非制冷红外探测器的焦平面温度控制设计

分析了温度控制在非制冷红外焦平面成像系统中的重要性。介绍了热电制冷温度控制的原理,并给出了具体的硬件电路。该热电控制电路能够使焦平面阵列的温度稳定在±0．01℃范围内。     

影响热电制冷性能的关键因素及其分析

在忽略汤姆逊效应的情形下,推导出热电制冷臂的传热微分方程,利用数值模拟的方法,分析了在不同工作电流下各种热电效应的影响,及工作电流和冷、热端换热系数3种因素对热电制冷性能的综合影响。分析了3种因素对热电制冷性能的影响程度与顺序,发现电流是最关键的影响因素,且需要较低制冷温度时可提高冷端换热系数,需要较大制冷量或制冷系数时可适当提高热端换热系数,但冷、热端换热系数对制冷性能的影响存在一个最优值。提出了热电制冷器件的设计和应用的优化工况及方案,在提高制冷性能的同时节约了成本。     

CCD芯片热电制冷系统的非稳态性能分析

随着电子设备不断向小型化、集成化发展,热电制冷技术作为一种有效的主动冷却方法被广泛用于重要部件的温度控制。为了获得最佳的制冷效果,文中针对散热受限条件下的CCD芯片热电制冷系统非稳态过程,建立了一个数值分析模型。分析结果表明:在散热受限时,热电制冷系统的传热过程长时间处于非稳态过程;在不超过最大制冷电流的条件下,增大制冷电流可以提高制冷效果,但是大的制冷电流可能出现温度回升的现象;虽然热端散热能力的提高可以改善制冷效果,但是存在一个极限值,这与热电制冷器(TEC)的优值系数有关;当系统载荷发生变化时,合理改变制冷电流和热端散热能力可以提高系统的温度稳定性,其中制冷电流对系统温度稳定性的影响更大。     

电子器件热电制冷温度条件的优化

基于热电制冷热力学循环分析了热电制冷器正常工作的温度条件,以及两种极限工况性能受工作温度条件的制约关系。优值系数是热电制冷器性能的内在制约,散热和温度条件则是热电制冷性能的外在制约,热电制冷元件工作的温度特性与电子元件工作的理想温度条件是非常适应的。基于热电制冷的主动冷却技术对高热流密度电子集成部件的封装散热具有重大意义。     

太阳能半导体空调制冷装置模块化实验研究

建立了以水为热交换媒介的太阳能热电模块制冷实验系统.系统配置了双位能量存储装置,用以储存昼夜温差能和太阳光电转换电能,以备无日照或日照不足时系统能够连续工作.热电制冷装置模块化,用以适应制冷功率变化较大的空间制冷,并在制冷启动与温度维持不同阶段实现较大功率的切入或撤出.制冷模块以半导体热电元件为核心,冷热端均以导热性能良好的紫铜作为热交换材料,以热容量较大的水作为冷却液和散热循环液.热交换装置采取集合散热冷却分流的集散一体化热交换系统.对制冷模块制冷性能进行了实验分析,并对制冷效果进行了模拟实验,实验结果基本达到了设计的预期.     

脉冲方波驱动强化热电制冷的瞬态特性

采用有限差分法对脉冲电压驱动下的瞬态热电效应及其动态特性过程进行了理论分析,探索了非稳态工况下帕尔帖效应、焦耳热效应与傅里叶导热效应之间的耦合关系及其关键制约因素对制冷性能的影响规律,进而探讨了脉冲驱动强化热电制冷性能的作用机理。分析结果得到,在合理电压域值内采用主动控制方法,对热电模块周期性施加数倍于稳态工况理想电压的脉冲突变电压,有益于充分利用帕尔贴制冷效应而推迟出现以焦耳热和傅里叶热耗散形式为主的内部热积聚对热电模块冷端引起的负效应,并能瞬态实现冷端面的制冷强化作用和最大程度实现输入电能的有效转换。该结论不仅为进一步提出脉冲驱动模式的优化控制策略提供了理论依据,也为瞬态热电制冷效应的应用开辟了一条新思路。     

电子元器件热电冷却技术研究进展

在深刻分析热电制冷机理的基础上,结合国内外学者对热电制冷技术用于电子元器件热管理的理论分析,从芯片整体表面散热和局部热点消除两方面,详细介绍了集成电路芯片热电冷却实验的国内外研究进展;对芯片热电冷却技术的数值模拟与热电制冷器(TEC)的选型优化进行了详细报道;指出国内缺乏芯片热电冷却的应用研究,在芯片散热的整体研究水平上与国外仍有差距.芯片热电冷却及其表面的热管理将是今后提高电子元器件散热性能的一个重要研究方向.     

热电制冷技术的研究进展北大核心

热电制冷（TEC）已成为制冷领域的一个重要发展方向,但是由于其转换效率过低且材料成本较高,目前难以得到广泛应用。对热电制冷技术进行了简要介绍,并综述了热电制冷技术的研究进展,包括热电材料、结构优化和散热方式。讨论并分析了有机热电材料和无机热电材料的热电性能、不同结构设计所导致的性能系数、不同散热方式对制冷效率的影响。最后,对热电制冷技术的优化进行了简单总结,只有不断提高热电材料的优值系数,并选择合适的结构设计和散热方式,才能使热电制冷技术在各个领域拥有更大的发展空间。     

制备工艺对新型热电材料制冷性能的影响

通过取点法得到了由Ingot法、BM法、S-MS法和Te-MS法制备的四种新型p型热电材料(Bi0.5Sb1.5)Te3的变物性参数拟合公式,分析了温度对不同方法制备的热电材料的影响,得到了热电材料无量纲优值与绝对温度的关系曲线.从热力学方面研究了制备工艺对基于新型热电材料的热电制冷器最大制冷系数的影响.结果表明:由Te-MS法制备的新型p型热电材料(Bi0.5Sb1.5)Te3具有最大的优值系数,基于该材料的热电制冷器最大制冷系数可达2.49,较其他三种方法制备的热电材料分别提升了 34.59％,37.57％和25.76％.     

基于热电制冷的大功率LED散热性能分析

提出了一种新型的基于热电制冷的大功率LED热管理方法。这种大功率LED阵列模块采用板上封装技术制造。为了解决散热问题,采用了热电制冷器将LED芯片产生的热量转移到周围的环境中。利用热电偶测量了大功率LED阵列模块在不同工作条件下的温度分布,LED的光学性能则通过光强分布测试仪来测试。结果表明,这种采用热电制冷的大功率LED阵列封装模块能够显著降低器件的工作温度,与不采用热电制冷器相比,基板温度能够降低36％以上,光学性能测量表明LED阵列模块的发光效率达到30．18lm／W。     

A Four-Quadrant Operation Diagram for Thermoelectric Modules in Heating–Cooling Mode and Generating Mode

The operation of a thermoelectric module in heating–cooling mode, generating mode, and regenerating mode can be discussed in terms of power, cooling load, and current. A direct current machine in motoring mode and generating mode and an induction motor in motoring mode and regenerating mode are analogous to thermoelectric modules. Therefore, the first objective of this work is to present the four-quadrant (4-Q) operation diagram and the 4-Q equivalent circuits of thermoelectric modules in heating–cooling mode and generating mode. The second objective is to present the cooling and regenerating curves of a thermoelectric module in cooling mode and regenerating mode. The curves are composed from the cooling powers and the generating powers, the input and output current, the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger, and the different temperatures that exist between the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric module. The methodology used to present the data involved drawing analogies between the mechanical system, the electrical system, and the thermal system; an experimental setup was also used. The experimental setup was built to test a thermoelectric module (TE₂) in cooling mode and regenerating mode under conditions in which it was necessary to control the different temperatures on the hot and cold sides of TE₂. Two thermoelectric modules were used to control the temperature. The cold side was controlled by a thermoelectric module labeled TE₁, whereas the hot side was controlled by a second thermoelectric module labeled TE₃. The results include the power, the cooling load, and the current of the thermoelectric module, which are analogous to the torque, the power, the speed, and the slip speed of a direct current machine and an induction motor. This 4-Q operation diagram, the 4-Q equivalent circuits, and the cooling and regenerating curves of the thermoelectric module can be used to analyze the bidirectional current and to select appropriate operating conditions in the cooling and regenerating modes.     

大功率半导体激光器高精度温控系统研究

为了减小温度对半导体激光器输出光波长和功率稳定性的影响,设计了由恒流模块驱动半导体制冷器,通过改变恒流模块的电流来控制半导体制冷器的制冷量,利用分段积分的比例-积分-微分控制算法,选择最优控制参量,实现大功率半导体激光器的精密温控系统。系统包括高精度测温电路、控制核心DSP F28335、半导体制冷器控制电路、人机交互及通信模块。在5℃~26℃环境下对系统进行测试,实现50W大功率半导体激光器的恒温控制,温控范围为15℃~45℃,温控精度达到0.02℃。结果表明,该系统温控范围广,控制精度高,满足大功率半导体激光器的温控要求。     

Thermoelectric Cooling of Heat-Loaded Electronics

Russian Microelectronics - The characteristics of cooling and thermal control systems are calculated depending on the parameters of the thermoelectric module and the heat-loaded element. The values...     

Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Thermoelectric Materials

Step-by-step control is very important in the manufacturing of thermoelectric generators and cooling modules. Of key importance is quality control of thermoelectric material rods, and discs cut from such rods. This work describes two installations for measuring the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity of rods, as well as for measuring the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of discs. It is established that using such devices in the practice of manufacture of cooling modules enables enhancement of module quality and reduction of material waste by 7% to 15%.     

Transient distributed parameter electrical analogous model of TE devices

This paper describes a one-dimensional distributed parameter transient model for thermoelectric devices implemented using analogies between the thermal and electrical domains, where thermal variables are described by their electrical analogues. The resulting electrical network can be tested by means of an electrical simulation tool such as SPICE. This approach facilitates simulation of a thermoelectric module and its interconnections with electronic control circuits and other thermal elements under varying boundary and initial conditions. Capabilities of the model are illustrated from simulations carried out for a free-standing thermoelectric element during the pulse cooling operation. Simulation results fit well with those obtained using other models reported in the literature as well as with numerical solutions.     

Thermoelectric Power Generation System Using Waste Heat from Biomass Drying

This paper looks at thermoelectric power generation from waste heat from a biomass drier. In this study, the researchers selected four thermoelectric modules: two thermoelectric cooling modules (Model A: MT2-1,6-127 and Model B: TEC1-12708) and two thermoelectric power generation modules (Model C: TEP1-1264-3.4 and Model D: TEG1-1260-5.1) for testing at temperatures between 25°C and 230°C. Test results indicated that the thermoelectric TEC1-12708 could generate a maximum power output of 1 W/module and TEP1-1264-3.4, TEG1-1260-5.1, and MT2-1,6-127 could generate 1.07 W/module, 0.88 W/module, and 0.76 W/module, respectively. Therefore, the thermoelectric cooling of TEC1-12708 was appropriate to use for thermoelectric power generation from waste heat. The experiments used four ventilation fans (6 W, 2.50 m³/s) and 12 thermoelectric modules which were installed in the back of a charcoal brazier. The experiments were conducted and tested in conditions of recycling 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of outlet air. Testing results identified that the temperatures of the drying room were 81°C, 76°C, 70°C, and 64°C, respectively. The power generation system could generate about 22.4 W (14 V, 1.6 A) with an air flow of 9.62 m³/s. The thermoelectric module can convert 4.08% of the heat energy to electrical energy.     

热电制冷模块热物性参数理论获取方法及精度分析

获取精确的热电模块的热物性参数值是热电制冷系统性能分析的关键。制冷量是衡量热电制冷性能的参数,根据厂商数据单以及半导体材料与温度相关的热物性经验公式,绘制了采用常物性参数法、变物性参数法分析制冷量的性能曲线图,并提出通过热电臂内热平衡的微分表达式获得不同工况下制冷量的准确值及标准性能曲线图;通过数值对比分析发现,常物性参数法在计算热电制冷量时有最大约6 W的绝对误差,但可以通过改善常物性参数获取精度减小计算误差;而变物性参数法最大绝对误差仅为1.5 W,该热物性参数获取方法精度较高,适用于分析热电制冷性能。     

基于微/纳尺度冷却扩展热电元件的制冷极限(英文)

提出一种借助于在热电冷却器热端引入微尺度冷却,以提高其制冷性能参数的新方法,并建立了相应的理论模型来刻画该过程,并在此基础上对各类有助于提高制冷性能的潜在途径进行了参数化研究。结果表明,热电臂中存在一个最佳冷却长度,可在其冷热端实现最大的温度差。讨论了将该方法在低温环境及其他几类特殊场合的应用,并分析了加工该结构的相关问题。与通过改进材料来提高制冷性能的方法相比,该方法可在材料性能已趋极限时,提供一种新的物理途径用以强化热电冷却元件制冷性能。