Effect of preparation methods on the structure and catalytic performance of Fe–Zn/K catalysts for CO_2 hydrogenation to light olefins

Potassium promoted iron–zinc catalysts prepared by co-precipitation method(C–Fe–Zn/K),solvothermal method(S–Fe–Zn/K)and hydrothermal method(H–Fe–Zn/K)could selectively convert CO_2to light olefins,respectively.The physicochemical properties of the obtained catalysts were determined by SEM,N_2physisorption,XRD,H_2-TPR,CO_2-TPD and XPS measurements.The results demonstrated that preparation methods had great influences on the morphology,phase structures,reduction and adsorption behavior,and hence the catalytic performance of the catalysts.The samples prepared by hydrothermal and co-precipitation method generated small uniform particles and led to lower specific surface area.In contrast,microspheres with larger specific surface area were formed by self-assembly of nanosheets using solvothermal method.ZnFe_2O_4was the only detectable phase in the fresh C–2Fe–1Zn/K,S–3Fe–1Zn/K and S–2Fe–1Zn/K samples.ZnFe_2O_4and ZnO co-existed with increasing Zncontent in S–1Fe–1Zn/K sample,while ZnO and Fe_2O_3could be observed over H–2Fe–1Zn/K sample.All the used samples contained Fe_3O_4,ZnO and Fe_5C_2.The peak intensity of ZnO was strong in the AR-H–2Fe–1Zn/K sample while it was the lowest in the AR-C–2Fe–1Zn/K sample after reaction.The formation of ZnFe_2O_4increased the interaction between iron and zinc for C–2Fe–1Zn/K and S–Fe–Zn/K samples,causing easier reduction of Fe_2O_3to Fe_3O_4.The surface basicity of the sample prepared by co-precipitation method was much more than that of the other two methods.During CO_2hydrogenation,all the catalysts showed good activity and olefin selectivity.The CO selectivity was increased with increasing Zncontent over S–Fe–Zn/K samples.H–2Fe–1Zn/K catalyst preferred to the production of C_5~+hydrocarbons.CO_2conversion of 54.76%and C_2~=–C_4~=contents of 57.38%were obtained on C–2Fe–1Zn/K sample,respectively.     

The Solubility of Styrene from Polystyrene in Supercritical CO2

The solubility of styrene from polystyrene in supercritical carbon dioxide is measuredat 323 K,333 K,and 343 K in the pressure range from 12 to 28 MPa.Based on the associationconcept and the theory of dense gas sorption in polymers,a displacement and association mechanismon supercritical fluid extraction of the monomer from the polymer is proposed.And,a novel math-ematical model for correlating the solubility data obtained from the experiments is also proposed inthe paper.     

Block Copolymesrs of Ethylene Oxide and Styrene Oxide. New Copolymer Surfactants(Ⅱ)

~~Block Copolymesrs of Ethylene Oxide and Styrene Oxide. New Copolymer Surfactants(Ⅱ)@David Attwood$School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science,University of Manchester!Manchester M139PL,U K @Colin Booth$Departmentof Chemistry,U niversity of Manchester!Manchester M139PL,U K.~~…     

Measurement and correlation of solid–liquid phase equilibria for binary and ternary systems consisting of N-vinylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone and water

The solid–liquid equilibria(SLE)for binary and ternary systems consisting of N-Vinylpyrrolidone(NVP),2-Pyrrolidone(2-P)and water are measured.The phase diagrams of NVP(1)+2-P(2),NVP(1)+water(2),NVP(1)+2-P(2)+1 wt%water(3)and NVP(1)+2-P(2)+2 wt%water(3)are identified as simple eutectic type with the eutectic points at 263.75 K(x_(1E)=0.5427),251.65 K(x_(1E)=0.3722),260.25 K(x_(1E)=0.5031)and256.55 K(x_(1E)=0.4684),respectively.The phase diagram of 2-P(1)+water(2)has two eutectic points(x_(1E)=0.1236,T_E=259.15 K and x_(1E)=0.7831,T_E=286.15 K)and one congruent melting point(x_(1C)=0.4997,T_C=303.55 K)because of the generation of a congruently melting addition compound:2-P·H_2O.The ideal solubility and the UNIFAC models were applied to predict the SLE,while the Wilson and NRTL models were employed in correlating the experimental data.The best correlation of the SLE data has been obtained by the Wilson model for the binary system of NVP+2-P.The UNIFAC model gives more satisfactory predictions than the ideal solubility model.     

Study on the Diffusion Coefficient of Sodium Chloride at Infinite Dilution in Supercritical Water

The molecular dynamics (MD) was employed to simulate the diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride at infinite dilution in supercritical water from 703.2 K to 763.2 K and from 30 MPa to 45 MPa. Based on the simulated data and the Patel-Teja(PT) equation of state and the Liu-Ruckenstein equation, an equation for calculating the diffusion coefficient of NaCl at infinite dilution in supercritical water is proposed. Both the agreement between the simulated and correlated data, and that between the simulated and predicted data of diffusion coefficients for NaCl in supercritical water ranging from 703.2K to 803.2 K and from 25 MPa to 50 MPa show that this equation is applicable for the calculation of diffusion coefficients.     

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for binary system of aniline+methyl-N-phenyl carbamate

In this study,the quasi-static ebulliometric method was used to measure both of the vapor pressures of methyl N-phenyl carbamate(MPC),and the isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of the aniline and MPC binary system.The measured vapor pressure data of MPC,at different temperature ranging from 369.60 to 389.54 K,fitted well with the Antoine equation.The VLE data for the aniline and MPC system at(2.00,4.00,6.00,7.00 and 8.00) k Pa were correlated by both of nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL) and Wilson models.The parameters of the two models were obtained by regressing the experimental data,with the absolute temperature deviations of 0.54 K and 0.53 K,respectively.The relative volatility of the binary system calculated was all far more than 1,which gives the conclusion that the high purity MPC can be separated from aniline and MPC binary system by rectification or distillation technology.     

Aluminum Reduction and Nitridation of Bauxite

The application of bauxite with low Al2O3 content has been studied in this paper and β-SiAlON has been obtained from two kinds of bauxites (Al2O3 content 68.08 mass% and 46.30 mass% respectively) by aluminum reduction and nitridation method. The sequence of reactions has been studied using thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS. Compared with carbon thermal reduction and nitridation of aluminosilicates employed presently, the reaction in the system of bauxite-Al-N2 occurs at lower temperature. β-SiAlON appears as one of the main products from 1573K and exists stably in the range of the present experimental temperature. The microstructure of β-SiAlON obtained at 1773 K is short column with 5-10μm observed by SEM.     

Thermodynamic analysis and modification of Gibbs–Thomson equation for melting point depression of metal nanoparticles

Abnormal melting point depression of metal nanoparticles often occurs in heterogeneous catalytic reactions,which leads to a reduction in the stability of reactive nanoclusters.To study this abnormal phenomenon,the original and surface-energy modified Gibbs-Thomson equations were analyzed in this work and further modified by considering the effect of the substrate.The results revealed that the original Gibbs-Thomson equation was not suitable for the particles with radii smaller than 10 nm.Moreover,the performance of the surface-energy modified Gibbs-Thomson equation was improved,and the deviation was reduced to(-350-100) K,although further modification of the equation by considering the interfacial effect was necessary for the small particles(r 5 nm).The new model with the interfacial effect improved the model performance with a deviation of approximately-50 to 20 K,where the interfacial effect can be predicted quantitatively from the thermodynamic properties of the metal and substrate.Additionally,the micro-wetting parameter α_W can be used to qualitatively study the overall impact of the substrate on the melting point depression.     

Determination of Interfacial Parameters of Copolyamide Membrane Material by HPLC

The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method is employed with copolyamide-170 (PA-170) membrane material as packing to determine the retention volume (V?R) and equilibrium distribution coefficient (K?A) of both inorganic solutes and organic solutes. Based on the experimental data, the interfacial parameters of the packing material are obtained.     

Continuous separation of proteins by hydrophilic polymer shielded multichannel flow electrophoresis

Continuous separation of protein mixtures by multichannel flow electrophoresis(MFE)wascarried out in a 5-compartment electrolyzer partitioned by membranes.Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA),polyethylene glycol 4000(PEG 4000)and polyvinylpyrrolidene K30(PVP K30)were applied to theMFE as shielding polymers to prevent protein adsorption on the polyethersulfone microfiltrationmembrane,which was used to space the central compartment and the elution compartments,duringthe electrophoresis process.The effects of polymer concentration on protein transmembrane flux wereexamined.It was found that PVA,PEG 4000 and PVP K30 greatly reduced protein adsorpton on themembrane surface.Continuous separations of bovine serum albumin(BSA)and hemoglobin(HBB)mix-ture in the presence of PEG 4000 yielded 26.6mg BSA 40.4mg HBB per hour.These results haveshown a high potential of scaling up MFE for large scale separation and purification ofbiomolecules.     

黄藤素溶解度的测定与关联

在黄藤素的提取分离过程中,其在不同溶剂中的溶解度数据对其结晶纯化有重要的指导意义。本文以UV法测定了298.12-313．12K时黄藤素在纯水、甲醇、乙醇、三氯甲烷等不同溶剂中的溶解度数据,为黄藤素的结晶纯化提供了基础的热力学数据。试验结果表明,黄藤素在四种溶剂中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增加。对试验结果采用Apelblat方程进行拟合,其溶解度关联值与试验值比较稳合。     

Solubility measurement and thermodynamic properties of sulfamonomethoxine in pure solvents and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate in acetone + water binary solvent at different temperature

The experimental solubility of sulfamonomethoxine in six different pure solvents (methanol,ethanol,1-propanol,l-butanol,ethyl acetate and acetone) and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate in acetone + water mixture solvents were measured from 294.55 K to 362.15 K by a laser dynamic method under atmospheric pressure.Experimental results indicated that the solubility data of sulfamonomethoxine increased with temperature increasing in pure solvents and the solubility followed this order:acetone ＞methanol ＞ ethanol ＞ ethyl acetate ＞ 1-propanol ＞ 1-butanol,but solubility in ethyl acetate was not affected significantly by temperature.In acetone + water mixture solvent,the solubility of sulfa-monomethoxine hydrate increased with temperature and the acetone concentration.Thermodynamic equations were applied to correlate solubility data of sulfamonomethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate including the modified Apelblat equation,λh equation,Wilson equation,NRTL equation,Van't Hoff-Jouyban Acree equation and modified Apel-Jouyban-Acree equation.Furthermore,thermodynamic properties △Gd,△Hd and △Sd of sulfamonomethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate in dissolution process were obtained and discussed with the modified Van't Hoff equation and Gibbs equation.     

胆汁酸溶解度的测定与数据关联

在胆汁酸结晶过程中,温度对胆汁酸在不同有机溶剂中溶解度的影响至关重要。采用平衡法结合HPLC法测定303.15~353.15 K胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸、熊去氧胆酸在5种有机溶剂中的溶解度,分别采用多项式经验方程和理想溶液方程对实验数据进行关联。结果表明,胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸、熊去氧胆酸在不同有机溶剂中的溶解度均随温度升高而增加,这两种方程均能较好地关联溶解度实验数据,其中多项式经验方程关联的相关系数均在0.98以上。     

β-蒿甲醚在五种有机溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联

采用重量法测量了288.35～322.75 K温度范围内β-蒿甲醚在正丙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯及N, N-二甲基甲酰胺中的溶解度.结果表明β-蒿甲醚在五种有机溶剂中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增大,但在不同的溶剂中溶解度及其温度敏感性存在一定差异,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、乙酸乙酯和丙酮中的溶解度相对较大,而在正丙醇和异丙醇中的溶解度相对较小但对温度比较敏感.采用经验方程和理想溶液模型对实验数据进行了关联,计算值与实验值吻合良好.上述结果可为蒿甲醚结晶过程溶剂选择提供基础数据.     

两种天然甜味剂甜菊苷和瑞鲍迪苷A在不同溶剂中的溶解度测定

用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定了两种天然甜味剂甜菊苷和瑞鲍迪苷A在不同纯溶剂中的固液平衡数据,温度范围为288.15~328.15 K。从实验数据知,所有研究的体系的溶解度均随温度的升高而增大。实验数据用三参数方程和NRTL模型拟合,拟合结果显示,两种模型均有好的拟合结果。由得到的溶解度数据,可指导甜菊苷与瑞鲍迪苷A的分离及结晶纯化溶剂的选择。     

对苯二甲酸在酰胺类溶剂中的溶解度

测定了303.2～363.2 K温度范围内,对苯二甲酸在N,N-二甲基丙酰胺（DMP）、N,N-二乙基丙酰胺（DEP）和N,N-二乙基乙酰胺（DEA）中的溶解度。随着温度的升高,对苯二甲酸在3种酰胺类溶剂中的溶解度都增大;但是在不同的溶剂中表现出不同的温度敏感性,在该温度范围内N,N-二乙基乙酰胺中溶解度对温度最为敏感。实验数据用Buchowski等提出的λh方程进行了关联,实验值与计算值符合良好。     

Determination and correlation solubility of 4-nitroimidazole in twelve pure solvents from 278.15 K to 323.15 K

In this paper, the solubility of 4-nitroimidazole in twelve pure solvents (toluene, benzene, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, acetone, GBL, ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, DMF and NMP) were determined by using the laser monitoring system from 278.15 K to 323.15 K under 101.1 kPa, which are 0.00018-0.00070, 0.00021-0.00073, 0.00034-0.00092, 0.00038-0.00142, 0.00047-0.00120, 0.00126-0.00303, 0.00225-0.00517, 0.00310-0.00724, 0.00467-0.00982, 0.00453-0.01940, 0.01947-0.04652, and 0.04670-0.07452, respectively. At constant temperature, the mole fraction solubility of 4-nitroimidazole were increased as the following order: toluene < benzene < 1,4-dioxane < (ethyl acetate or acetonitrile) < acetone < GBL < ethanol < (methanol or nbutanol) < DMF < NMP, and the solubility of 4-nitroimidazole in (ethyl acetate, acetonitrile) and (methanol, n-butanol) had an intersection point at 297.55 K and 281.85 K, respectively. The solubility of 4-nitroimidazole could be increased with increasing temperature in twelve pure solvents. The ideal model, modified Apelblat equation, polynomial empirical equation, and λh equation were used to correlate the experimental values. The experimental solubility values were employed to calculate the standard dissolution enthalpy, standard dissolution entropy and Gibbs energy. The dissolution of 4-nitroimidazole could be an endothermic process in twelve pure solvents. The determination and fitting solubility of 4-nitroimidazole have important guiding significance for the purification and crystallization of its preparation process.     

双季戊四醇在3种混合溶剂中的固-液相平衡

采用动态平衡法,在293.15～332.80 K、常压下,测定了双季戊四醇(DPE)在水+(甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇)三种混合溶剂中的溶解度数据。结果表明：DPE在不同质量分数的水+(甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇)混合溶剂中的溶解度随体系温度升高而增大;同一温度下,其在所选取溶剂体系中的溶解度随着甲醇、乙醇或异丙醇质量分数的增大而先增大后减小。λh方程、两参数方程与Apelblat方程均能够对所测定的溶解度数据进行较好的关联;通过修正的van’t Hoff方程计算得到DPE在所选取溶剂体系中Δ_sol H ⁰、Δ_sol S ⁰和Δ_sol G ⁰均大于零,表明DPE在所选取溶剂体系中的溶解过程为吸热、熵增的非自发过程。     

Determination and correlation solubility of m-phenylenediamine in (methanol,ethanol, acetonitrile and water) and their binary solvents from 278.15 K to 313.15 K

In this study, the solubility of m-phenylenediamine in four pure solvents(methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and water) and three binary solvent(methanol + water),(ethanol + water) and(acetonitrile + water) systems were determined in the temperature ranging from 278.15 K to 313.15 K by using the gravimetric method under atmospheric pressure. In the temperature range of 278.15 K to 313.15 K, the mole fraction solubility values of m-phenylenediamine in water, methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile are 0.0093–0.1533, 0.1668–0.5589,0.1072–0.5356, and 0.1717–0.6438, respectively. At constant temperature and solvent composition, the mole fraction solubility of o-phenylenediamine in four pure solvents was increased as the following order:water b ethanol b methanol b acetonitrile; and in the three binary solvent mixtures could be ranked as follows:(ethanol + water) b(methanol + water) b(acetonitrile + water). The relationship between the experimental temperature and the solubility of m-phenylenediamine was revealed as follows: the solubility of mphenylenediamine in pure and binary solvents could be increased with the increase of temperature. The experimental values were correlated with the Jouyban–Acree model, van't Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model, modified Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree model, Sun model and Ma model. The standard dissolution enthalpy, standard dissolution entropy and the Gibbs energy were calculated based on the experimental solubility data. In the binary solvent mixtures, the dissolution of m-phenylenediamine could be an endothermic process. The solubility data,correlation equations and thermodynamic property obtained from this study would be invoked as basic data and models regarding the purification and crystallization process of m-phenylenediamine.     

碳酸二苯酯在乙醇-碳酸二乙酯中固液平衡的测定与关联

采用激光法测定了碳酸二苯酯(DPC)在乙醇 碳酸二乙酯(DEC)混合溶剂中的溶解度。结果表明,在283.15～333.15 K下,碳酸二苯酯在混合溶剂中的溶解度随温度的升高而增大;相同温度下,溶解度随着乙醇浓度的增大而减小。进一步选用Wilson方程和λh方程拟合DPC的溶解度, 根据实验数据回归了模型参数,溶解度拟合值与实验值非常吻合,平均误差小于2.0%。计算表明Wilson方程对碳酸二苯酯-乙醇-碳酸二乙酯体系的计算精度更高些。