卷烟主流烟气粒相物和气相物pH值的测定

为了同时测定卷烟主流烟气粒相物和气相物pH值,研究了抽吸烟支数、抽吸容量、萃取液或吸收液浓度和体积、萃取振荡时间、萃取振荡频率以及空白萃取液和吸收液的酸碱性对粒相物和气相物pH值测定结果的影响.结果表明:①适宜条件为吸烟机抽吸容量40 mL,抽烟支数15支;烟气粒相物萃取液50%异丙醇水溶液;萃取液体积80 mL,振荡频率175 r/min,振荡萃取时间30 min,烟气气相物吸收液50%异丙醇水溶液,吸收液体积100 mL;②方法的RSD为0.20%～0.27%;③空白萃取液和吸收液呈碱性,对烟气粒相物和气相物pH值测定值均有影响.该方法可用于烟气粒相物和气相物pH值的测定.     

卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH测定方法研究

通过研究卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH测定的影响因素,建立卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH测定方法,为卷烟感官品质提供理论支撑。按照标准条件在吸烟机上抽吸10支卷烟并用剑桥滤片捕集粒相物,转移至150mL锥形瓶中,并用pH计测定其pH。试验考查了抽吸烟支数、萃取液体积、萃取液浓度以及萃取时间对主流烟气粒相物pH的影响,并采用正交试验进行了条件优化。结果表明:抽吸烟支数为10支;萃取剂为90mL50%异丙醇;萃取时间为30min。利用该方法对国内10个牌号卷烟样品主流烟气粒相物pH进行测定,其RSD在0.16%~0.48%之间,测定方法简单、方便、精密度和灵敏度较高,适用于测定卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH。     

烟丝pH值的变化对卷烟烟气烟碱和感官质量的影响

为了解烟丝pH值对卷烟烟气烟碱和感官质量的影响,用0.2 mol/L盐酸和0.5 mol/L NaOH水溶液分别处理两个牌号卷烟的烟丝,而后测定烟丝的pH值、烟丝烟碱、烟气烟碱和烟气游离烟碱量,并进行了感官评吸.结果表明:①烟丝pH值对其总烟碱和烟气烟碱量没有明显影响;②同一牌号卷烟,烟气游离烟碱量与烟丝pH值极显著正相关;③烟气劲头随着烟丝pH值的增大而增大,而其它感官评吸指标则变化不大.因此,通过调节烟丝pH值可在一定范围内改变其烟气的游离烟碱量和劲头.     

卷烟主流烟气仿生吸收装置的研制及在卷烟感官舒适性研究中的应用

为更客观地评价烟气对人体感官的影响,建立了模拟主流烟气暴露的仿生吸收装置,并以6种酚类物质和烟碱为对象与人实际抽吸卷烟的相关情况进行了对比,比较了烟气仿生吸收液与剑桥滤片对主流烟气中酚类及烟碱的捕集情况及与抽吸舒适性的相关性。结果表明:①通过该装置测定的主流烟气中烟碱及5种酚类化合物的释放量与志愿者口腔唾液中残留量的t检验结果显示,在95%置信概率下,两种方式的测定结果无显著性差异;②测定了8个市售卷烟样品,以酚类化合物为例,相比于剑桥滤片,仿生吸收装置中烟气仿生吸收液内酚类化合物的量仅为剑桥滤片中的0.03%～23.75%,且与人体感官生理反应的相关性更高。因此,该装置能更客观地用于烟气暴露下成分的检测表征,可为卷烟产品烟气分析提供技术支持。     

卷烟主流烟气气相水分的捕集及其卡尔·费休法测定

为了解烟气水分对卷烟吸味的影响,以异丙醇和乙醇作吸收液,采用两级碰撞取样器串联捕集烟气气相物,卡尔·费休法测定了20种国产品牌卷烟样品烟气粒相水分和气相水分.结果表明:①微量水检测限为0.35 mg/mL,回收率＞95%,粒相水分和气相水分的RSDs分别为3.5%和4.5%;②卷烟样品烟气粒相水分和气相水分的含量范围分别为1.33～3.01和3.71～8.89 mg/支.主流烟气气相水分可能是影响卷烟抽吸品质的一个重要指标.     

烟叶类型和外加成分对卷烟烟气粒相物pH值的影响

捕集在剑桥滤片上的卷烟主流烟气粒相物用去CO2 的蒸馏水提取 ,用精密 pH值计测量水提取液的 pH值。对于不同的单料烟卷烟 (包括烤烟、白肋烟、香料烟 )和不同类型的卷烟 (包括中式烤烟型、英式烤烟型、美式混合型 )的烟气pH值进行了测定 ,结果分别呈下列顺序 :白肋烟 >香料烟 >烤烟 ,混合型 >英式烤烟型 >中式烤烟型。分别将各种糖类、有机酸类、无机酸类、氨基酸类、生物碱类、盐类、酚类成分加入对照卷烟 ,探讨了这些化学成分对烟气 pH值的影响规律 ,结果表明 ,乳酸、蔗糖等可显著降低烟气pH值 ,烟碱可显著增加烟气pH值。提供了国内外一些卷烟牌号的烟气pH值测定数据。     

基于Impinger 5 box捕集方式的主流烟气pH值测定方法

为提高卷烟主流烟气pH值的测定精密度,提出了一种基于Impinger 5 box捕集方式同时收集烟气粒相物和气相物的主流烟气pH值测定方法,并对测定条件进行了优化.最优测定条件为抽吸烟支数10支,萃取剂体积90 m L,振荡时间30 min.在该条件下对5种不同牌号卷烟样品进行验证试验,结果表明,RSD在0.302%~0.562%之间,主流烟气pH值的平均差值≥0.030的样品之间表现出了显著差异性.该方法可在不改变吸烟机抽吸参数的情况下进行卷烟抽吸和烟气捕集,测定方法简单、方便,测定结果精密度较高,重复性较好.     

连续流动法测定卷烟主流烟气中的HCN释放量

为快速准确地测定卷烟主流烟气的HCN释放量,考察了烟气捕集方式、显色温度、时间和缓冲溶液pH值、14种阴离子和15种阳离子、样品溶液的放置时间对基于异烟酸—1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸显色体系的连续流动法测定结果的影响,与吡啶—吡唑啉酮显色法进行了比较,并采用该法测定了50个国产卷烟样品主流烟气的HCN释放量。结果表明:①采用剑桥滤片和一个盛有30mL0.1 mol/L NaOH水溶液的吸收瓶分别捕集烟气粒相和气相物的效率最高,HCN的回收率和RSD分别为99.1%和4.3%;②在高于15℃的室温下反应8min达到最大吸收;③pH5.3邻苯二甲酸氢钾缓冲溶液比较适宜;④HCN测定量不受烟气中的痕量阴、阳离子的影响;⑤样品吸收液在制成后6h内较稳定;⑥异烟酸—1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸显色法与吡啶—吡唑啉酮法的测定结果没有显著性差异,但前者较后者安全环保、稳定性好、操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好;⑦50个牌号国产卷烟样品主流烟气中的HCN释放量在26~147μg/支之间,烤烟型和混合型卷烟烟气HCN平均释放量分别为93.8和63.6μg/支。该法适合于批量卷烟样品主流烟气中HCN含量的快速分析。     

国内外主要品牌卷烟主流烟气中气相自由基含量的对比分析

采用电子顺磁共振(EPR)自旋捕集法对国内外196种卷烟主流烟气中气相自由基含量进行了分析测定.结果表明:①卷烟主流烟气中气相自由基含量与焦油及烟碱检测值均无明显相关性,分析认为主要原因可能是卷烟配方中各单料烟的气相自由基含量差异较大;②在同等焦油盒标值下,国内烤烟型卷烟主流烟气中气相自由基平均含量远低于其它卷烟,国内外混合型卷烟主流烟气中气相自由基含量基本相近;③主流烟气中NO和气相自由基含量存在显著的线性相关性(R2=0.891).     

冷原子吸收光谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中的汞

考察了50 mg/mL酸性高锰酸钾溶液捕集剂、微波消解、SnCl2还原,流动注射-冷原子吸收光谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中汞的方法,并采用该方法测定了12个卷烟烟气样品。结果表明:①方法的线性范围为0.1～100μg/L,检出限0.03μg/L,RSD5%,回收率85.6%～105.7%;②卷烟主流烟气中的汞含量与焦油量具有一定的相关性。     

全烟气对细胞抗氧化能力的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

卷烟全烟气暴露V79细胞,选取暴露时长1 h不同浓度（4支烟/h、6支烟/h、8支烟/h）组,以活性氧（ROS）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）为指标,研究全烟气对细胞抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,全烟气会对细胞内的抗氧化物质产生消耗和抑制,导致胞内的活性氧自由基含量增加,抑制的效果随烟气浓度的增加而愈加显著。     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

VOC and particulate emissions from commercial cigarettes: analysis of 2,5-DMF as an ETS tracer

Emissions of particulate matter (PM) and a broad suite of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in total, main-stream (MS) and side-stream (SS) smoke emissions are measured for six types of commercial cigarettes. The suitability of 2,5-dimethyl furan (DMF) as a tracer for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is investigated using laboratory results and a field study of 47 residences. Over 30 VOCs were characterized in cigarette smoke, including several that have not been reported previously. "regular tar", "low tar", menthol, and nonmenthol cigarettes showed only minor differences in PM and VOC emissions. When total emissions are considered, PM emissions averaged 18 +/- 2 mg cigarette(-1) and VOC emissions averaged 3644 +/- 160 mg cigarette(-1). DMF appears to satisfy all requirements for a tracer, namely, uniqueness, detectability, similar emission factors across tobacco products (211 +/- 16 microg cigarette(-1)), consistent proportions to other ETS compounds, and behavior similar to other ETS components in relevant environments. On the basis of field study results, DMF more reliably indicated smoking status than occupant-completed questionnaires, and cigarette smoking was responsible for significant fractions of benzene (50%), styrene (49%), and other VOCs in the smoker's homes.     

Determination of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke from U.S.-brand and non-U.S.-brand cigarettes from 14 countries.

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) comprise one of the major classes of carcinogenic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. As part of collaborative efforts between the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce tobacco use and resulting disease, the CDC examined carcinogenic TSNA levels from cigarettes obtained from selected countries around the world. Using a modern, high-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method under stringent quality control protocols, we determined the carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from a globally marketed brand, Marlboro, and from local top-selling cigarette brands from 14 countries. The levels of carcinogenic TSNAs in mainstream smoke collected using a 35-ml puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration correlated well (R=0.79, p<.0001) with previously reported levels in the corresponding tobacco filler. Marlboro cigarettes purchased in 10 countries had significantly higher carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke than did local-brand cigarettes from the same country. In only one country, Brazil, were the carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from Marlboro cigarettes significantly lower than in the locally popular brand. However, carcinogenic TSNA levels in mainstream smoke from Brazilian Marlboro cigarettes were usually lower than those in mainstream smoke from the Marlboros purchased in the other 13 countries, suggesting a reason for the difference. The wide range of mainstream smoke carcinogenic TSNA levels measured in the present study (8.7-312 ng/cigarette) suggest that manufacturers can lower the carcinogenic TSNA levels and that, for similar filter ventilation, carcinogenic TSNA levels in the tobacco filler of a cigarette are a useful indicator of the corresponding levels in mainstream smoke.     

国内外主要品牌卷烟主流烟气中烟草特有N-亚硝胺的对比分析

本文采用气相色谱-热能分析仪(GC-TEA)对卷烟主流烟气中主要4种烟草特有N-亚硝胺(TSNAs)进行了分析;优化了前处理过程及仪器分析条件;建立了使用经抗坏血酸处理的玻璃纤维滤片收集卷烟主流烟气,用二氯甲烷萃取卷烟主流烟气中的TSNAs,萃取液经碱性氧化铝层析柱纯化,TSNAs通过GC-TEA定量检测的分析方法;并对国内外较有代表性的98种卷烟样品中的TSNAs进行了系统的分析测定。结果表明,混合型卷烟主流烟气中TSNAs的含量显著高于烤烟型卷烟;国外混合型卷烟中NNK的含量高于国内混合型卷烟。这些研究结果为制定我国卷烟烟气中TSNAs含量限量标准、建立技术壁垒提供了可靠的技术基础。      

烟草非挥发性有机酸、pH测定及其相关性分析

目的:探究有机酸对烟草及烟气pH的影响.方法:以34种单料烟和11种卷烟为研究对象,分别测定其非挥发性有机酸、烟草pH和卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH,采用灰色关联度分析、主成分分析对有机酸与pH进行相关性分析.结果:灰色关联度分析结果表明,草酸、软脂酸、苹果酸、油酸对单料烟烟草pH的影响程度相对较大;软脂酸、苹果酸、亚麻酸、...     

Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: the protective effect of nicotine.

Mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of both high-tar and low-tar cigarettes have been shown to increase platelet activation directly and to sensitize them to further activation by exposure to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. However, nicotine has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, opposite to that of whole cigarette smoke extracts. To distinguish between the nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent effects of smoke, platelets were exposed to mainstream and sidestream smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes in vitro under flow conditions comparable with the normal circulation, and their activation state was measured using a modified prothrombinase-based assay. Both low-nicotine and zero-nicotine extracts caused increased platelet activation upon exposure to shear stress, and they caused significantly greater activation than extracts from ordinary high-tar, high-nicotine cigarettes. That nicotine was crucial was confirmed by adding 50 nM nicotine (comparable with the nicotine level in smokers' plasma) to zero-nicotine smoke extracts and demonstrating a reduction in the shear-dependent rate of platelet activation of more than 75%.     

卷烟烟碱向主、侧流烟气中的转移率

为了解燃吸过程中卷烟烟丝烟碱向其主、侧流烟气中的转移率,在2005年监测卷烟中注射了不同量的烟碱,调节含水率后,对其烟丝及主、侧流烟气中的烟碱含量进行了分析。结果表明:卷烟烟碱向主、侧流烟气中的平均转移率分别为9.97%和33.42%;在8.25~20.32mg/支烟碱含量范围内,主、侧流烟气中的烟碱含量均与卷烟烟碱含量线性正相关。     

Waterpipe-associated particulate matter emissions.

Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasingly common worldwide, and evidence about its harmful effects to smokers is emerging. However, no studies have investigated the potential exposure of nonsmokers to waterpipe smoke. We measured particulate matter (PM) emissions (PM2.5, PM10) before and during laboratory sessions in which 20 individuals used a waterpipe to smoke tobacco and 20 individuals smoked a cigarette (10 for each particle-size/smoking-method), as well as 10 waterpipe and 10 cigarette smoldering sessions (i.e., without a smoker). A TSI-SidePak aerosol monitor obtained PM2.5, PM10 background, smoking, and maximum levels. Mean PM2.5 rose 447% for waterpipe (from 48 microg/m3 background to 264 microg/m3 smoking), and by 501% for cigarettes (from 44 microg/m3 to 267 microg/m3), whereas mean PM10 rose by 563% for waterpipe (from 55 microg/m3 to 365 microg/m3), and by 447% for cigarettes (from 52 microg/m3 to 287 microg/m3) (p<.05 for all). The increase in PM during cigarette smoking was due primarily to PM2.5, given that the proportion of PM2.5 from total PM10 increase was 95% compared with 70% for waterpipe (p<.05). Maximum PM2.5 was 908 microg/m3 for waterpipe and 575 microg/m3 for cigarettes, whereas maximum PM10 was 1052 microg/m3 for waterpipe and 653 microg/m3 for cigarettes. Mean PM2.5 and PM10 smoldering levels did not differ from background for waterpipe but were significantly higher for cigarettes (PM2.5: 33-190 microg/m3; PM10: 42-220 microg/m3). Policymakers considering clean air regulations should include waterpipe tobacco smoking, and the public should be warned about this source of smoke exposure.     

Gender differences relative to smoking behavior and emissions of toxins from mainstream cigarette smoke.

This study examined whether gender differences exist in the exposure to select mainstream cigarette smoke toxins as a result of differences in smoking behavior or type of cigarettes smoked among 129 female and 128 male smokers. Smoking topography data indicated that, compared with men, women took smaller puffs (37.6 ml/puff vs. 45.8 ml/puff; p = .0001) of shorter duration (1.33 s/puff vs. 1.48 s/puff; p = .002) but drew more puffs per cigarette (13.5 vs. 12.0; p = .001) and left longer butts (36.3 mm or 40.2% of cigarette length vs. 34.3 mm or 39.2% of cigarette length; p = .01). These trends were similar in both African Americans and European Americans. The emissions of select toxins per cigarette, as determined by mimicking human smoking behaviors were greater among the male smokers than the female smokers and correlated significantly with delivered smoke volume per cigarette. The geometric means of emissions of nicotine from cigarettes were 1.92 mg/cigarette (95% CI = 1.80-2.05) for women versus 2.20 (95% CI = 2.04-2.37) for men (p = .005). Cigarettes smoked by women yielded 139.5 ng/cigarette of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK; 95% CI = 128.8-151.0), compared with 170.3 ng/cigarette (95% CI = 156.3-185.6) for men (p = .0007); benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) emissions were 18.0 ng/cigarette (95% CI = 17.0-19.0) for women and 20.5 ng/cigarette (95% CI = 18.8-22.3) for men (p = .01). The gender differences with regard to cigarette smoke yields of toxins were more profound in European Americans than in African Americans. On average, African American men's smoking habits produced the highest emissions of select toxins from cigarettes, and European American female smokers had the lowest exposure to carcinogens and toxins. Several studies have suggested that women may be more susceptible than men to the ill effects of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke, whereas other studies have not found differences in lung cancer risk between men and women. The present study suggests that gender differences in exposure to tobacco smoke cannot account for a higher rate of lung cancer in female smokers compared with male smokers.