四羟甲基硫酸鏻的合成及测定研究

以黄磷、锌粉、硫酸和甲醛为原料,成功合成了四羟甲基硫酸鏻(THPS),详细探讨了不同合成条件对THPS产率的影响,并通过正交实验确定最佳合成工艺为:黄磷∶锌粉∶硫酸∶甲醛=1∶2.5∶7.5∶5(摩尔比),反应温度为85℃,反应时间为6 h。建立了测定其活性物含量的离子交换法,测得THPS的含量为79.20%。用36%乙酸对产品进行重结晶,成功得到了THPS针状晶体。     

鞣革剂用5-羟甲基糠醛/双氰胺树脂的制备及应用

葡萄糖催化脱水后制得5-HMF(5-羟甲基糠醛),并以此作为DCD(双氰胺树脂)的改性剂,制得5-HMF/DCD鞣革剂。研究结果表明:5-HMF/DCD具有良好的稀释稳定性、温度稳定性和耐盐稳定性;当5-HMF/DCD单独鞣制绵羊皮时,其相对最佳鞣制pH为6.5、收缩温度(T_s)为81.80℃;当5-HMF/DCD与铝盐结合鞣制时,绵羊皮的Ts升至91.54℃,并具有良好的耐水洗性能;当5-HMF/DCD作为绵羊蓝湿革的复鞣填充材料时,其具有选择填充效果,增厚率(为15.9%)相对最高,并且可提高坯革的染色均匀性。     

一种新型环境友好杀生剂--四羟甲基硫酸鏻

四羟甲基硫酸鏻(THPS)是一种易生物降解的新型季鏻盐型杀生剂,具有高效、广谱、低剂量、低发泡、低毒和黏泥强剥离的特点,与传统的杀生剂相比,具有优秀的环境性能,它不持续存在于环境中,更有利于环境保护。作者对THPS进行了综述,重点介绍了其应用领域及其在水处理中良好的杀生效果,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

笼状有机硅季鏻盐阻燃抗静电剂的合成研究

以甲基三氯硅烷和四羟甲基硫酸鏻为原料合成了笼状有机硅季鏻盐阻燃抗静电剂1-甲基-4-羟甲基-1-硅杂-4-磷杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2,2,2]-辛烷季鏻硫酸盐。考察了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂对产率的影响,最佳工艺条件为:甲基三氯硅烷与四羟甲基硫酸鏻的摩尔比为2∶1,以二乙二醇二甲醚作溶剂,反应温度为120℃,反应时间为8 h。采用FTIR、1HNMR对产物结构进行了表征,测试了产品的阻燃和抗静电性能。结果表明,该化合物在失重20%时的分解温度为478.5℃,有优良的阻燃抗静电性能。     

干法制备高醚化三聚氰胺树脂

以三聚氰胺及甲醛等为原料,采用干法制备"低甲醛、高固含、高稳定性"的环保型高醚化三聚氰胺树脂,并对各反应阶段物料配比、温度、p H等多种影响因素进行了探讨,确定了最佳的制备条件。研究结果表明,当羟甲基化反应阶段n(三聚氰胺)∶n(甲醛)=1∶10,反应温度为75℃,p H=9.0,反应时间为50 min,醚化反应阶段n(六羟甲基三聚氰胺,即HMM)∶n(醇)=1∶10,反应温度为65℃,p H=5.5时,制成的高醚化三聚氰胺树脂固含量高达90%以上,羟甲基含量可达51.4%,且游离甲醛含量低于0.3%。     

耐火聚合物的中间产物(文摘)

在许多有趣的四羟甲基氯化鏻Tetrakis(hydroxy-methyl)-phosphonium Choride THPC,(HO·CH_2)_4·PCl的化合物反应中,有些关於各种不同物质的聚合作用的报告。THPC与甲醛水溶液或次甲基双醇类的性质相同。这种聚合反应物含有15%的磷,有耐火的特性。脲素亦很易与TPPC起着聚合作用,尤以应用4-氨-4-甲基-2-戊醇     

膨胀型阻燃剂三羟甲基丙烷磷酸酯三聚氰胺盐的合成

以三羟甲基丙烷、磷酸、三聚氰胺为原料,用乙二醇作为分散剂,采用两步法合成了氮磷膨胀型阻燃剂三羟甲基丙烷磷酸酯三聚氰胺盐。对反应温度、反应时间、物料配比和分散剂等条件作了工艺考察。结果表明,第一步反应时间3 h、反应温度为60℃;第二步反应时间1.5 h,反应温度为60℃,分散剂为乙二醇;物料最佳摩尔比n(三羟甲基丙烷)∶n(磷酸)∶n(三聚氰胺)=1∶1∶1,该条件下阻燃剂剩炭率可达41%。通过红外光谱和热重分析对阻燃剂进行了表征,分别表明该阻燃剂具有N-H、C=N、P-O-C等特征峰,能够在有效的温度区间内发生热分解,起到阻燃作用。     

马来酸酯烯类支化单体合成及其与甲基丙烯酸的共聚

采用三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)和马来酸酐(MA)制备多官能度烯类支化单体单三羟甲基丙烷三马来酸单酯(MTPTM)。MTPTM与甲基丙烯酸(MAA)在水溶液中通过自由基聚合,制备超支化聚合物。采用NMR表征了MTPTM和超支化聚合物的结构。考察了MAA和MTPTM单体摩尔比对超支化聚合物相对分子质量、水溶液黏度、热稳定性以及玻璃化转变温度的影响。结果表明,随MAA单体用量增加,聚合物相对分子质量及其分布先降后升,n(MTPTM)∶n(MAA)=1∶9时出现最小值(Mw=2.09×104,Mw/Mn=1.66),产物水溶液黏度也呈现先降后升的趋势,并在n(MTPTM)∶n(MAA)=1∶6时出现最小值。而玻璃化转变温度则先升后降,n(MTPTM)∶n(MAA)=1∶9时出现最大值(Tg=274.5℃),MAA单体比例增加,有助于超支化聚合物热稳定性提高。     

高效、广谱、低毒季磷盐杀菌剂的研究开发

1成果简介季磷盐杀生剂由于其杀生能力强,毒性低,粘泥剥离性能好,pH适用范围宽,而引起世界水处理界的极大关注,国外20世纪八九十年代先后研制成功季磷盐杀菌剂,如CI-BA-GEIGY公司的十四烷基三丁基氯化(商品名为B-350),A·W公司的四羟甲基氯化磷(简称THPC)和四羟甲基硫酸磷(简称THPS),国内尚属空白。为了使杀菌剂达到或超过世界先进水平,满足国内水处理对杀菌剂的需要,开展高效、广谱、低毒季磷盐杀菌剂是十分必要的。在小试研究基础上,进行了中试研究。通过催化剂及工艺条件的优化研究,解决了氯化氢吸收、缩醛化反应和季磷化反应中…     

无溶剂法合成高固含量水性聚氨酯

以混合二异氰酸酯[六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)/异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)]和聚己二酸丁二醇酯(PBA-2000)为基本原料、二羟甲基丁酸(DMBA)为亲水性单体[代替目前常用的二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)]、三乙胺(TEA)为中和剂和乙二胺(EDA)为扩链剂,反应过程中不添加有机溶剂和催化剂,采用先乳化后扩链的预聚体分散法制备了固含量为50%左右的水性聚氨酯(WPU)。采用单因素试验法优选出制备WPU乳液的较佳工艺条件。结果表明:当R=n(-NCO)∶n(-OH)=1.88∶1、w(DMBA)=4.1%和n(EDA)∶n(-NCO)=0.37∶1时,WPU胶膜的强度(拉伸强度为23 MPa)和韧性(断裂伸长率为740%)俱佳。     

四羟甲基氯化膦无铬鞣的机理

Tetra-hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride （THPC） has been considered as an important chrome-free tanning agent. To understand the THPC tanning mechanism, the structure, charge distribution, activity and tanning ability of each phosphorous compound in THPC tanning system were studied, by ^31p NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and computational chemistry method, etc. When pH raised to 6.0, the decomposition of THPC would take place, which results in a production of free formaldehyde, tri-hydroxymethyl phosphonium （TrHP） and tri-hydroxymethyl phosphine oxide （TrHPO）. At pH 9.0, THPC will be converted completely to TrHP and most TrHP is further oxidized into TrHPO. It is possible that, in reaction of phosphorous compounds and collagens, both P-C and C-O bonds would break simultaneously or individually. From molecular charge distribution and bond polar properties, it is deduced that, if P-C bonds break, the activity is in order of TrHPO 〉 THPC 〉 TrHE whereas if C--O bonds break, the order is TrHP 〉 THPC 〉 TrHPO. It is more possible that P--C bonds will break in reaction with collagen, and TrHPO may be more active in the THPC tanning system. The results of tanning and DSC also prove the above conclusion. Furthermore, the fact that the shrinkage temperature of THPC tanned leather was below 70℃ when basified to pH 5.0 or lower suggests that the hydroxymethyl groups of THPC and TrHP are less possible to combine directly with amino groups of collagen.     

Preparation and characterization of phosphorus-nitrogen polymers for flameproofing cellulose. I. Polymers of THPC and amines

Polymers from tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) or tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) with ammonia show similar thermal degradation, but appear to be of different chemical structure. Solution reaction of THPC with urea or melamine or by solid-phase reaction with urea gives products ranging from water-soluble liquids to hard, brittle, insoluble polymers. Reaction of THPC with piperazine yields products of low thermal stability.     

Poly(MAA-AN-DM)两性聚合物复鞣剂的制备及性能

以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯腈(AN)和甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯(DM)为原料,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,水为反应介质,经自由基共聚合制备了Poly(MAA-AN-DM)两性聚合物复鞣剂,并将其用于皮革的复鞣。用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、凝胶渗透色谱、胶体电荷滴定等对聚合产物的结构和性能进行了表征。用多功能材料实验机和色度计考察了聚合物组成对复鞣革性能的影响。较佳合成条件为:聚合温度80℃,单体量比n(MAA)∶n(AN)∶n(DM)=0.9∶0.3∶0.3,引发剂w(APS)=1.5%,w(单体)=30%,反应时间5.0 h。胶体电荷滴定测出共聚物的等电点为4.36,凝胶渗透色谱分析出共聚物的数均相对分子质量为84 688,分散系数为2.07。用w〔Poly(MAA-AN-DM)〕=2%的聚合物对猪蓝湿革进行复鞣,可使蓝湿革收缩温度提高5.5℃,抗张强度增加76.5%,增厚13.2%,革身饱满、无败色现象。     

Durable flame‐retardant treatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PET/cotton blend using dichlorotribromophenyl phosphate as new flame retardant for polyester

Dichlorotribromophenyl phosphate (DCTBPP) was synthesized via the reaction of tribromophenol and phosphorous oxychloride and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H‐NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. To impart durable flame retardancy the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric was treated with DCTBPP via pad–dry–thermosol fixation and the PET/cotton (50/50) blend fabric was treated with both DCTBPP and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC)/urea precondensate via a two‐bath sequential treatment. The treated PET fabric's increased limiting oxygen index value was proportional to the increasing DCTBPP application level and showed self‐extinguishing properties at 8.1% add‐on, even after 50 washes. The blend fabric treated with 15% DCTBPP and 30% THPC/urea precondensate became self‐extinguishable and durable to 50 washes, and the treated fabric retained over 85% of its breaking strength without excessive stiffness. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 793–799, 2001     

HRP/H_2O_2引发制备酚类共聚物及其鞣制性能的研究

对羟基苯甲酸(PHBA)和对羟基苯磺酸(PHSA)在辣根过氧化酶(HRP)/H2O2的引发下进行自由基共聚反应制备酚类共聚物〔poly(PHBA-co-PHSA)〕,考察了酚类单体配比和HRP用量对共聚物鞣制性能的影响,用FTIR、NMR、UV和GPC对酚类共聚物的分子结构进行了表征。结果表明,所得酚类共聚物具有较好的鞣制性能,鞣制后的皮革收缩温度(Ts)达到了78.6℃,复鞣皮革柔软丰满,与铬鞣剂配合使用可减少铬鞣剂用量60%左右,Ts达到了98.63℃。     

Durable flame resistance via reaction of cotton cellulose bearing aromatic amino groups with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride

Chemically modified cotton fabric samples having different amounts of aromatic amino groups were prepared. These modified samples were reacted with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) under a variety of conditions using the pad-dry–thermofixation technique. The extent of the reaction (expressed as %P) was dependent of the degree of chemical modification of cotton, temperature and time of heating, and pH of the treating bath as well as incorporation of Lyofix CHN (N-methylol finishing agent), MgCl₂·6H₂O (catalyst), and urea at various concentrations. THPC did react with the modified cotton having a nitrogen content over a range of 0.4%–1.3% even in the absence of catalyst at a temperature as low as 30°C for 10 min to impart durable flame resistance to cotton. Increasing the temperature up to 80°C enhanced considerably the extent of reaction; he latter remained practically constant upon further increase in temperature. The reaction was favored in acidic media (pH 4–6), whereas alkaline media (pH 9–11) inhibited it. Incorporation of Lyofix CHN (9%), MgCl₂6H₂O (1%), and urea (5%) along with THPC (25%) in the treating bath required a curing temperature of 120°C and a curing time of 5 min to achieve a fabric containing as much as 2.7% phosphorus with excellent durable flame resistance. A tentative mechanism of the reaction between THPC and the modified cotton was also elicited.     

Facile preparation of water-soluble fluorescent gold nanoclusters for cellular imaging applications

We report a facile strategy to synthesize water-soluble, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) in one step by using a mild reductant, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC). A zwitterionic functional ligand, D-penicillamine (DPA), as a capping agent endowed the AuNCs with excellent stability in aqueous solvent over the physiologically relevant pH range. The DPA-capped AuNCs displayed excitation and emission bands at 400 and 610 nm, respectively; the fluorescence quantum yield was 1.3%. The effect of borohydride reduction on the optical spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that the AuNC luminescence is closely related to the presence of Au(I) on their surfaces. In a first optical imaging application, we studied internalization of the AuNCs by live HeLa cells using confocal microscopy with two-photon excitation. A cell viability assay revealed good biocompatibility of these AuNCs. Our studies demonstrate a great potential of DPA-stabilized AuNCs as fluorescent nanoprobes in bioimaging and related applications.     

无皂微乳液聚合制备加脂型复鞣剂

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、二乙烯基苯、丙烯酸、反应型乳化剂马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐和助乳化剂正戊醇制备得到无皂微乳液。通过正交实验优化出了反应型乳化剂的最佳合成条件:n(马来酸酐):n(十二醇)=1.15:1,反应温度80℃,反应时间3 h,制备出反应型乳化剂———马来酸酐十二醇单酯钾盐,代替外乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠,进行无皂微乳液聚合制备具有增强作用的加脂型复鞣剂。将制得的加脂型复鞣剂用于猪二层革的复鞣实验,结果表明,反应型乳化剂与混合单体(丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和二乙烯基苯)的质量分别为120 g和180 g,活性单体丙烯酸质量为10 g时对皮革的复鞣效果最好。成革的物理机械性能得到了提高,其横向撕裂强度提高58.8%,纵向撕裂强度提高37.4%,崩破强度提高54.1%。     

季铵盐离子液体催化苯胺选择性烷基化反应

对离子液体介质中苯胺与卤代烃的N-单烷基化反应,考察了9种不同结构的季铵盐、季鏻盐对反应的影响。结果表明,在60℃,用四丁基氯化铵作催化剂、三乙胺作缚酸剂,n(三乙胺)∶n(苯胺)∶n(卤代烃)∶n(四丁基氯化铵)=2∶1∶1∶0.05,苯胺能快速有效地与卤代烃发生N-烷基化反应,高选择性制备仲胺化合物,苯胺转化率达到86%,仲胺选择性达到87%,通过简单的乙醚萃取就可实现产物分离。季铵盐离子液体对邻位或对位有取代基的苯胺烷基化反应,也具有高的苯胺转化率和仲胺选择性,可以代替咪唑鎓盐离子液体用于苯胺选择性单烷基化反应。