折射/衍射混合长波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

为了提高图像的分辨率,提高红外系统的探测距离和探测精度,满足多种条件下的使用要求,基于最新的非制冷型384288凝视型焦平面阵列探测器,设计了折射/衍射混合长波红外连续变焦光学系统。系统工作波长为8～12 m,F数1.5,变倍比25:1。设计过程中,系统引入衍射面构成折/衍射混合结构,校正色差和高级像差,减少了透镜的使用数量,简化了系统结构。最后利用CODE V 光学设计软件进行了优化设计和像质评价,设计结果表明,系统在探测器的Nyquist频率（20 lp/mm）处,所有变焦距位置和视场的MTF值均大于0.4,接近系统的衍射极限。系统具有变倍比大、分辨率高、像质好、结构简单等特点,可应用于众多光电探测领域。     

大相对孔径长波连续变焦红外光学系统设计

提出一种大相对孔径长波连续变焦红外光学系统的设计方法,利用变焦原理和光学设计软件得到系统结构及其参数。该光学系统在变焦过程中相对孔径可变,F数最小可达0.85。系统主要光学参数F/#为0.85～1,变倍比为4.5∶1,工作波长为8～12 μm,采用384×288元非制冷焦平面探测器。具有分辨率高、像质好、能量利用率高、变焦轨迹平滑等特点,满足工程设计要求。     

机载高分辨率连续变焦红外热像仪设计

针对中波640×512元红外焦平面探测器设计了一套1:20小型高分辨率连续变焦热像仪,对热像仪的光学系统和系统的灵敏度等进行了设计和计算。设计结果表明,连续变焦红外热像仪具有变倍比大、分辨率高、灵敏度高、体积小、像质好等特点,满足设计要求,可用于机载光电探测和跟踪系统。     

大变倍比中波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

针对中波制冷型640512凝视焦平面探测器,设计了一个大变倍比中波红外连续变焦光学系统。该系统采用三次成像技术,其工作波段为3.7~4.8 m,F数为4,变倍比为30:1,可实现23~701 mm连续变焦,变焦轨迹平滑,满足100%冷光阑效率。该系统采用硅、锗和硒化锌三种红外材料,通过引入非球面和衍射面来校正系统的轴外像差和高级像差。系统在30 lp/mm处,全焦距范围内调制传递函数（MTF）均在0.15以上,接近衍射极限。设计结果表明,大变倍比中波红外连续变焦光学系统具有变倍比大、分辨率高、结构紧凑、像质好等优点。     

折衍射混合中波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

设计了一种基于机械补偿式大变倍比折衍射混合中波红外连续变焦光学系统。光学系统的焦距为50mm到600mm,变倍比为12:1。系统的变焦曲线平滑,图像可一直保持清晰,系统的MTF达到了衍射极限。这种折衍射混合连续变焦光学系统具有好的成像质量、灵巧的变倍机构,因此在高性能红外热像仪中得到广泛应用。     

长波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

针对320×240制冷型焦平面阵列探测器,根据机载红外搜索和跟踪系统使用要求,设计了一套高变倍比长波红外连续变焦光学系统。探讨了长波红外连续变焦设计方法,并对变焦系统的无热化和冷反射效应进行了分析。系统由变焦物镜系统、二次成像系统和一个反射镜构成,具有100%冷光阑效率。工作波段为8.7～11.7μm,F#为2.0,变焦范围30～300 mm,工作温度-30～50℃,在空间频率16 lp/mm处,全焦距范围和温度范围内MTF>0.45,接近衍射极限。具有像质好、分辨率高、结构紧凑、质量轻便等优点。     

双孔径红外变焦光学系统设计

为了解决红外变焦系统短焦部分冷反射严重的问题,提出了一种双孔径设计方法,设计了一种双孔径红外变焦光学系统。系统工作波段为中波3.7 ～4.8 m,焦距为30/150/300 mm,10变倍比,具有100%冷光阑效率。对双孔径系统的短焦部分和单孔径系统短焦部分的冷反射强度进行了对比分析,双孔径系统的冷反射得到有效控制。双孔径红外变焦光学系统具有像质好、变倍比大、短焦冷反射小、结构紧凑的特点,可使大变倍比的红外变焦光学系统在红外成像系统中得到广泛应用。     

长波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

针对制冷型320×256焦平面阵列探测器,设计了一套用于机载光电探测设备的长波连续变焦红外光学系统。光学系统采用锗和硒化锌两种普通红外光学材料,通过引入非球面和衍射面很好地校正了系统的色差和轴外像差,使得系统整个连续变焦过程中16 lp／mm 处 MTF 均大于0．35。系统仅由6片镜子构成,工作波段为7．7～10．3μm,F 数为3,满足100％冷光阑效率,实现了50～400 mm 的连续变焦,变焦曲线光滑。像质评价结果表明该系统成像质量良好,结构紧凑。     

30×中波红外连续变焦光学系统设计

基于制冷型320×240凝视焦平面阵列探测器,设计了30×中波红外大倍率连续变焦光学系统。详细介绍了连续变焦光学系统的选型及其初始结构的计算方法。系统采用硅和锗两种普通红外材料,通过引入非球面校正系统轴外像差,实现了30～900mm的连续变焦,F数为4,工作波段为3.7～4.8μm,满足100%冷光阑效率,在空间频率为16 lp/mm处,系统MTF值大于0.5。系统具有变倍比大,结构紧凑,光学总长短和全焦距范围内像质好,分辨率高等优点,满足设计要求。     

四片式非制冷长波红外热像仪双视场光学系统

介绍了一种用于非制冷凝视焦平面探测器的长波红外双视场光学系统设计实例,该系统工作波段为8～12 μm,变倍比为2.5倍,采用轴向移动变焦方式.引入一个衍射光学元件,减少了光学零件的数量,减轻了系统质量,具有成像质量高、体积小、重量轻等优点,并用ZEMAX光学设计软件进行了像质评价.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks     

Call for Papers—Feature Topic,Vol.12,No.7,2015

正Information Centric Networking Information-Centric Networking(ICN) is an emerging direction in Future Internet architecture research,gaining significant tractions among academia and industry.Aiming to replace the conventional host-to-host communication model by a data-centric model,ICN treats data content as the first