粒度分布与氧化铁凝聚悬浮体系的流变性

应用LVDV-Ⅲ＋型可编程流变仪测定了粒度分布与微米级氧化铁水悬浮液凝聚处理后的流变特性的关系。实验结果表明,在一定的固相体积分数下,悬浮液的表观粘度随悬浮液中颗粒中位径的增大而减小。颗粒半径越小,溶剂化导致的体积增加越多,颗粒在悬浮体系中所占的体积分数也越大,结果是运动阻力增大,悬浮液粘度增加。悬浮液固相体积分数从3...     

羟基对高含量氧化硅分散体系流变性能的影响

通过红外光谱、光电子能谱和流变仪研究了氧化硅表面羟基对其高固含量悬浮液流变性能的影响。结果表明:氧化硅表面硅醇基在剪切增稠流体的形成中可能起着重要作用。在相同粒径和氧化硅的质量分数相同的情况下,氧化硅表面羟基的相对含量对其浓缩分散液有显著的影响,这种影响通过液体介质分子和逐渐增多的氧化硅表面硅醇基形成的多缔合氢键发生作用,不同羟基含量的氧化硅粒子制备的悬浮液流变性能有显著变化。     

圆管中中性悬浮液流动阻力和流变性的实验测定

对高浓度的液固悬浮液在圆管中的流变特性进行了实验研究,实验体系为聚苯乙烯颗粒在NaCl水溶液中的中性悬浮液。测定了在层流状态下,固体颗粒的体积分数变化（20%～50%）、悬浮液流速变化（0.031～0.22 m•s^-1）以及颗粒粒度变化对悬浮液压降的影响规律。实验结果表明,固体颗粒的浓度会影响悬浮液的流变性质,颗粒粒径对悬浮液流变性影响微弱。悬浮液的压降随颗粒体积分数和流速的增大而增大,悬浮液的流动特性在较高颗粒浓度范围内符合幂率流体模型。     

絮凝氧化铁悬浮液流变性质研究

应用LVDV-Ⅲ+型可编程流变仪测定了微米级氧化铁悬浮液絮凝处理后的流变特性,考察因素包括悬浮液固相质量浓度、pH值、絮凝剂添加量、搅拌速度。结果表明,悬浮液浓度不同,其流变性能也表现出不同,在相同剪切速率下,高质量分数悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力都大于低质量分数悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力;pH对絮凝悬浮液流变性有重要的影响。絮凝悬浮液粘度随pH的增加先增大后减小,絮凝剂聚合氯化铝添加量为80 mg的条件下,pH=6.14时表观粘度最大;絮凝剂浓度的不同,对于悬浮液流变性能的影响也不同,在相同剪切速率下,添加高浓度絮凝剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力都大于添加低浓度絮凝剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力,增加絮凝剂浓度对提高悬浮液粘着性能具有积极意义;对悬浮液搅拌强度不同其流变性能也表现出不同,在相同剪切速率下,悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力随着测试前对它搅拌强度的增加表现出先增大后减小。     

无机粒子填充聚合物的流变行为

研究了无机粒子填充聚合物的流变行为，探讨了无机粒子体积分数、无机粒子和聚合物组分特性、无机粒子与聚合物的界面特性和相互作用、以及加工条件对无机粒子填充聚合物的流变行为的影响。研究表明，一般情况下无机粒子填充聚合物的黏度随着填充聚合物体积分数的增加而增大；粒子性质、聚合物组分特性都会对流变性能产生影响，目前只能通过实验进行优选；无机纳米粒子填充聚合物有不同于普通粒子填充的反常现象，如果纳米粒子体积分数控制在一定范围内，填充聚合物的黏度可能出现随填充粒子体积分数增大而下降的趋势；表面活性剂、偶联剂等可以使无机粒子填充聚合物的流动性能得到显著改善；高速混合、增大剪切速率及升高温度都可以使无机粒子填充聚合物有更好的流变性能。     

不同粒度特征的SiO_2微粉浆体流变性能研究

采用流变学的方法研究了固相体积分数为35%的4类Si O2微粉悬浮液的流变性能,从粒度特征的角度,探讨了在不添加减水剂、添加六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠及高效减水剂FS20的条件下,悬浮液表现出不同的流变行为机制。结果表明:在不添加减水剂时,粉体中含有中位径小的细颗粒比例越高,悬浮液黏度越大,而含有较多粗颗粒的Si O2微粉悬浮液出现了剪切稠化行为;添加减水剂后,悬浮液流变行为与Si O2微粉的比表面积大小及粒度分布密切相关,均表现为假塑性流体特征。FS20对Si O2微粉的分散效果明显优于六偏磷酸钠和三聚磷酸钠的,这主要是由于后者的分散机制为静电排斥作用,而FS20除了上述分散稳定机制外,还可产生很强的空间位阻效应。     

纳米SiO_2粒子填充聚苯乙烯悬浮体系的动态流变行为

采用经典的溶胶-凝胶(Sol-gel)法合成直径50 nm的二氧化硅(SiO2)粒子,通过"两相"模型对不同粒子体积分数(φ)的二氧化硅/聚苯乙烯(SiO2/PS)悬浮体系动态粘弹行为进行拟合,讨论温度与φ对频率依赖性动态流变的影响。研究发现,应变放大因子Af和"粒子相"特征模量Rf″(φ)均随φ增加而增大;Af几乎无温度依赖性,Rf″(φ)随温度升高而降低。该现象归因于温度升高加速了由扩散控制的SiO2团聚过程,导致纳米粒子比表面积减小,抑制了粒子网络的形成。研究表明,两相模型可很好地应用于SiO2/PS悬浮体系的动态流变行为。     

油溶性引发剂引发细乳液聚合中初级自由基的脱吸——水相自由基捕捉剂FeCl_3的应用

采用定量化水溶性自由基捕捉剂三氯化铁,研究了油溶性引发剂引发细乳液聚合时,自由基从乳胶粒子脱吸的过程。结果表明,脱吸进入水相的自由基是引发聚合的主要自由基来源,水相溶解的引发剂对聚合的贡献较小。被水溶性自由基捕捉剂捕捉的水相自由基占引发剂分解出自由基总量的分率(捕捉分率)远大于水相引发剂产生自由基占引发剂分解出自由基总量的分率。捕捉分率随引发剂用量增加和乳胶粒子尺寸变大而降低,随水溶性自由基捕捉剂用量提高而增大,温度对捕捉分率没有影响。聚合速率和乳胶粒中平均自由基数目随捕捉分率提高而降低。     

用压差变化阈值确定外循环流化床的起始外循环流化速度

起始外循环流化速度是影响气液固外循环流化床正常操作的重要参数之一。提出了以流化床内压差随表观液速的变化阈值来确定流化床起始外循环流化速度的方法。通过实验研究,考察了颗粒直径、颗粒体积分率和表观气速等操作参数,对强制循环条件下流化床起始外循环流化速度的影响。结果表明,液固流化床起始外循环流化速度远大于单个颗粒终端速度,与颗粒体积分率、颗粒平均直径成正比;强制循环时,颗粒体积分率较小的情况下,加入气体后的起始外循环流化速度比液固两相起始外循环流化速度要大,颗粒体积分率较大时,几乎与液固两相相同。     

惰性粒子对沸腾传热性能影响的研究

对三相流化床蒸发器的惰性粒子种类、大小、形状及体积分率对传热性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明 ,惰性粒子对沸腾传热影响较大。分析了适合于三相流化床蒸发器的惰性粒子 ,为该蒸发器设计提供了依据。     

Yield Stress of Alumina-Zirconia Suspensions

The yield stress of concentrated suspensions of alumina, zirconia, and mixed alumina-zirconia powders was measured by the vane technique as a function of solids loading, relative amounts of alumina and zirconia, and pH. At the isoelectric point (IEP), the yield stress varied as the fourth power of the solids loading. The relative ratio of alumina and zirconia particles was important in determining the yield stress of the suspension at the IEP. The yield stress of single and mixed suspensions showed a marked variation with pH. The maximum value occurred at or near the IEP of the suspension. The effect of electrical double-layer forces on the yield stress can be described on the basis of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. A normalized yield stress—that is, the ratio of the yield stress at a given pH to the yield stress at the IEP predicted by this model—showed good correlation with experimental data.     

Pressure buildup in gas‐liquid flow through packed beds due to deposition of fine particles

In order to understand the increase in pressure drop in hydrotreating reactors due to deposition of fine solids, experiments were conducted with a model suspension of kaolin clay in kerosene. The suspension was circulated through packed beds of catalyst pellets in the trickle‐flow and pulse‐flow regimes, and the increase in pressure drop measured as a function of particle concentration in the bed. The increase in pressure drop was linear with particle concentrations over the range 0–60 kg.m^?3. A consistent approach to modeling the pressure drop behavior was to determine an effective porosity of the packed bed as a function of the concentration of fine particles, then use this porosity in the Ergun equation as a basis for calculating the two‐phase pressure drop.     

Tensile properties of polypropylene/kaolin composites

Tensile properties of isotactic polypropylene filled with particulate kaolin fillers were evaluated in the composition range 0–60 wt % kaolin. Tensile modulus increased with filler concentration while breaking elongation and tensile strength decreased. The modulus increase was attributed to the restriction on the molecular mobility of the polymer imposed by kaolin particles. The decrease in elongation was also an effect of this restriction coupled with interference to stress transfer by the filler particles. Generation of discontinuity in the composite structure through formation of stress concentration points accounted for the tensile strength decrease. Morphology studies by SEM also indicated the introduction of stress concentration points by the presence of bare and nonadherent kaolin particles and their agglomerates with sharp edges in these composites.     

Effect of particle size on the rheology of Athabasca clay suspensions

The success of the separation process conventionally used in Alberta for oil sands extraction is highly influenced by the rheology of the oil sands slurry. In the gravity separation vessel, high slurry viscosities can hinder the rise of aerated bitumen and reduce the efficiency of the recovery process. In this study, the effect of particle size on the viscosity of oil sands slurries is investigated. Solids from mature fine tails (MFT) obtained from tailings pond were fractionated into three fractions of different particle size distributions and their rheological properties were studied. The solids in each fraction were characterized by XRD analysis which showed the presence of different types of clays in each fraction. For the rheological measurements, dispersions of the three fractions were prepared in the supernatant water decanted from centrifuged MFT to maintain the solution chemistry of the solids. Suspensions of each fraction showed a non‐Newtonian shear thinning behaviour as well as yield stress that is characteristic of structure formation within the suspensions. For all solids fractions, increasing solids concentration led to higher viscosities and higher yield stress values. Viscoelastic properties of the suspensions showed stronger solid‐like behaviour at higher particle concentrations. Among the three fractions numbered from 1 to 3, solids in fraction 3 were coated with organic matters, exhibiting the highest suspension viscosities. Also for fraction 3, higher gelling potency was observed at much lower weight fractions of solids as compared to the other fractions.     

煤系高岭土料浆的粘度及影响因素

煤系高岭土料浆的浓分散体系为非牛顿流体,具有剪切变稀的特性. 阴离子型分散剂聚丙烯酸钠可吸附于煤系高岭土颗粒的表面,改变其表面电势,增加颗粒间的排斥能,从而起到很好的分散作用. 通过实验,研究了固相浓度、分散剂用量、粒径大小等因素对煤系高岭土料浆粘度的影响. 固相浓度增大、粒径减小时,料浆的粘度增大;分散剂可使料浆粘度降低,当最佳用量为0.3%左右,在高剪切速率(729 s-1)下,固相浓度由30%(w)提高到70%(w),料浆的粘度分别为0.004和0.020 Pa×s．     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

从某印染废水处理系统二级沉淀池污泥中筛选得到菌株C-6,其发酵产生的生物絮凝剂絮凝活性高且稳定,对高岭土、蒙脱土、活性炭和泥浆4种悬液的絮凝率分别达95.31%、93.49%、89.89%、93.49%。经形态学鉴定,该菌种可初步确定为黑曲霉。培养基组成及发酵条件优化试验表明,以葡萄糖为碳源,硫酸铵+酵母粉+尿素为氮源,初始p H值为7.0,接种量为2%,培养温度为35℃,以150 r/min的转速振荡培养52 h,菌株质量浓度可达4.803 g/L,发酵液对高岭土悬液絮凝率增至98.61%。扫描电镜显示分散的高岭土颗粒经絮凝产生的絮体大而密实,可快速沉降。     

Rheology and colloidal structure of silver nanoparticles dispersed in diethylene glycol

Rheological behavior of agglomerated silver nanoparticles (~ 40 nm) suspended in diethylene glycol over a wide range of volumetric solids concentrations (? = 0.11–4.38%) was studied. The nanoparticle suspensions generally exhibited a yield pseudoplastic behavior. Bingham plastic, Herschel–Bulkley and Casson models were used to evaluate the shear stress-shear rate dependency. Analyzing the effect of silver concentrations on the yield stress and viscosity of the suspensions followed an exponential form, revealing an increase in the degree of interparticle interactions with increasing solid concentrations. Fractal dimension (D_f) was estimated from the suspension yield stress and ? dependence, and was determined as D_f = 1.51–1.62 for the flocculated nanoparticle suspensions. This suggested that the suspension structure was probably dominated by the diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation (DLCA) due mostly to the strong attractions involved in the interparticle potentials. Maximum solids concentration of the suspensions was determined to be ?_m = 11%.     

Further observations on the rheological behaviour of dense suspensions

The literature and recent WSL results on suspensions of spherical particles are surveyed and summarised. It is concluded that the steady shear properties of a dense suspension is not characterised by an unique viscosity or flow curve, but rather it is described by a wide viscosity distribution or a shear stress - shear rate flow band whose mean and standard deviation are functions of solids concentration, particle size distribution and viscometric geometry and dimensions. The standard deviation (or data spread) increases with solids concentration and with decreasing viscometer gap to particle diameter ratio. This property is due to poor sample reproducibility in respect of solids concentration and particle size distribution and the inherent two-phase nature of suspension which gives rise to particle migration and consequently non-uniform packing density or structure in a sample. Because a dense suspension is increasingly sensitive to these factors as concentration is increased, the standard deviation can be very large. Because the details of packing structure vary with flow, the viscosity distribution or flow band depends on viscometric flow geometry and measuring element dimensions. The implications of this conclusion on the study and characterisation of dense suspension property and the prediction of its behaviour in industrial handling and process equipment are discussed.     

Rheological behavior of carbon nanotube-alumina nanoparticle dispersion systems

In this work, Al₂O₃ nanoparticle and CNT-Al₂O₃ nanoparticle suspensions were studied. Both Al₂O₃ nanoparticle and CNT-Al₂O₃ nanoparticle systems exhibit shear-thinning behavior. The viscosities increase monotonically with the suspension solids loading. For the 40 vol.% solids loading suspension, CNT effect on the viscosity is not substantial until the content is ≥ 1.3 vol.%. The suspension yield stress to flow provides a measure of the particle-particle networking in the suspension. With the adsorbed poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layer on the particle surface, substantial colloidal interactions are observed when the solids loading is > 35 vol.% and the CNT content is > 1.3 vol.%. Storage modulus and loss modulus can be used to understand the relative magnitude of the viscoplastic behavior and the elastic behavior of the suspension as well as the transition between the two. The relative magnitude of the dynamic modulii is a strong function of the solids loading and the CNT content.     

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE/KAOLIN COMPOSITES

Rheological properties of isotactic polypropylene/kaolin composites have been evaluated at kaolin concentrations 0–17.4 vol% at 493K. The systems obeyed power-law model in shear stress–shear rate variations and were shear thinning, which increased with kaolin content. Apparent melt viscosity decreased up to 5% kaolin and increased with further increase in kaolin concentration. First normal stress difference increased up to 5 vol% kaolin and decreased beyond this kaolin content. Use of a titanate coupling agent modified the rheological properties through an enhanced bonding between the filler and the polymer.