关于我国建设工程监理现状的几点认识

实行建设监理制度是我国建设领域的一项重大改革,自1998年开始试点以来,取得了很大成绩,在工程建设中的地位日益提高,但是由于我国的建设监理制度起步晚,旧的建设工程管理体制还在运行并束缚着监理制度的发展,建设工程监理制度与质量监督的关系模糊,工程建设监理的法规制度不完善,对工程监理的作用、意义和监理人员的条件理解片面等原因,使我国的工程建设监理还存在许多问题,还有一些需要改进和完善的地方。     

“帮监结合”是搞好建设监理的有效途径

我国基本建设领域实行的建设监理制是80年代末随着经济体制改革的深化参照国际惯例形成的。开展建设监理工作既要参照国际惯例,借鉴国外的成功经验,也要根据国情及工程的具体情况,采取切实可行的监理模式和监理措施,才能取得预期的监理效果,逐步形成符合我国国情的有中国特色的建设监理模式。 在十三陵抽水蓄能电站高强钢输水管道的监理实践中,监理单位水利部水工金属结构质量检验测试中心有针对性地采取了一些监理措施,取得了良好的监理效果。     

关于水电工程建设监理模式几个问题的研讨

目前，我国水利水电工程建设监理主要有业主（建设）单位自行监理和委托社会监理单位进行临理（即委托监理）两种模式，作者在研讨土木工程建设项目ＦＩＤＩＣ工程监理制度的基础上，论述了这两种监理模式与ＦＩＤＩＣ工程监理制度的差异，根据我国水电工程建设的现状，分析了业主（建设单位）自行监理存在的问题，它不符合我国水电建设监理制监理工程师的基本工作要求，也不符合ＦＩＤＩＣ工程监理制度，只能作为过渡中的一种监理模     

建设监理工作持续发展思路探索

正随着我国工程项目建设规范化不断加强,工程监理制度得到了较好的发展,对于保护我国各类工程项目建设质量、施工进度和施工安全起到了十分重要的作用。监理是一个比较特殊的行业,在各类工程项目建设过程中具有质量控制、进度控制、投资控制以及协调关系的重要职责,但从我国监理行业发展情况看,还存在着一些不容忽视的问题,在一定程度上阻碍了我国监理工作的科学、健康、持续发展。在我国大力实施"新型城镇化"建设的重要历史时期,必须着眼于推动我国监理工作规范化、制度化、科学化发展,积极探索建设监理工作的持续发展思路。一、监理工作存在的突出问题1.监理力量比较薄弱随着我国各类建设工程项目的不断增多,对监理的需求日益增加,但从现实情况看,在全国的监理市场中有资     

工程监理在技术方面的策略及方案

1.工程监理 1.1工程监理的定义 我国建设部、国家计委在《工程建设监理规定》中指出：＂工程建设监理是指监理单位受项目法人的委托,依据国家批准的工程项目建设文件、有关工程建设的法律、法规和工程建设监理合同及其它工程建设合同,对工程建设实施的监督管理。＂在中国建设监理协会组织编写的《建设工程监理概论》中有一段关于建设工程监理的定义的表述：＂我国的建设监理发展很快,在许多方面取得了成功,但仍有不成熟的地方,目前难以准确地定义。     

水电工程建设监理几个问题的探讨

我国自1988年实行建设监理以来,全国有近200余家工程监理单位对数百项大、中型工程实施了建设监理并取得了可贵的成功经验,这些成功经验对推动我国建设监理的发展起了积极的作用,但同时也暴露出我国的建设监理在理论上和实践中还存在的一些问题。本文就工程监理是否主要是工程施工阶段的监理;工程监理的主要工作是否只是质量监理,具有工程设计和施工经验的工程师是否就是合格的监理工程师……等问题进行了探讨。     

试论进一步发展完善水电建设监理体系及市场

简述我国水电建设监理体系和市场的形成，讨论了进一步发展和完善水电建设监理体系和市场的若干问题，包括进一步大力宣传建设监理的必要性、重要性，努力提高监理单位的素质，适当地确定监理费用，完善水电建设监理市场，正确划分项目管理和建设监理的职责。     

关于水利工程设计监理几个问题的思考

我国水利工程建设自1996年全面推行建设监理制以来,取得很大成绩,但迄今为止,建设实施阶段以前的前期工作监理(包括设计监理)开展尚不普遍,为此提出水利工程设计监理的问题,论述了水利工程前期工作阶段(即:可行性研究阶段、初步设计阶段、施工准备阶段)进行设计监理的必要性、设计监理的性质、特点、设计监理的主要内容、对设计监理单位及设计监理人员的要求,并提出了推行设计监理的意见.     

建设工程全过程监理

自1988年建设工程监理制实施以来,建设工程监理在建设工程领域发挥了重要作用。按照国际工程管理惯例,监理机制贯穿建设项目的整个建设过程,而我国现阶段对建设项目的监理还大都局限在施工阶段。即便是施工监理,由于建设单位干预过多,监理工程师的监理职能也没有得到充分发挥。为了深入贯彻节约能源资源和保护环境等基本国策,促进经济社会发展与人口资源环境相协调,建设单位应树立科学管理理念,在工程建设全过程引入建设监理,帮助其科学管理建设项目,从而提高建设水平和投资效益。建设工程监理是市场经济的产物。在国际上,建设监理1.国内外监理发展发展现状     

水利工程建设中监理存在的问题与对策分析

本文主要阐述了目前我国水利工程建设监理企业的总体状况,通过介绍目前在监理企业管理中存在的问题,分析了我国水利工程建设监理企业的发展对策,以期能促进我国监理企业良性发展。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。