我国热电联产集中供热能发展现状、问题与建议

热电联产集中供热是一种公认的节能环保技术,目前我国的热电联产规模已经位居世界第二位。在回顾分析我国的热电联产集中供热相关政策的基础上,本文研究了我国热电联产集中供热的市场发展现状,并分析了我国热电联产集中供热的市场潜力。分析结果表明,大力发展热电联产集中供热将可在“十一五”期末形成1亿tce以上的节能能力,从而为推动实现我国的节能减排目标做出更大贡献。文章进一步分析了挖掘热电联产集中供热节能潜力面临的主要障碍,并提出了促进我国热电联产集中供热发展的政策建议。     

热电联产集中供热现状、问题、建议

该论述了目前我国热电联产集中供热存在着供热机组比例不高,一些热电厂运行效率低,一些地方把小火电与小热电混为一谈,以及对热电厂集中供热认识不足等问题。     

影响集中供热、热电联产发展的原因与对策

介绍了发展集中供热、热电联产的必要性，指出了近年来影响集中供热、热电联产持续发展的原因，最后提出了解决这些问题的对策。     

对哈尔滨市发展热电联产集中供热的几点建议

介绍了发展热电联产集中供热在节约能源、改善环境方面的巨大效益,以及哈尔滨市发展热电联产集中供热的状况,对哈尔滨市发展热电联产集中供热提出了建议。     

国外热电联产发展政策、经验及我国发展分布式小型热电联产的前景

热电联产被公认为2l世纪的清洁能源，工业性的应用已经较为广泛，商业设施和区域供热方面的应用也有很大发展。生产技术上的特殊性造成其发展依然面临着很多困难，需要政策扶持。然而全社会对环保、对能源安全的共识又为其提供了良好的发展机遇。根据联合国亚太经济与社会委员会的相关报告，热电联产事业面临的障碍可以归纳为：1)技术障碍；2)经济激励措施的缺失；3)政策框架尚不完善；4)电力工业的短视；5)对环境保护缺乏重视。另外还有技术和管理人才的缺乏等。这些障碍在中国都不同程度地存在，发展热电联产要从以上各方面共同推进。而西方国家在发展热电联产的过程中，在国家能源结构和供求情况、全球环境政策、电力和燃料市场自由化等国内和国际因素的影响下，能源政策随之变化，热电联产事业也历经起伏。由于他们起步较早，技术和政策方面的基础较强，电力市场化改革也在进行中，它们的经验，会对中国的热电联产事业发展有所启迪。下面我们介绍一些具有代表性的国家发展热电的努力。在文章的最后，我们还将重点讨论热电技术中极有前途的小型分散式热电联产技术。     

中国电力改革进程中热电联产亟待解决的问题研究

本文论述了中国热电联产事业现状,分析了当前热电联产的规则、外商投资热电联产、热电联产立法等亟待解决的问题,提出了进一步促进热电联产事业发展的政策建议,包括区域电力市场建立过程中热电联产的地位、立法、绿色电价机制推广等。     

基于有机朗肯循环的生物质能热电联产技术的研究

阐述了中国生物质能开发和利用的前景,总结比较了国内外不同的生物质能热电联产技术,提出并介绍了基于有机朗肯循环(ORC)的生物质能热电联产技术。最后,讨论了ORC在回收余热、废热和冷能等方面的应用。     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环热电冷联产系统优化运行

以系统的运行费用最低为目标，考虑系统全年的热电冷负荷需求和运行策略，建立了包括蓄能器的燃气-蒸汽联合循环热电冷联产系统优化运行的模型，最后以某区域为例，利用序列二次规划，验证了方法的有效性。     

Cost minimization for a local utility through CHP,heat storage and load management

The energy-system optimization model MODEST is described, especially heat storage and electricity load management. Linear programming is used for minimization of capital and operation costs. MODEST may be used to find the optimal investments and when to make them. The period under study can be divided into several linked subperiods which may consist of an arbitrary number of years. MODEST is here applied to a municipal electricity and district-heating system during three five-year periods. Each year is divided into three seasons. Demand peaks, as well as weekly and diurnal variations of, for example, costs are considered. The electricity demand is divided into the three sectors households, industries, and service. The electricity demand may be reduced by energy conservation, replacement of electric heating and load management. The profitability of load management, as well as cogeneration with and without heat storage at different prices of purchased power is calculated. At traditional Swedish electricity prices, the local utility should build a woodchips-fired steam-cycle CHP (combined heat and power) plant. Consumers would find it beneficial to reduce their electricity use by conservation and switching from electric heating to oil and biofuel. If just marginal power production costs are paid, the utility should introduce biomass-fired heat-only boilers instead. Electricity conservation is smaller at these lower prices. Load management is mainly profitable at the first price scheme which includes output-power-related charges. The heat storage should be used threefold: to cover demand peaks, as well as to enable increased CHP output when it is limited by the heat demand or to run heat pumps at cheap night electricity instead of in the daytime. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel hybrid heat-pipe solar collector/CHP system—Part II: theoretical and experimental investigations

A theoretical analysis has been carried out to investigate the thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of a hybrid heat pipe solar collector/CHP system based on the assumption that the system operates on a typical Rankine cycle. Experimental testing of the prototype was also carried out using two types of turbine units. The variation of refrigerant pressures and temperatures, hot water temperatures in the collector and boiler systems, as well as chill water temperatures were recorded. The results were used to estimate the heat from the boiler and the solar collectors, the electricity and hot water generation (indicated as kW energy) from the CHP operation and the gas consumption of the system. The modelling and experimental results were compared for the impulse-reaction turbine system, and a simple analysis of the energy and environmental benefits of the system was carried out. The analysis indicated that the proposed system would save primary energy of approximately 3150 kWh per annum compared to the conventional electricity and heating supply systems, and this would result in reduction in CO₂ emission of up to 600 tonnes per annum. The running cost of the proposed system would also be lower than conventional heating/power systems.     

Optimal economic-emission performance of fuel cell/CHP/storage based microgrid

In this paper, optimal heat and power dispatch of the fuel cell (FC) and combined heat and power (CHP) based microgrid (MG) in grid-connected mode is studied in the presence of demand response program (DRP). Considering cost and emission minimization has turned this study to a multi-objective problem. Multiple generating and storing units such as FC, CHP, power-only unit, boiler, battery storage system, and heat buffer tank are considered in investigated MG. Also, demand response program has been modeled, and the effects of such programs on the load profile have been discussed. The DRP transfers some amount of load from peak periods to other periods which flats the load curve and minimizes total cost and emission of the MG. To solve the multi-objective optimization problem, the Pareto solutions are generated by using the compromising programming, then, optimal solution is chosen by implementing the fuzzy satisfying approach. In comparison with other methods, the proposed method has reduced the set of efficient solutions to a more reasonable size without demanding any information about the decision making parameters. Finally, the problem is solved in two cases as with and without DRP to clarify the impact of DRP on MG scheduling.     

A novel hybrid heat pipe solar collector/CHP system—Part 1: System design and construction

The process of selecting and designing the major components for a hybrid solar collector/CHP system is described. Particular attention was given to the design of the solar collector and a number of options, including thin membrane heat pipe solar collectors (both ‘normal’ and ‘artery’ types) and hybrid heat pipe solar collectors (both wicked and wickless types), were considered. Performance comparisons were made using theoretical and experimental data and a hybrid solar collector was selected as the best option for the system. Micro impulse-reaction turbine using n-pentane as its working fluid was selected for the system although further work is being carried out on a compressed-gas driven turbo alternator. A prototype hybrid solar collector/CHP system has been constructed and the results of its theoretical and experimental testing are presented in Part II of this paper.     

A review on energy,economical, and environmental benefits of the use of CHP systems for small commercial buildings for the North American climate

The use of combined heating and power (CHP) systems to produce both electricity and heat is increasing rapidly due to their high potential of reducing primary energy consumption (PEC), cost, and emissions in domestic, commercial, and industrial applications. In addition to producing both electricity and heat, CHP systems can be coupled with vapor compression systems to provide cooling. This paper analyzes a natural gas engine CHP system together with a vapor compression system for different American climate zones. Performance is measured in terms of operational costs, PEC, and carbon dioxide emissions as a percent of a reference building. The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of a CHP system operating 24 h a day with a system that only operates during typical office hours. Furthermore, the system is optimized based on reducing PEC, minimizing costs, and reducing emissions. In addition, the benefits of CHP systems based on the Energy Star program and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program are presented. Results show that, in general, it is more beneficial to operate the CHP system during typical office hours than to operate the system 24 h a day. Also, the CHP system performance strongly depends on the location where it is installed. In addition to reductions in cost, primary energy, and emissions, CHP systems can help achieve the Energy Star label for commercial office buildings and help obtain LEED points that go toward achieving LEED certification status. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国航改型燃气轮机发展现状及建议

针对我国航改型燃气轮机的发展问题,首先从航改型燃气轮机和重型燃气轮机两个方面介绍了我国燃气轮机发展现状,分析了我国燃气轮机发展存在的问题,借鉴国外燃气轮机发展的经验,对我国发展航改型燃气轮机提出了建议:1)明确发展方向、优选攻关机型;2)军民融合、综合利用国内现有资源。