Reliability of various industrial substations

Many utility and industrial substation configurations have been designed to interconnect energy sources and individual industrial load points. The design, protection schemes, and operating procedures of a substation configuration directly affect the reliability of the power supply to these load points. When an existing or planned substation configuration is unreliable, the question is: which substation configuration will be more reliable? Another question is: what reliability methodology will account for the protection schemes in place, the operating procedures and the common cause failures of utility supplies? This paper will discuss and present a reliability analysis of eight basic industrial substation configurations that are typically used inside process plants. The zone branch reliability methodology is used to calculate load point reliability indexes of each substation configuration. The reliability analysis includes open and short-circuit failure modes of circuit protective devices, operating practices and common cause failures of utility supplies. The significant impact of common cause utility supply failures on load point reliability levels will be presented and discussed in detail.     

工业电视监控系统在无人值守变电站的应用

介绍了适合无人值守变电站使用的工业电视监控系统前端硬件的配置和选择，组网形式和功能特点，并提供了一个在有限带宽下提高图象质量的方法。     

适用于工业企业变电站的保护测控一体化装置开发

大型工业企业变电站对自动化产品的需求与日俱增,但与电力系统主电网中的变电站相比有其特殊性,借鉴成熟的电力系统变电站综合自动化技术和以太网通信技术,基于新型的MCU硬件平台和VxWorks嵌入式操作系统,开发了一套系列化的保护测控一体化装置,为实现企业变电站的自动化提供了先进的解决方案.针对目前企业变电站中应用的保护测控装置普遍存在的问题,提出了相应的解决方法,实践证明该装置能很好地适应工业企业变电站的特殊运行要求.     

适用于工业企业变电站的保护测控一体化装置开发

大型工业企业变电站对自动化产品的需求与日俱增,但与电力系统主电网中的变电站相比有其特殊性,借鉴成熟的电力系统变电站综合自动化技术和以太网通信技术,基于新型的MCU硬件平台和VxWorks嵌入式操作系统,开发了一套系列化的保护测控一体化装置,为实现企业变电站的自动化提供了先进的解决方案。针对目前企业变电站中应用的保护测控装置普遍存在的问题,提出了相应的解决方法,实践证明该装置能很好地适应工业企业变电站的特殊运行要求。     

智能变电站的工业以太网交换机组网测试技术

讨论了工业以太网交换机的测试技术,重点分析了基于智能变电站的交换机测试的关键技术和难点,并提出工业以太网交换机测试应该在一定的压力和接近真实的情况下进行,测试的网络拓扑、数据流等应尽量接近真实情况。     

浅谈无人值班变电站的改造

从实际应用出发,阐述了无人值班变电站的组成框架及施工经验,提出了应用时要注意的问题和改良的意见。     

数字化变电站应用展望

以非常规互感器和支持IEC61850标准的变电站自动化系统为应用标志的数字化变电站将构成数字化电网发展的基础,阐述了数字化变电站应用技术的背景、基础和发展前景.     

浅谈数字化变电站的运行维护

随着智能化电气设备的大规模推广,特别是智能开关、电子式互感器机电一体化设备的出现,变电站自动化技术进入了数字化的新阶段,而数字化变电站是一个全新的概念,运行维护经验缺乏。兴国110kV数字化变电站的建成投运,必将为此领域提供和积累大量的经验。     

Transient electromagnetic interference in substations

Electromagnetic interference levels on sensitive electronic equipment are quantified experimentally and theoretically in air and gas insulated substations of different voltages. Measurement techniques for recording interference voltages and currents and electric and magnetic fields are reviewed and actual interference data are summarized. Conducted and radiated interference coupling mechanisms and levels in substation control wiring are described using both measurement results and electromagnetic models validated against measurements. The nominal maximum field and control wire interference levels expected in the switchyard and inside the control house from switching operations, faults, and an average lightning strike are estimated using high frequency transient coupling models. Comparisons with standards are made and recommendations given concerning equipment shielding and surge protection     

基于现场总线技术的变电站综合自动化系统

变电站综合自动化是电力自动化工作发展的长期目标,其在降低变电站造价,提高变电站运行安全可靠性两方面起重要的作用,现场总线技术的日益成熟。给变电站综合自动化技术带来新的飞跃,就此,在介绍了现场总线技术的基础上,结合对国内外变电站综合自动化系统现状的分析,提出了一种采用ＣＡＮ总线技术的变电站自动化方案,具有较强的先进性和实用性。     

GPS技术在变电站中的应用

介绍了全球定位系统（GPS）技术在变电站中的应用,详细地分析了对时编码格式、系统的组网方式以及现场测试技术等,并针对目前GPS对时系统存在的主要问题提出了相应的解决办法。     

An AI tool for supervising substations

Electric substations are facilities in charge of transform the voltage into safe and effective energy for the final consumers. This operation has to be carried out with enough quality assurance and without damaging the equipment. The associated cost to ensure this quality and security is high. Automatic mechanisms are used, however, they mostly operate under an individual's control and use the protection logic related with the equipment itself. They do not consider the state of the whole substation at a given moment. It is possible to control the state of circuit breakers (CB) in a substation using a knowledge base even when all the magnitudes to be controlled cannot be included in the analysis. It will be shown that it is possible to control the desired state while supervising some important magnitudes such as the voltage, power factor and harmonic distortion as well as the present state. At the same time, the programming tool developed for this purpose is discussed     

变电站智能电子设备的电磁兼容技术

介绍了电磁兼容EMC的基本概念和变电站EMC问题的特殊性,分析了变电站内的主要电磁干扰源及其干扰特性.针对智能电子设备在变电站中可能遇到的各种电磁干扰,重点阐述了IED电磁兼容技术的设计方法,提出了几种实用的解决电磁兼容问题的措施.利用上述方法所设计的继电保护装置经型式试验检验结果表明,本文提出的有关电磁兼容技术的设计方法和措施,对提高IED的抗电磁干扰能力是行之有效的.     

Lightning and surge protection of substations

Lightning and switching transients along with ground faults create significant voltage anomalies on transmission and some distribution circuits. Not only direct strikes, but nearby strikes, create significant voltage anomalies and subsequent line outages. Developments have made it possible to provide a solution to lightning and surge problems, and also reduce the overall cost of substation designs. It is now possible to prevent lightning strikes to any substation component (including the protection system), and to limit incoming transient voltages to as little as 10% over their normal sine wave peaks. This paper defines the problem confronting protection systems engineers, reviews the protection systems conventionally used and defines two new protective systems: the Dissipation Array System (DAS) and the series hybrid forms of surge protection. The DAS has been in use for over twenty years as a strike preventer. The series hybrid protection concept is new to substation applications, but has been in use at secondary levels of up to 2500 V for approximately sixteen years. As a result, lightning or other forms of transient phenomena does not need to be a threat to substations or drive up the overall costs     

箱式变电站智能化方案探讨

针对箱式变电站智能化的发展趋势,提出了一个箱式变电站智能化的定义,并给出了一个详尽的智能化方案。该方案能实现对箱式变电站内部各个功能点的数字化监控,并通过通信实现箱式变电站的网络化和信息化。该方案在故障诊断、通信、分析和评估方面有其独特的特点,能够充分保证箱式变电站运行的安全性,保证电力供应的可靠、优质和经济。最后对路灯箱式变电站和风电场箱式变电站的特殊设计进行了介绍。     

数字化变电站中采样值同步技术研究

认为采样值同步技术是实现数字化变电站过程总线通信的难点之一。阐述了基于外部源的硬接线同步和基于IEEE 1588的网络同步两种方案,指出方案实现的关键因素,从硬件设计、同步误差、冗余性和互操作性等方面对这两种方案进行了分析和比较。研究结果对数字化变电站中采样值同步设计具有参考意义。     

变电站二次回路抗干扰问题浅谈

随着变电站二次设备的电子化、微机化,电磁干扰问题变得日益突出,为此,介绍了变电站二次回路中电磁干扰的来源、传播途径和抗干扰的基本原理,以及实际工作中的一些防护措施,并对电缆屏蔽层的接地方式作了简要说明.实践表明：采用科学、合理的抗干扰措施,能够有效防止电磁干扰对二次系统的影响.     

Condition assessment of contacts in gas-insulated substations

A new method for assessing the condition of electric contacts and joints inside gas-insulated substations (GISs) that overcomes the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods is proposed. The contact resistance in degraded or overstressed electrical contacts varies slightly when currents of different amplitudes are passed. The diagnostic method is based on detecting this nonlinear behavior. For testing of the contacts in large GIS, excitation currents up to several thousand amperes are required. By using a capacitor-based current supply, such currents can be achieved with a portable source. The testing can be carried out without dismantling the GIS. No earlier measurements or manufacturer specifications are required. In full-scale testing under realistic operating conditions on 145-420 kV GIS using prototype instrumentation a very good sensitivity for detecting contact degradation in an early stage was obtained.     

铜材接地网在变电站的应用

对变电站接地网接地材料铜材和钢材在导电性能、热稳定性、耐腐蚀性等方面进行了比较,分析了先进放热熔接等工艺的优势.结合220 kV变电站接地网设计实例,对铜接地网和钢接地网做了技术经济分析.