussed on the basis of two performance criteria (i.e. turbine efficiency and performance on the basis of blade area). The existence of optimum, design parameters is established and the possibility of improving substantially on the performance of the Savonius rotor is demonstrated. Some possible applications of the present class of turbines are briefly commented on.     

风力机风轮模态局部化的动力学机理与影响因素分析

该文对风力机叶片损伤导致风轮模态局部化的动力学机理与影响因素进行研究。首先从代数特征值角度,揭示模态局部化的动力学机理,发现结构产生模态局部化的主要原因是存在密集模态。其次,建立NREL 5 MW风轮结构的有限元模型,分析叶片失谐度、模态阶数和失谐位置对风力机风轮结构模态局部化的影响。结果表明：叶片损伤失谐会造成叶片的振型发生显著变化,产生模态局部化现象;同时在某些模态下,系统振动能量集中于损伤叶片,会加速叶片损伤,致使其产生疲劳破坏。因此在风力机结构设计时,需考虑模态局部化对风力机结构的动力学特性影响。     

CFD study of some factors affecting performance of HAWT with swept blades

Most modern high-power wind turbines are horizontal axis type with straight twisted blades. Upgrading power and performance of these turbines is considered a challenge. A recent trend towards improving the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) performance is to use swept blades or sweep twist adaptive blades. In the present work, the effect of blade curvature, sweep starting point and sweep direction on the wind turbine performance was investigated. The CFD simulation method was validated against available experimental data of a 0.9?m diameter HAWT. The wind turbine power and thrust coefficients at different tip speed ratios were calculated. Flow field, pressure distribution and local tangential and streamwise forces were also analysed. The results show that the downstream swept blade has the highest C_p value at design point as compared with the straight blade profile. However, the improvement in power coefficient is accompanied by a thrust increase. Results also show that the best performance is obtained when the starting blade sweeps at 25% of blade radius for different directions of sweep.     

我国风电产业发展中存在的问题与解决策略

本文针对我国风力资源丰富,风电产业却发展缓慢,风电成本高的矛盾对我国风电产业发展中存在的问题进行分析和思考,指出了风电产业中存在的两个问题:大型进口风力发电机组因不适合我国风力资源不一定能全功率工作;国产小型风力发电机组为数众多,但是效率低。针对导致风电高成本的这两种情况分析了大型机组的混合发电格式和小型机组的叶轮总体设计规律,并就促进国内风电市场的形成提出了建议。