多普勒计程仪的数据降噪算法

多普勒计程仪输出的船速数据中含有偏差较大的点,即野点,在数据处理时必须将其去除,否则可能会导致组合导航系统中的卡尔曼滤波发散。同时输出数据由于受到随机误差的影响,会导致数据的平滑性能变差。提出了一种多普勒计程仪的数据降噪算法,该算法首先利用改进的中值滤波方法去除数据中的野点,再利用小波阈收缩去噪算法去除随机误差。仿真结果表明,与传统的中值滤波相比,该算法能极大地提高处理增益,并且有很高的应用价值。     

一种优化的小波去噪方法

通过对多尺度边缘滤波和Donoho阈值决策小波域滤波(C-D方法)进行的研究,指出了C-D滤波方法存在的两点不足,并提出了一种改进的小波滤波去噪方法,仿真结果证明该方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于多尺度Kalman数据融合滤波

本文通过分析基于小波变换的动态系统模型,提出一种基于小波多尺度的Kalman数据滤波方法,本文利用小波的多尺度特点,把初始估计序列多尺度分解,并在不同尺度层上进行Kalman滤波估计,再利用小波重构来融合各层的估计信息,把标准Kalman滤波只在单一尺度和时间轴上对状态估计值和误差协方差进行数据更新,改进为基于小波变换的尺度轴和时间轴上的双向数据更新,该算法将小波多尺度分解去噪和Kalman滤波相结合,对实际中含较强噪声的动态系统的状态估计效果较好.算法也可用于多分辨率多传感器数据融合.     

基于小波神经网络的激光散斑图像去噪技术研究

提出基于小波神经网络的图像去噪方法,该方法兼有小波分析的良好时频域特性和神经网络的自适应能力.实验结果表明,该方法在去除噪声上优于中值滤波等传统去噪声方法,其散斑指数较小,峰值信噪比较大,在有效去除噪声同时,又能很好地保护图像的细节信息.     

优化EMD法及其在航空发动机振动信号分析中的应用

针对脉冲噪声和随机噪声对经验模式分解所产生的模式混叠和端点效应问题,提出了一种中值滤波-奇异值分解(Median Filter-Singular Value Decomposition,简称MF-SVD)联合降噪的优化经验模式分解方法.利用中值滤波对脉冲噪声的去除能力和SVD对随机噪声的抑制能力,同时为了解决SVD降噪中降噪阶次难以确定的问题,提出了能量差分谱的概念改善了SVD降噪能力.联合中值滤波和改进后的SVD降噪方法去除脉冲噪声和随机噪声干扰,有效改善经验模式分解质量.将该方法应用到航空发动机振动试飞数据分析中,很好地获取了表征自由涡轮转子和燃气发生器转子振动特征的数据分量,有效抑制了模式混叠和端点效应,验证了优化经验模式分解方法应用的有效性.     

激光陀螺随机噪声参数估计和滤波方法研究

激光陀螺(RLG)中随机噪声是影响其精度的一个重要因素,针对其噪声的特殊性质,采用小波方法去除随机噪声,提高激光陀螺的精度。通过小波分析的参数估计方法获得噪声参数,并用小波阈值滤波方法去除噪声,对某型号的RLG的滤波结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

去除脉冲噪声的自适应开关中值滤波

为消除图像中的脉冲噪声,提出了自适应开关中值(ASM)滤波算法。该算法采用一种新的噪声检测方法将图像中的像素分为信号点和噪声点两类。对检测出的噪声点统计其个数并由此估算图像中的噪声密度,根据估计的噪声密度自适应确定滤波窗口尺寸,采用改进的中值滤波对检测出的噪声点进行处理;而信号点则保留其灰度值不予处理。对ASM滤波进行仿真实验,结果表明,它能在有效去除噪声的同时很好地保护图像细节,较传统中值滤波及其它改进中值滤波算法有更优的滤波性能。     

基于小波函数的核主元特征约简方法研究

提出一种基于小波核函数的核主元特征约简方法,核函数是核主元分析的关键,将Mexican hat小波函数引核主元分析中,以增强核主元分析的非线性映射能力.用转子在正常、油膜涡动、不平衡和径向碰摩状态下的实验数据对该方法进行了检验,比较了主元分析、核主元分析与小波核主元分析的效果.结果表明,小波核主元分析方法能有效地区分转子故障模式,更适合于故障诊断中的非线性特征约简.     

基于神经网络的图像混合滤波及融合算法研究

当图像中同时存在高斯噪声和椒盐噪声时,单一的均值滤波或中值滤波很难达到最佳滤波效果。 分析了噪声特点和各种滤波方法的优势,提出了一种基于神经网络的图像混合滤波及融合算法:首先建立概率神经网络,检测椒盐噪声和高斯噪声点,并分别利用中值滤波和均值滤波去除噪声点,然后建立径向基函数神经网络,利用训练好的径向基函数神经网络融合 2 种不同滤波的图像,输出理想的融合图像。 Matlab 仿真实验结果表明,该算法有效去除混合噪声的同时,能很好地保护图像的边缘与细节,是一种有效的方法。     

非线性系统的小波分频的扩展Kalman滤波

基于噪声的小波变换特点,结合量测的多尺度分解和扩展Kalman滤波(EKF),提出了一种小波“最佳”尺度分解的分频EKF滤波算法。该算法依据小波变换模功率谱选择最佳小波分解尺度,并将小波多尺度分解去噪和分频EKF滤波结合起来。对实际中含强噪声的非线性动态系统进行状态估计效果较好。Monte-Carlo仿真表明,与普通EKF滤波相比,本文算法的滤波精度平均提高约10%。     

基于模糊神经网络与主成分分析的磨削表面粗糙度在线预测

基于声发射和振动信号提出了一种模糊神经网络和主成分分析的表面粗糙度预测方法,以提高磨削过程中工件表面粗糙度识别的准确性。首先,采集磨削程中声发射与振动信号,提取相关时域特征、频域特征和小波包特征参数,利用主成分分析对特征量进行降维优化;然后,构建表面粗糙度模糊神经网络预测模型,将信号特征量与表面粗糙度作为模糊神经网络的输入和输出;最后,对模型进行训练,并对表面粗糙度预测精度进行验证。实验结果表明:通过主成分分析(PCA)方法对声发射和振动信号特征量进行降维得到5个主成分,以此建立的模糊神经网络表面粗糙度预测模型的效果精度可达到91%以上,与局部线性嵌入和多维标度法降维方法相比,PCA方法降维后的特征所含信息更优,预测准确度更高。     

基于小波包变换与核主成分分析的铣削颤振识别

提出一种基于小波包变换（wavelet packets transform, WPT）与核主成分分析（kernel principal component analysis,KPCA）的颤振识别方法。铣削颤振会抑制或增强某些频段内的信号,利用四层小波包分解与重构,得到16个频段内的重构信号,获得各重构信号的面积,并进行归一化处理,完成铣削颤振特征向量的选择。继而通过对比基于主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）与核主成分分析的特征提取方法的特征提取效果,选取KPCA对特征向量进行降维处理,最后以降维后的数据作为最小二乘支持向量机分类器的输入对铣削状态进行识别。结果表明,在小样本的情况下仍能有效、准确地对铣削状态进行分类,分类准确率达95.0 %。     

Factorial coding of natural images: how effective are linear models in removing higher-order dependencies?

The performance of unsupervised learning models for natural images is evaluated quantitatively by means of information theory. We estimate the gain in statistical independence (the multi-information reduction) achieved with independent component analysis (ICA), principal component analysis (PCA), zero-phase whitening, and predictive coding. Predictive coding is translated into the transform coding framework, where it can be characterized by the constraint of a triangular filter matrix. A randomly sampled whitening basis and the Haar wavelet are included in the comparison as well. The comparison of all these methods is carried out for different patch sizes, ranging from 2x2 to 16x16 pixels. In spite of large differences in the shape of the basis functions, we find only small differences in the multi-information between all decorrelation transforms (5% or less) for all patch sizes. Among the second-order methods, PCA is optimal for small patch sizes and predictive coding performs best for large patch sizes. The extra gain achieved with ICA is always less than 2%. In conclusion, the edge filters found with ICA lead to only a surprisingly small improvement in terms of its actual objective.     

Interpretation of static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectra of adsorbed protein films by multivariate pattern recognition

Multivariate analysis has become increasingly common in the analysis of multidimensional spectral data. We previously showed that the multivariate analysis technique principal component analysis (PCA) is an excellent method for interpreting the static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) spectra of adsorbed protein films. PCA is an unsupervised pattern recognition technique that loses resolution between spectra of different proteins as more proteins are added to the data set due to large within-group variation. The supervised pattern recognition techniques discriminant principal component analysis (DPCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), which aim to control within-group variation while maximizing between-group separation to enhance discrimination between groups, were compared with PCA using data sets of TOF-SIMS spectra of proteins adsorbed onto mica and PTFE substrates. DPCA and LDA quantitatively improved discrimination between groups and provided different information about the data than PCA. LDA was able to classify unknown samples with a misclassification rate lower than PCA or DPCA. Both unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition techniques are useful for the interpretation and classification of static TOF-SIMS spectra of adsorbed protein films.     

Principal component analysis of TOF-SIMS images of organic monolayers

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical method used to find combinations of variables or factors that describe the most important trends in the data. PCA has been combined with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) data to extract new information and find relations between species contained in complex systems. Monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine alone and mixed with palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol prepared using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique are discussed. PCA software provides image scores and corresponding loadings for each significant principal component. Image plots of the scores show the spatial distribution and intensity of the species defined by the loading plots (mass spectral features). The intensity and resolution of the image scores can result in substantial improvement over that of the regular TOF-SIMS images especially when static conditions are used for small analysis areas. Also, some of the effects of topography and matrix in the images can be removed, allowing for a better presentation of chemical variations.     

基于旋转电极的电容层析成像技术图像融合算法

针对固定电极的电容层析成像技术独立测量值较少,且由于电极位置的影响而导致重建图像失真等问题,提出了一种基于16旋转电极的电容层析成像技术系统模型及对应的图像融合方法。模型对16电极的电容层析成像技术模型进行4次旋转,得出的数据分别采用线性反投影算法和修正共轭梯度法算法进行图像重建,再将重建的5张图像进行小波变换,变换得到的低频和高频成分分别采用加权平均和主分量分析的融合准则进行图像融合。实验结果表明:提出的电容层析成像技术旋转模型通过增加测量电容数,结合图像融合方法可明显提高重构图像质量,降低成像误差。     

Application of linear and nonlinear discrete wavelet transforms to MALDI-MS measurements of bacteria for classification

The linear and nonlinear discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) were used to compress matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra to address two key challenges: the relatively high noise level and the underdetermined format of the data set. By applying the DWT to MALDI-MS spectra, the spectra were simultaneously smoothed and compressed. Multivariate projected difference resolution was used to evaluate the effects of the linear and nonlinear DWT on classification. The cross-validation study using bootstrapped Latin partition and partial least-squares (PLS-2) has proved that the classification accuracy increased after data compression. The best result was obtained when using Fisher's criterion to choose wavelet coefficients for compression. With the aid of principal component analysis (PCA), different wavelet filters may provide different mathematical perspectives to visualize the clustering of bacteria. The effect of growth time was directly observed with wavelet transform, which could not be observed using the original spectra.     

基于改进主元分析方法的空调系统传感器故障检测和诊断研究

传感器在空调系统中主要起着监测和控制的作用,影响空调系统的正常运行,从而带来能耗增加等不良影响。本文提出了结合小波变换的数据优化,以及基于神经网络的故障诊断优化的改进主元分析方法,用于空调系统传感器故障检测和诊断研究。通过对比数据优化前后主元分析的结果,发现同样0. 850 0累计贡献率原则上,采用小波变换去除噪声后,主元个数减少了两个,蒸发器进口温度传感器的固定偏差、漂移、精度下降等故障检测效果分别提升了0. 020 7、0. 020 8、0. 041 5,风量传感器固定偏差故障检测效果提升了0. 160 6。为了进一步找出故障源,在小波变换和主元分析的基础上,将求得的主元作为神经网络的输入,对5个传感器固定偏差故障进行测试,故障诊断结果分别为0. 766 7、0. 866 7、0. 900 0、1. 000 0、1. 000 0。     

基于小波包分解和PCA-Attention-LSTM的舰船辐射噪声识别技术

为了改进舰船辐射噪声分类系统的性能,进一步提高识别准确率,文章提出了一种基于多特征的小波包分解在长短期记忆(LongShort-TermMemory,LSTM)网络中分类的方法。该方法首先通过小波包分解技术,分频段提取舰船辐射噪声的多种特征,将提取的特征利用主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)进行数据降维,通过添加注意力机制(Attention Mechanism)算法的LSTM网络,对辐射噪声结果分类,提高了学习效率和识别准确率。为了更精细地提取特征,分频段提取了舰船辐射噪声的时频域特征、小波变换特征和梅尔倒谱系数等特征,并将分频段与不分频段的特征、多特征与单一特征、不同信噪比间的算法性能进行对比。实验结果表明,基于小波包分解和PCA-Attention-LSTM的模型可以有效地提高舰船辐射噪声分类的性能,是一种可行的分类方法。     

Independent component analysis applied on gas sensor array measurement data

The performance of gas-sensor array systems is greatly influenced by the pattern recognition scheme applied on the instrument's measurement data. The traditional method of choice is principal component analysis (PCA), aiming for reduction in dimensionality and visualization of multivariate measurement data. PCA, as a second-order statistical tool, performs well in many cases, but lacks the ability to give meaningful representations for non-Gaussian data, which often is a property of gas-sensor array measurement data. If, instead, higher order statistical methods are considered for data analysis, more useful information can be extracted from the data. This paper introduces the higher order statistical method called independent component analysis (ICA) as a novel tool for analysis of gas-sensor array measurement data. A comparison between the performances of PCA and ICA is illustrated both in theory and for two sets of practical measurement data. The described experiments show that ICA is capable of handling sensor drift combined with improved discrimination, dimensionality reduction, and more adequate data representation when compared to PCA.