Saturation of infrared absorption in gaseous molecular systems

Saturable absorbers for use in the infrared, consisting of molecular gases, are considered. A basic objective of the study is the understanding and prediction of saturation behavior. A model for the absorber is developed. Features considered include 1) strong interaction between the absorbing pair of vibrational-rotational levels and numerous neighboring levels; 2) spatial diffusion of molecules; 3) temperature gradients; 4) distortion of optical beams by the saturable absorber; 5) inhomogeneous broadening of absorbing transitions; 6) effects of geometry of the absorption cell. The model is intended to be quite general in its applicability, but is particularly considered in relation to absorption of CO2laser radiation by sulfur hexafluoride. The equations arising from the absorber model are complex, but under suitable assumptions can be simplified. Experiments have been performed to determine the values of the relevant parameters for SF6absorbers. These values are inserted into the general absorber model and the resulting equations solved by digital computation. The theoretical saturation behavior thus obtained is in reasonably good agreement with saturation behavior observed in experiments with SF6.     

Analytical model for design criteria of passively Q-switched lasers

A general and straightforward model was developed for the design of passively Q-switched lasers. With the second-threshold criterion and using a numerically fitting procedure, the output pulse energy was expressed as an analytical function of the initial transmission of the saturable absorber and the reflectivity of the output coupler. An analytical expression for the optimal output reflectivity was also obtained for maximizing the output pulse energy of a passively Q-switched laser with a given initial transmission of the saturable absorber. Excellent agreement was studied between the present results and detailed theoretical computations. A Nd:YAG laser with Cr⁴⁺ :YAG as a saturable absorber has illustrated the use of the present model     

Theory of spontaneous mode locking in lasers using a circuit model

A theory is presented of mode locking in lasers with dispersion in the resonator and a saturable absorber, using as a starting point a circuit representation of the physical processes in the system. A set of equations for mode amplitudes and phases is obtained that entails no significant approximations and is suitable in form for an iterative method of solution. The specific advantages of the method include 1) treating the problem without limiting the order of interaction in the absorber, and 2) introducing a circuit model that allows some intuitive approximations. A general expression for mode phases in a certain situation is developed as an example and the results are compared with published material.     

General solution for single-layer electromagnetic-wave absorber

A general solution for perfect absorption under normal incidence in a single-layer homogeneous absorber backed by a perfect conductor is derived considering both electric and magnetic losses. Design curves and equations are given for the lowest-order or minimum-thickness solutions, and its possible use in the design and fabrication of practical absorbing materials is also illustrated.     

A 3-D hybrid finite element/boundary element method for the unifiedradiation and scattering analysis of general infinite periodic arrays

We present a rigorous frequency domain variational 3-D electromagnetic formulation for the general nonself-adjoint infinite periodic array problem. The hybrid method described combines the vector finite element and Floquet boundary element techniques. It is general in the sense that it is applicable to infinite periodic arrays of the open or aperture-types. It is thus effective for modeling both the scattering and radiation performance of diverse FSS, absorber, and phased-array structures. The technique accurately handles arbitrarily complicated 3-D geometries, lossy inhomogeneous media and internal as well as external excitations. These analyses can be applied to general skewed grids under arbitrary scan and polarization conditions     

一种波长可调的近红外波段完美吸收体

一般将电磁波完美吸收体简称为完美吸收体,它可用于很多行业。用有限时域差分法研究了一种可以在近红外波段工作的完美吸收体。模拟结果表明,这种完美吸收体可以实现98%的单峰1400 nm左右宽谱吸收,或者可以实现90%以上的1320 nm和1640 nm波长的双峰吸收效率。通过调节共振腔结构的大小可以调节吸收波长和吸收宽度。电磁波完美吸收体是一种背靠背双共振腔模式的完美吸收体,有非常广泛的应用前景。     

Theory of mode-locked lasers containing a reverse saturable absorber

An analytic solution is presented for mode-locking a laser using a saturable absorber and reverse saturable absorber with long relaxation times compared to the temporal pulse widths. A reverse saturable absorber is a material with an excited-state absorption cross section larger than the ground-state absorption cross section, where increasing the incident light intensity increases the absorption. The reverse saturable absorber plays an important role in mode-locking laser materials where individual pulses cannot saturate the gain. A numerical example of mode-locking a CW alexandrite laser with a reverse saturable absorber and a saturable absorber is presented.     

Extension of the operating frequency range of a dielectric radio absorber with the help of frequency-selective surfaces

A detailed study of the efficiency of frequency-selective surfaces for extension of the operating frequency range of a dielectric radio absorber is presented. The radio absorber is fabricated from the layer of a homogeneous carbon black filled material and a frequency-selective surface made of thin metal rings placed inside or on the surface of the absorber. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that insertion of a frequency-selective surface into a dielectric radio absorber makes it possible to almost double the range of operating frequencies without increasing the thickness of the absorber.     

基于石墨烯的可调谐高吸收率太赫兹超材料

提出一种基于石墨烯的双波段太赫兹超材料吸收体,它由金属-电介质-石墨烯3层超材料结构单元在水平方向上进行周期性拓展而成。仿真结果显示,其在太赫兹波段6.62 THz和 9.36 THz分别产生99.9%和98.9%的高吸收率;通过改变石墨烯的费米能级,可以灵活地控制吸收体的谐振频率和吸收强度,而吸收体的吸收强度也可以利用石墨烯的弛豫时间进行单独控制。另外,研究了吸收体中间介质层厚度和介质损耗对吸收率的影响,这为吸收体初始加工工艺参数的确定提供了依据。研究结果表明,提出的基于石墨烯的太赫兹超材料吸收体结构简单,易于加工,可通过偏置电压或者化学掺杂,简单地实现吸收体的可调谐性,为双波段高吸收率太赫兹超材料吸收体的设计提供了重要参考。     

电磁波吸收材料

随着电磁波设备的广泛运用,涉及到电磁波吸收的材料得到了发展,它是一种功能型材料,该文就下述内容做一些简要介绍。（1）电磁波吸收材料的应用;（2）电磁波吸收材料的性能及指标;（3）电磁波吸收材料的吸收机理及设计方法;（4）电磁波吸收材料的类型及制造工艺;（5）电磁波吸收材料的测试与测量;（6）电磁波吸收材料的现状及国内外...     

Multi-band circuit model of tunable THz absorber based on graphene sheet and ribbons

Terahertz (THz) absorbers due to the high potential of providing reliable applications in modern devices and technology are increasingly being investigated. Recently, a dual-band THz absorber based on a graphene sheet and ribbons has been proposed in which the results were obtained using Full-wave simulations and its authors have not provided any specific design method. In this work, we have proposed and investigated that tunable THz absorber by its circuit model. A developed transmission line method beside the analytical circuit model of graphene continues sheet and periodic arrays of graphene ribbons are used to obtain analytical expressions for the circuit model. Here, first of all, we have compared the results of the proposed method with the results of that paper and secondly, using impedance matching concept we have proposed multi-band tunable THz absorber with near-unity absorption by the same structure. Then, we have compared the results of our circuit method with the Full-wave simulations. In either case, our proposed method in addition to excellent performance in terms of runtime and memory sources, has an acceptable agreement with the results of the Full-wave simulations. The proposed method is general and can be applied to design and simulate the other sub-wavelength structures.     

Performance of an anisotropic artificial absorber for truncatingfinite-element meshes

A new artificial material absorber for truncating finite element meshes is investigated. The interface of the absorber is made reflectionless by choosing ϵ_r and μ₄ to be complex diagonal tensors. With some loss, a metal backed thin absorber layer is then sufficient for terminating the mesh. This scheme is simpler to implement than conventional absorbing boundary conditions and offers the potential for higher accuracy. We investigate the effectiveness of this anisotropic absorber on the basis of results obtained for problems in propagation (waveguide and microstrip line) and scattering     

高功率光束吸收器的设计

为了实现4%取样后对剩余激光高达109 倍的吸收,给出一种光束吸收器的设计方法,推导了光束从进入吸收器到离开吸收器全过程中所对应的各种角度关系,包括入射光线与吸收器交点的夹角、光线从入射变为出射的翻转临界角、出射光线与吸收器交点的夹角、光线离开吸收器临界角等角度关系。进而计算出光线在与吸收器的每一个交点处的取样率,得到光束从进入吸收器到离开吸收器全过程的衰减倍率。以此设计一种光束吸收器并在软件中进行光线追迹分析,结果表明该吸收器的吸收倍率高达1011,满足激光吸收倍率要求并且和理论计算结果吻合;据此理论设计的实物吸收器也在激光系统中得到良好应用,得到调制度M1.2 和对比度C0.07 的近场图像,说明该设计方法是合理的。     

Upper limit of thermophotovoltaic solar-energy conversion

The efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy by solar cells is improved if the incident solar radiation is first absorbed by an intermediate absorber. The reemitted radiation is directed onto the solar cell. This mode of operation is known as thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. A black-body intermediate absorber is advantageous for small-bandgap solar cells. An even higher improvement is, however, achieved by a selective intermediate absorber with an absorption edge at the energy of the bandgap of the solar cell. Furthermore, if only a narrow spectral interval of radiation near the absorption edge is transmitted through a filter from the intermediate absorber to the solar cell, a maximum efficiency of 65 percent is obtained for a solar cell and absorber with a bandgap of 0.8 eV.     

十字架型超材料吸波特性及机理研究

设计了一种十字架型电磁超材料吸波体,采用CST studio suite 2009 频域求解器提取S 参数进行仿真研究,并计算了其吸波率,在24.65 THz 和35.25 THz 得到两个吸收峰,吸收率分别为0.83 和0.997。改变材料结构尺寸,在7.3 THz 达到完美吸收,吸收率接近于1。将THz 波段的超材料吸波体结构尺寸放大1000 倍,在GHz 波段同样可以达到完美吸收,说明超材料吸波体可通过对结构尺寸调节改变吸收波段。另外研究了这种吸波体的吸收机理,发现吸收主要在第一层的十字架金属单元层,可用于Bolometer 探测器的设计。     

大能量长脉冲激光能量计吸收体温度特性

以大能量长脉冲激光能量的准确测量需求为牵引,针对激光能量计吸收体温度特性进行了数值分析研究。结果表明:吸收体内壁温度随脉冲结构呈周期性振荡,随着壁深的增加,震荡幅度迅速地降低,吸收体外壁温度周期性消失。单脉冲能量相同时,脉宽越短,吸收体内壁温升越高;重复频率越高,吸收体内壁温升越高。而总能量相同时,重复频率越高,内壁温升越低。通过对吸收体结构的优化设计,不仅能够获得序列长脉冲激光的总能量,而且可以获得低重频（一般不大于10 Hz）序列脉冲激光的每个脉冲能量,从而为长脉冲激光能量计的设计及应用等提供参考依据。     

雷达波吸收剂的研究进展

叙述铁氧体、金属微粒、多晶铁纤维、纳米吸收剂和手征性吸收剂等吸收剂近年的研究发展状况 ,预测了吸收剂研究的未来发展趋势。     

New formalism for the analysis of passively Q-switched lasersystems

We present a new formalism for the analysis of passively Q-switched laser systems that facilitates the performance of sensitivity studies and system optimizations. The developed formalism is general enough to include the impact of an ESA process in the saturable absorber Q-switch and, therefore, is applicable to Cr⁴⁺:YAG passively Q-switched systems. To illustrate the use of the developed formalism, we have applied it to a comparative analysis of two laser systems based on Nd:YAG and Yb:YAG     

基于电阻膜的超宽带超材料吸波体设计

为满足宽带电磁隐身需求,提出了一种完全覆盖C～Ka波段、部分覆盖S和U波段的超材料吸波体. 吸波体由四层不同方块电阻的方形电阻膜及泡沫介质基板构成,多层电阻膜结构有效地向两侧拓宽了吸收带宽. 为了分析吸波体的电磁吸收机理,建立并分析了该吸波体的精确等效电路模型. 仿真结果表明,在3.16～51.6 GHz(相对带宽为176.9%)工作频带内,对TE和TM波均能实现88%以上的吸收率,并且对入射角度具有稳定性. 制作、加工并测试了超材料吸波体,实测结果与等效电路计算、全波仿真结果均具有较好的一致性,表明该吸波体在电磁隐身领域具有重要的应用价值.     

超薄型电磁带隙吸波结构的最优化设计

Salisbury 屏是一种基本的吸波结构,在谐振频率点具有良好的吸波性能,但是它的厚度必须为四分之一倍的波长,这不利于工程的应用。本文在Salisbury 屏的阻抗层设计中引入了有耗的频率选择表面贴片,有效减小了Salisbury屏的厚度,形成一个电磁带隙吸波结构。应用微遗传算法对频率选择表面贴片的几何图形及表面阻抗、结构的周期大小、介质的厚度等参数进行最优化处理。设计得到的两个在谐振频率点处具有良好吸波性能的超薄电磁带隙吸波结构验证了本文方法的正确性与可靠性。