评估变压器油纸绝缘受潮的电压响应方法研究

回复电压法能有效诊断变压器油纸绝缘的状态,但测量时间过长,由此提出通过单次加压建立的极化在不同去极化时间段内的电压响应特性进行绝缘诊断的方法,省去多次加压的过程,节省了测量时间;实验研究了不同受潮状态的变压器油纸绝缘介质在不同去极化时间段的电压响应特性,结果表明,充电2000s后首次放电0.1s的电压响应初始斜率随绝缘受潮程度的增加而增大,可作为评估其受潮状态的特征量;同时通过频域分析仪测得介质的直流电导率,将其与根据首次放电初始斜率计算获得的极化电导率进行对比分析,进一步验证了该特征量的有效性。本文提出的测量方法为应用电压响应法现场快速诊断变压器油纸绝缘的受潮状态提供了一种新的研究思路。     

XLPE绝缘电老化中局放特性试验研究

利用TE571局放检测仪和超宽频带局放(PD)检测系统研究了XLPE电缆绝缘试样加速电老化过程中判断试样老化状态的局放统计参量和单次放电波形特性。结果表明,电老化过程中单次放电时域波形的上升沿变陡,从老化前50 ns降低为老化50 h的8 ns;脉冲幅值从老化前的2 mV增加到老化50 h的17 mV;放电频谱中特征峰的位置随着老化程度的加剧向高频方向移动,从老化前<15 MHz增加到老化50 h的<50 MHz和125~200MHz。该研究为放电单次波形检测技术评估XLPE电力电缆绝缘状态的基础研究。     

A generalized approach to partial discharge modeling

An important tool for improving the reliability of HV insulation systems are partial discharge (PD) measurements. The interpretation of such measurements aims at extracting from the measured data information about insulation defects which then are used for estimating the risk of insulation failure of the equipment. Because the physical understanding of PD has made substantial progress in the last decade, it can now be exploited to support interpretation. In this paper a concept is presented which merges the available physical knowledge about various PD types into a generalized model which can be applied to arbitrary insulation defects. This approach will be restricted to PD of the streamer type in gases and at gas-insulator interfaces which cover a large fraction of the cases encountered in technical insulation systems. The generalized model allows us to derive approximate relations between defect characteristics, insulation design parameters and test conditions on one side, and measurable PD characteristics on the other. The inversion of these relations yields rules for extracting defect information from the PD data. The application of the generalized model is illustrated by two simple examples, namely, spherical voids in an insulator and electrode protrusions in SF₆     

矿山电力变压器油纸绝缘老化的微观结构及放电特性研究*

文章对比分析了实际寿命周期中矿山电力变压器(矿山变)与普通电力变压器(普通变)油纸绝缘老化的微观结构及放电性能。利用粘度测试仪、光学显微镜及扫描电镜等现代测试手段,并根据放电相位分布(phase-resolved partial discharge,PRPD)模式,分析了油纸的聚合度、表面形态及微观形貌,以及放电起始电压、放电量及放电次数等。结果表明：温度、水分和生成物的协同作用导致了老化过程中油纸微观结构缺陷形成并进而引发电树枝,绝缘缺陷的分散性导致了放电相位分布中的“波浪”特征;运行过程中,矿山变油纸老化更加严重,局部放电现象更加激烈;矿区运行环境是造成矿山变油纸老化更严重的主要原因,矿山变油纸微观结构变化更加明显是导致其放电特征变化更加显著的直接原因;对矿山变绝缘状态的监测须从严执行电力标准,局部放电能更有效进行矿山变绝缘状态诊断。     

Fundamental aspects of excitation and propagation of on-line partial discharge signals in three-phase medium voltage cable systems

On-line partial discharge (PD) detection of three-phase belted medium voltage cable connections results in a number of interpretation differences as compared to off-line measurements where only one phase is energized. The induced currents and charges in the phase conductors and earth screen upon a PD not only depend on the discharge site, but also become phase angle dependent. Furthermore, simulations show that the PD distribution itself varies with the amount of eccentricity of the rotating electric field and may differ from the off-line distributions obtained with a linear field. Finally, the PD propagation in a multi-conductor cable also alters the signals measured at the cable terminals. In this paper, induced charges and PD distributions are studied by means of computer simulation. The cable propagation characteristics are verified by measurements.     

在线局部放电监测技术的实际应用

局部放电测量装置价格高 ,安装局部放电传感器和对结果进行解释的困难妨碍了它的广泛应用。通过 5年的研究开发和广泛的工业应用 ,工业研究公司(TRL)进行的快速非侵入性在线局放测量可使工业界通过有效经济的预言以及状态检修来保护它们的主设备     

激光粒度分析仪的关键技术及研究进展

激光粒度仪采用光散射原理测量颗粒的尺寸及其分布,可实现从亚纳米到微米测量范围的全覆盖。针对激光粒度仪的研究与应用热点,对光散射理论、测量技术、分形理论和传感器的优化设计等方面进行了深入的文献研究。阐述了静态光散射法和动态光散射法的原理及其适用条件;总结了国内外激光粒度测试技术研究的进展;分析了主要激光粒度仪产品的关键技术和性能指标。研究结果表明,激光粒度分析仪设计的关键技术是光学对中技术、激光检测器的优化设计及仪器校准技术、样品分散技术;激光粒度仪的发展趋势是测量准确度的提高、复杂信号的处理能力的增强,仪器设计的智能化和模块化水平的提高;最后指出了我国国产激光粒度检测仪发展的三大优势。     

局部放电特高频检测校准影响因素研究

局部放电特高频(UHF)法广泛应用于电气设备在线监测,由于UHF信号传递函数的影响因素相当繁复,至今未能实现定量校准。为研究UHF检测技术定量校准的影响因素,分析了典型局部放电源的放电机理,通过试验研究了UHF信号的传播规律以及天线测量特性。研究表明,基于特征参量放电量的UHF检测校准可靠性与放电源有较大关联,电晕放电与悬浮放电的校准曲线更能准确表征设备绝缘缺陷的严重程度,内部气隙放电与沿面放电的准确性则相对较差。UHF信号能量衰减至平稳期所需距离随频率增高而变小,而UHF信号频率变化时不影响传感器在不同角度测量的信号能量衰减变化规律。因此,UHF信号校准必须综合考量具体的放电类型与测量条件。研究结果可为构建UHF校准体系的进一步研究提供参考,对推进UHF法在电力设备故障诊断和绝缘状态评估中的应用具有重要意义。     

交联电缆典型绝缘损伤针刺模型的局部放电试验研究

构建了交联电缆施工及运行过程中的典型绝缘损伤模型——针刺模型,设计并制作了衰减振荡波电压发生器,分别测量了针刺模型在交流电压及衰减振荡波电压下的局部放电脉冲,对比分析了针刺模型在振荡电压下的局部放电的一些基本特征,结合IEC 60060-3标准对交联电缆采用衰减振荡波的耐压试验与局放测量的可行性进行了探讨,对现场综合评估交联电缆主绝缘的状态方法进行了实验室内的初步试验研究。     

Using correlation coefficients for locating partial discharge in power transformer

Most serious failure of power transformers is due to the insulation breakdown. Partial discharge (PD) that damages insulation by gradual erosion is major source of insulation failure. The effective ability of the wavelet packets analysis as a tool for disk-to-disk partial discharge faults detection and localization in transformer windings is shown in this paper. Techniques for locating a PD source are of the major importance in both the maintenance and repair of a transformer. One of the most well-known methods of PD localization in transformers is based on winding modeling and current of neutral point analysis. Since the impedance between PD location and neutral point of winding depends on the PD location in respect to neutral point, the frequency spectrum of neutral point current varies when the PD location changes. In the other word, the current components of neutral points vary according to the place where PD occurs. So in this paper, detailed model of transformer winding is modeled and the neutral point current is studied for locating PD. The used method is validated by the simulated model of transformer windings. This model produces a very acceptable current when compared to the experimental data. In this paper for locating partial discharge (PD) in transformer windings, a simulated model is developed for the transformer winding and the PD phenomenon mechanism. The impulse current test and wavelet packets transformation are used to locate PD. It is shown that the neutral current measurement of the transformer winding has useful information about PD location.     

Fundamentals in computer aided PD processing, PD patternrecognition and automated diagnosis in GIS

The partial discharge (PD) measurement is a sensitive method for testing and monitoring the insulation condition of HV apparatus. Digital PD measurements have become state of the art. Computer-based PD diagnostic systems nowadays can be used to increase the reliability of modern gas-insulated system (GIS). Also on-line monitoring of HV equipment is becoming increasingly important to enable prevention of a sudden breakdown of PD affected components. On-line monitoring must be done on-site, but an important problem of on-site PD measurement is the superposition of PD data and interference. Furthermore, reliable recognition of the type or nature of the insulation defect is necessary for any risk assessment. Traditionally, this is achieved with reference to expert knowledge. An alternative approach is presented in this paper, which treats the fundamentals of automated computer-based PD diagnosis, taking into account that successful noise suppression is essential for a successful on-site diagnosis     

基于图像特征和深度森林的乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘

为了更准确地对乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘老化状态进行识别,提出了一种基于局部放电图像特征和深度森林的识别方法。文中制备了不同老化状态的乙丙橡胶试样,搭建了局部放电试验平台,通过试验获得了不同老化状态的乙丙橡胶试样局部放电谱图,并从局部放电谱图中提取了19个特征参量,结合深度森林网络对不同老化程度的试样进行识别。结果表明：通过结合局部放电谱图特征和深度森林网络能够准确的识别电缆老化状态,且识别率优于其他传统分类算法。将局部放电图像特征与深度森林结合应用于电缆的绝缘老化诊断具有较好地工程应用前景。     

PD source recognition by Weibull processing of pulse heightdistributions

The problem of identification of partial discharge (PD) phenomena occurring in an insulation system is addressed in this paper. PD distributions coming from different sources, such as internal voids, as well as surface and corona discharges, are compared. In particular, the investigation focuses on the Weibull probability function applied to pulse charge-height distribution. It is shown that the different discharge sources can be identified on the basis of the value of the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution and that identification holds even when two PD sources are combined, i.e. are active simultaneously. In this case, the application of the 5-parameter Weibull function permits separation of PD phenomena, and recognition by means of the shape parameter value associated to each phenomenon. Finally, the proposed procedure is applied to practical objects, i.e. insulation systems of rotating machines, with real insulation defects, showing promising on-field application prospective     

基于统计参数的自适应网络推理系统在局部放电缺陷识别中的应用

高压电力设备在发生绝缘劣化的早期,内部会出现局部放电现象,笔者依据检测得到的局放信号,提出了采用基于统计参数的自适应网络推理系统进行绝缘缺陷模式识别的方法。自适应网络推理系统是神经网络和模糊逻辑的结合,通过模糊逻辑进行识别系统建模,利用神经网络训练系统参数。设计并实验了4种绝缘缺陷模型,对多周期的局放信号进行相位分布及幅值分布统计,提取表征局放特性的统计参数,总结了不同缺陷模型局放特征的区别。实际的检测结果表明,经过训练后的局放缺陷识别系统,能够有效地对各种缺陷的样本数据进行分类,达到良好的识别效果。     

A new adaptive technique for on-line partial discharge monitoring

The insulation system of HV apparatus deteriorates due to partial discharges (PD). PD tests are carried out successfully in shielded laboratories to verify the insulation quality and to rectify defects left during the manufacturing process. A variety of techniques exists for this purpose. It is also desired to monitor the insulation when equipment is in operation. Unfortunately, the performance of PD test equipment is adversely affected by interference signals. The sinusoidal signals of low and high frequency, due to their correlation, make the measurement difficult and sometimes even impossible. This paper describes the design of an adaptive digital filtering technique and its successful application to the on-line/on-site detection of PD current pulses generated in HV insulation in the presence of sinusoidal noise signals. The technique is based on Wiener optimal filtering theory and its characteristics are investigated. The adaptive filter of this system has a time-varying response and is self-tuning to each low and high frequency noise component. The filter remains active until the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly increased and it can be used for weak PD pulse integration. Theoretical background of the technique and the results of laboratory and field tests are presented     

基于高频电流电磁耦合法的XLPE电缆局部放电测量分析

通过归纳电缆局部放电测量信号的各种干扰源及放电信号基本特征,分析局部放电测量中信号识别方法的放电相位图谱、信号频谱特性、信号幅特性以及信号分离技术,提出了一种基于高频电流电磁耦合法的局放带电测试方法.该法结合计算机辅助分析手段,利用现有局部放电研究成果和经验,可提高局放测量中对信号进行正确分析和判别的能力.应用该方法对某电缆线路开展测试工作,并分离出局部放电信号.     

交流与雷电冲击叠加电压下SF6气体中沿面局部放电测量与数值计算

由冲击过电压所引发的环氧绝缘沿面局部放电往往会造成严重的绝缘事故,威胁设备的运行安全。采用不同的测量方法对交流与雷电冲击叠加电压下SF6气体中环氧绝缘沿面局部放电进行测量。分析讨论冲击叠加相位和冲击电压极性对沿面局部放电激发过程的影响。基于试验结果的讨论分析和沿面局部放电基本物理过程,建立交流与冲击叠加电压下沿面局部放电激发过程的数学模型,对不同极性冲击叠加在交流电压不同相位后沿面局部放电的放电时延、放电量进行数值计算。同时,对放电所产生的沿面、空间电荷衰减过程进行定量分析,实现了电荷衰减过程中电荷记忆效应对沿面局部放电影响的量化描述。该研究结果为沿面局部放电过程的分析提供了一定的试验及理论依据。     

Examination of Electromagnetic Mode Propagation Characteristics in Straight and L-Section GIS Model Using FD-TD Analysis

It is an effective method of insulation accident prevention for gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) to detect a partial discharge (PD) that occurs as a preceding phenomenon for an insulation accident. Among various methods, a PD detection method based on the detection of electromagnetic emission through measurement of the UHF band (300 MHz to 3 GHz), which is relatively free of influences from external noises, is drawing attention as an effective method in terms of extensive and highly sensitive detection. This paper describes conducting EM-wave propagation analysis on GISs with L-sections using the finite difference-time domain (FD-TD) method and examining the influences of the Insertions on the propagation characteristics of EM-wave modes with comparison of straight GIS part. As a result, this study identified that, even on a straight GIS, the velocity dispersion characteristic of high-order modes resulted in a decrease in the crest value even if there is no reflection or conductor loss in the discontinuities. And that mode conversions and reflections in L-sections also resulted in a decrease in the crest value.     

局部放电作用下油浸绝缘纸的微观结构及电气性能

对局部放电损伤过程中油浸绝缘纸的微观结构及其与电气性能的关系进行研究。使用原子力显微镜和X射线衍射仪等材料分析手段与介电谱仪、高阻仪和柱-柱电极等电气分析手段相结合的方法,分析损伤过程中油浸绝缘纸分子链结构、聚集态结构及介电常数、介质损耗因数、体积电导率和电气强度。结果表明：损伤过程中,绝缘纸结晶区比无定形区更易受到局部放电破坏;结晶度呈上升趋势且晶粒取向加强,但晶粒大小、晶体类型和二相共存结构未发生改变;结晶度升高和晶粒取向加强造成介电常数、体积电导率和介质损耗因数呈下降趋势,但电气强度呈上升趋势;结晶和取向改变了分子、离子和电子的活动性,是造成电气性能变化的重要原因。     

基于GIS中电磁波传播路径特性的局放源定位方法

气体绝缘开关设备（GIS）中发生局部放电（以下简称局放）时,为查找绝缘缺陷,需对局放源进行准确定位。超高频（UHF）时差定位法由于原理简单、实现方便、定位精度高等优点获得了广泛应用,但当局放信号的初始脉冲较小而难以确定信号的起始脉冲时间时,UHF时差法将难以有效运用从而导致较大误差。为提高时差定位法的准确性,对局放电磁波在GIS中的传播路径特性进行研究,分析结果表明,局部放电产生的电磁波在GIS中的传播路径与局放源的位置、检测点的位置密切相关,据此提出了基于传播路径的脉冲时差定位法。实验结果表明,当局放源位于GIS外壳附近、电磁波信号初始脉冲很小、难以辨识时,用该方法可以准确定位。