Nisin和柠檬酸对鲜切皇冠梨储藏期间单增李斯特菌生长的影响

分别采用0.05mg/m L乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、0.3%柠檬酸复配溶液和自来水清洗接种单增李斯特菌(LM)的鲜切皇冠梨,将清洗后的鲜切皇冠梨分别于4、12、24℃的条件下储藏,以未清洗的样品为对照,测定储藏过程中LM的生长情况。结果显示Nisin和柠檬酸清洗能显著降低(p<0.05)鲜切皇冠梨中LM的初始带菌量。在4℃储藏过程中,Nisin和柠檬酸清洗的鲜切皇冠梨中LM数量没有明显变化(p>0.05),自来水清洗和未清洗的鲜切样品中LM数量略有升高。在12℃和24℃储藏期间,三种处理方式的鲜切皇冠梨LM数量均显著上升(p<0.05)。Nisin和柠檬酸复配清洗处理结合低温储藏能有效控制鲜切皇冠梨中LM的生长。      

不同品种梨果实贮藏期间抗氧化活性及品质分析

为探明不同品种梨果实贮藏期间抗氧化活性和品质指标的变化,以康佛伦斯、凯斯凯德、黄金、圆黄、京白和鸭梨为试材,研究了6个不同品种梨在采收时和贮藏后的总抗氧化能力、自由基清除能力、抗氧化物质含量以及品质指标。结果表明,西洋梨的抗氧化性最强,其中康佛伦斯强于凯斯凯德,日韩梨和中国梨次之。西洋梨的硬度、可溶性固形物和还原糖含量也较高。贮藏过程中,各品种梨的抗氧化活性呈现先下降后上升的趋势,抗氧化物质中维生素C的变化最明显,呈显著下降趋势(p<0.05)。各品种梨中康佛伦斯的抗氧化物质含量较高,尤其是总酚含量最高,其硬度和可溶性固形物含量也较高。      

不同梨品种品质评价及温度对梨浓缩汁指标影响研究

为筛选制备浓缩梨汁的加工品种,探究温度对梨浓缩汁品质的影响,以具有代表性的玉露香、酥梨、河北雪花梨、山东莱阳梨和高平大黄梨五种梨果为原料,通过测定出汁率、可溶性固形物、总可滴定酸、还原糖和多酚等七个品质评价指标,结合感官差异,完成并探究了不同梨品种的品质评价及温度对梨浓缩汁指标的影响。结果表明:高平大黄梨虽然鲜食口感略差,但主要营养素含量较高,是制备浓缩汁的理想原料,且在制备的过程中,浓缩温度是浓缩汁指标差异的重要因素。      

1-MCP处理对鸭梨常温贮藏品质及生理指标的影响

以鸭梨果实为试材,采用1.0μL/L的1-MCP处理果实,研究了1-MCP处理对常温贮藏鸭梨果实品质及生理指标的影响。研究结果表明:与对照相比,1-MCP处理显著（p<0.05）降低了鸭梨常温贮藏的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,推迟了呼吸和乙烯高峰的出现,抑制了果实PPO酶活性,延缓了果实可溶性固形物含量和硬度的下降。1-MCP处理较好地提高了鸭梨常温贮藏的好果率,并延长了贮藏时间。      

Browning,polyphenol oxidase activity and headspace gas composition during storage of minimally processed pears using modified atmosphere packaging

Modified atmosphere packaging was used to prevent browning of minimally processed Conference pears, thus extending their shelf‐life. Colour changes as well as PPO activity were strongly influenced by the package headspace gas composition, which was determined by the packaging conditions. The initial colour of minimally processed pears was preserved for several weeks under cold storage in plastic pouches of very low O₂ permeability and an initial atmosphere of 100% N₂. A fractional conversion kinetic model fitted the experimental browning data with high accuracy. Colour degradation (ΔE*) of minimally processed pears occurred exponentially (k_ΔE = 0.019–0.077 day^?1) owing to changes in lightness (k_L = 0.021–0.07 day^?1). In contrast, PPO exhibited a linear increase in activity which could be related to the availability of O₂ in the package headspace. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Variations of colour,polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities during the production of low temperature dried pasta in various durum wheat genotypes

This research was conducted to determine the effect of milling and pasta making on yellow pigment content, soluble brown pigment content, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and peroxidase (POD) activity in semolina and pasta derived from ten durum genotypes. Results showed that pasta colour was impacted more by the milling than by pasta making. The loss of yellow pigment content, POD activity, PPO activity and soluble brown pigment content due to milling was 1.3×, 4.4×, 6.2× and 17.5×, respectively, greater than losses due to pasta making. Dry pasta contained 62%, 31%, 16% and 25% of the original yellow pigment content, brown pigment content and PPO activity and POD activity in the grain, respectively. Semolina yellow pigment content had a positive effect on pasta colour while semolina protein content, ash content and speck count had negative effects. These results indicate the importance of selecting genotypes that have high yellow pigment content and excellent milling qualities.     

Effect of moisture content, storage temperature and storage period on colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total flavonoids of dried tomato halves

Dried tomato halves with three storage moisture contents [18%, 24% and 30%, wet basis (wb)], packed in glass jar, plastic container and polyethylene bag were stored in room and cool-chamber environments for 5 months. During storage period average room and cool-chamber temperatures were 20 ± 4 and 5 ± 1 °C respectively. Changes of colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene, total flavonoids and moisture contents were monitored 1-month interval. Significantly higher losses of colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total flavonoids were found for room environment than those of cool chamber. A set of regression equations had been developed for colour, ascorbic acid, lycopene and total flavonoids as a function of storage time. No visible microorganisms were detected in the samples during the storage period. Dried tomato with ≤24% (wb) moisture content may be recommended to store in cool chamber (5 °C) and ≤18% (wb) to store in room environment (20 °C) both to be packed in glass jar.     

Effect of ripeness at processing on fresh-cut 'Flor de Invierno' pears packaged under modified atmosphere conditions

The effects of ripeness at processing and packaging conditions on respiration, microbiological stability as well as colour and firmness of fresh-cut 'Flor de Invierno' pears were evaluated throughout storage. Although a 2.5-kPa O₂ + 7-kPa CO₂ atmosphere led to an inhibition of ethylene synthesis and carbon dioxide production compared with non-modified atmosphere packaging, the more advanced the ripeness stage at processing, the higher the physiological activity and thus, the higher production of carbon dioxide, ethylene and ethanol. A 2.5-kPa O₂ + 7-kPa CO₂ atmosphere inhibited bacterial growth, yeast and mould proliferation in mature-green pears but fast microbial growth was observed especially on ripe pears, under both packaging conditions. In conclusion, the shelf-life of ripe pears was reduced by increased respiration response to processing and accelerated microbial spoilage. Instead, pears processed in a partially ripe stage were suitable for conservation while gathering desired sensory attributes. Therefore, for commercial purposes, a shelf-life of 10 days was suggested for partially ripe fresh-cut pears packaged under a 2.5-kPa O₂ + 7-kPa CO₂ atmosphere.     

1-MCP处理对常温贮藏黄冠梨褐心病和果实品质的影响

为延长黄冠梨果实贮藏期,抑制褐心病,研究了1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理对常温贮藏期间（20℃）褐心病及相关品质指标变化的影响。结果表明:1.5μL/L的1-MCP处理能极显著（p<0.01）降低果实贮藏期间的褐心病发病率与发病指数,贮藏30 d时,1-MCP处理黄冠梨果实褐心病发病率和发病指数分别为12.82%和0.09,比对照低88.59%和88.92%,同时抑制果实的呼吸强度和乙烯生成,保持果实硬度,并能有效降低果心PPO活性与MDA、H2O2含量,提高总酚含量和SOD、POD活性,减缓黄冠梨果心褐变反应。综上所述,1-MCP处理可以有效抑制黄冠梨常温贮藏期间褐心病的发生。      

Sensorial and physicochemical quality responses of pears (cv Rocha) to long‐term storage under controlled atmospheres

Pears (cv Rocha) kept under controlled atmospheres (CA) and air were evaluated after long‐term storage in terms of sensory attributes and physicochemical parameters, namely colour, firmness, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and concentration of hydroxycinnamic compounds. The CA conditions were all combinations of 2 and 4% (v/v) O₂ with 0.5 and 1.5% (v/v) CO₂. Storage under CA conditions produced a beneficial effect on ‘Rocha’ pears in maintaining their quality and, consequently, in extending their shelf life and acceptability. Clear differences in sensorial attributes, colour parameters and PPO activity were found between CA‐ and air‐stored pears. The effect provided by the CA conditions persisted throughout the time of exposure to the open air. The 2% O₂ concentration produced a more beneficial effect than its 4% counterpart on the sensorial and physical characteristics of the pears. The former concentration of O₂ prevented yellowing and allowed regular softening, hence keeping a high flavour quality. No clear effects could be associated with CO₂ levels. Empirical models were developed that describe the effects of O₂ and CO₂ concentrations, as well as time at room temperature on physicochemical parameters pertaining to ‘Rocha’ pears. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of adding ascorbic acid and glucose on the antioxidative properties during storage of dried carrot

In this study, carrots were treated with ascorbic acid (0.1%) in a glucose (1.0%) solution (AA-Glu), and then freeze-dried and hot-air-dried to investigate the effects on their antioxidant content after 30 days of storage. The antioxidant components were extracted from the carrot samples using methanol. To assess antioxidative properties, tests measured the samples’ reducing power, α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and ferrous ion chelating power. The above antioxidative properties of carrot extracts were compared with α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The analysis of antioxidant compounds included the total amount of ascorbic acid, total amount of phenolics, total amount of flavonoids, and carotenoids. The analysis showed that the samples immersed in AA-Glu solution prior to drying exhibited a higher antioxidative property than those not immersed.     

Effect of packaging and frozen storage temperature on beef pigments

The influence of final freezing and storage temperature on pigment modifications of beef samples wrapped in polyethylene and EVA/SARAN/EVA was analysed. Met-, oxy- and myoglobin relative surface concentrations were determined using reflectance spectrophotometry. Pigment behaviour during storage of beef packaged in both films and oxygenation of vacuum-packaged samples was described by different reaction schemes and modelled to obtain kinetic and equilibrium constants. Comparative studies performed with beef samples (a) refrigerated, (b) frozen to –5°C and stored at this temperature (partial freezing), and (c) frozen to -25°C and stored at -5 and -20°C, indicated that for aerobic storage periods of 90 days, metmyoglobin levels of partially frozen samples upon thawing were comparable to those of frozen samples stored at –20°C. For vacuum-packaged beef, pigment concentrations remained practically constant during frozen storage; partial freezing increased oxygenation capacity of the tissue compared with chilled and frozen conditions.     

休闲豆腐干贮藏过程中品质变化研究

以休闲豆腐干为研究对象,在常温下贮藏180d,利用感官评价和热量成分检测仪、质构仪等快速检测手段研究休闲豆腐干货架期内品质变化。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,豆腐干品质越来越差;60~90d是豆腐干品质微变时期,营养组分和质构特性变化小,90~180d是其品质显著变化时期,水分含量骤减,蛋白质、脂肪含量显著升高,碳水化合物含量持续下降;硬度、咀嚼性、粘聚性显著增大,回复性下降。主要营养物质含量变化是引起豆腐干质构特性变化的主要原因。并确定硬度和咀嚼性是贮藏过程中影响豆腐干品质变化的关键指标。建议豆制品企业将豆干保质期定为120~150d。     

Effect of different levels of CO2 on the antioxidant content and the polyphenol oxidase activity of ‘Rocha’ pears during cold storage

Pears (Pyrus communis L. cv. ‘Rocha’) were exposed to air or controlled atmosphere (CA) containing various concentrations of CO₂: 0, 0.5 and 5 kPa, all with 2 kPa O₂. After 4 months of storage at 2 °C, the fruits were transferred to air at room temperature, and assessed in terms of soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, incidence of brown heart and flesh browning, phenolic content, vitamin C content and polyphenol oxidase activity. By 4 months of storage, soluble solids and pH increased, and acidity decreased relative to harvest, but no differences were detected between pears stored under air or any of the CA tested. Higher contents of hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavan‐3‐ols in the peel than in the flesh were recorded. However, the content of arbutin was higher in the flesh than in the peel, whereas flavonols were only detected in the peel. In general, hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavonols were stable throughout storage, but flavan‐3‐ols decreased in concentration under air or CA. Arbutin was the only phenolic compound that increased in concentration as time elapsed. No clear relation was found between the storage conditions tested and the phenolic concentration in pears. Regarding ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), their concentrations were higher in the peel than in the flesh. Furthermore, AA and DHA were strongly affected by storage: the former decreased, whereas the latter increased in content. A decrease in PPO activity was apparent after harvest and during storage, particularly under higher levels of CO₂. The combination 2 kPa O₂ + 5 kPa CO₂ increased the incidence of internal disorders (viz. brown heart and flesh browning) after storage. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of packaging material on pomegranate juice colour and bioactive compounds,during storage

Pomegranate juices were assessed after pasteurisation and storage in different packaging materials: transparent and green glass, and paperboard carton with polyethylene layers (Minibrik‐200). The main objective was to establish the influence of the container on the stability of colour and bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, ellagic acid and other non‐coloured phenols). Results showed that non‐coloured phenols and ellagic acid were quite stable during the storage period. In contrast, anthocyanins degraded, to an extent directly proportional to colour loss, less for those juices stored in glass bottles than for those stored in Minibrik. These results indicated that these paperboard carton containers are oxygen permeable, and that oxygen has a greater influence on anthocyanin, and consequently on colour degradation, than light on pomegranate juice during storage. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity was not influenced by the packaging material employed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical and microbial stability of high moisture dried apricots during storage

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine the chemical and microbial stability of high moisture (HM) dried apricots during storage at 5, 20 and 30 °C for a period of 8 months. HM dried apricots were obtained by rehydrating dried apricots in ‘water’ and ‘water + H₂O₂’. RESULTS: Analysis of kinetic data suggested first‐order models for loss of SO₂ and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. Higher storage temperatures increased the rate of SO₂ loss and formation of brown colour in HM dried apricots. Results from extensive colour measurements (non‐enzymatic browning, reflectance colour and β‐carotene) revealed that the colour of HM dried apricots stored at 5 °C was almost unchanged during 8 months of storage. The colour of samples stored at 30 °C was unacceptable starting from 2 months of storage. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts decreased 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 log cycles after 8 months of storage at 5, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. For the same storage period, the decrease in mesophilic bacteria was 0.62 log cycle in samples rehydrated in ‘water + H₂O₂’ and stored at 20 °C. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HM dried apricots should be stored at temperatures lower than 20 °C to preserve the characteristic golden yellow colour. A relatively low level of SO₂ (1458 mg kg^?1 at 200 g kg^?1 moisture level) was sufficient to prevent the growth of spoilage organisms in HM dried apricots at all three storage temperatures. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

番茄粉中果胶含量粒径贮藏温度与色泽稳定性的相关性

以不同果胶含量、不同粒径的番茄粉为原料,研究贮藏温度对番茄粉色泽变化的影响。结果表明:番茄粉中果胶含量、粒径、贮藏温度与色泽的稳定性有一定的相关性。在不同温度条件下的整个贮藏过程中,低果胶含量的不同粒径番茄粉的L值、a值、b值均呈下降趋势,贮藏温度越高,下降幅度越大;高果胶含量的番茄粉在不同温度条件下的贮藏过程中L值均呈上升趋势,a值和b值由于贮藏温度不同呈现不同的变化趋势。