自由端盖四梁凹形宽带弯张换能器设计

针对凹形弯张换能器改善低频宽带工作特性的技术需求,提出了一种自由端盖四梁凹形弯张换能器新结构。结构中将纵向振子的端部设计成弹性辅助梁,与主弯曲梁连接构成复合弯曲梁。同时为了克服弹性辅助梁对振动辐射带来的不利影响,引入了由纵向振子驱动的方形自由端盖并以此构成新的辐射端面。利用有限元软件分析了这种新结构弯张换能器的多模振动特性,模态分析表明换能器的前五阶模态是可利用的主要工作模态,频率间隔可以通过敏感结构参数进行调控。通过优化给出了一种设计方案,换能器整体几何尺寸为 140 mm×140 mm×396 mm,仿真分析了换能器在水中的导纳特性和发射电压响应曲线,结果表明：换能器最大发射电压响应大于 145 dB,发射电压响应起伏小于 6 dB的工作频带为 1.5~4.3 kHz,发射电压响应起伏小于 10 dB的工作频带为 1.5~8 kHz,具有低频宽带大功率工作特性。     

Electromechanical nonlinearities and losses in piezoelectric sonar transducer materials

Next-generation sonar projectors rely on piezoelectric single crystals such as lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate to induce mechanical strain and generate ever greater acoustic output, but the performance of these materials under high-power operation is not well understood. As the electrical driving force increases, the linear piezoelectric relationships give way to nonlinear, amplitude-dependent properties. Such behavior is impossible to predict solely from small signal, linear measurements. This work has characterized the behavior of single crystals by examining the dynamic relaxation from initial strain levels of 0.1 to 0.2%. Strain-dependent values of the mechanical quality factor and resonance frequency are reported for single crystals, and these properties are compared with conventional high-power piezoceramics.     

Monte Carlo and discrete-ordinate simulations of spectral radiances in a coupled air-tissue system

We perform a detailed comparison study of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and discrete-ordinate radiative-transfer (DISORT) calculations of spectral radiances in a 1D coupled air-tissue (CAT) system consisting of horizontal plane-parallel layers. The MC and DISORT models have the same physical basis, including coupling between the air and the tissue, and we use the same air and tissue input parameters for both codes. We find excellent agreement between radiances obtained with the two codes, both above and in the tissue. Our tests cover typical optical properties of skin tissue at the 280, 540, and 650 nm wavelengths. The normalized volume scattering function for internal structures in the skin is represented by the one-parameter Henyey-Greenstein function for large particles and the Rayleigh scattering function for small particles. The CAT-DISORT code is found to be approximately 1000 times faster than the CAT-MC code. We also show that the spectral radiance field is strongly dependent on the inherent optical properties of the skin tissue.     

Finite-element analysis of the frequency response of a metallic cantilever coupled with piezoelectric transducer

This paper is devoted to modeling the dynamic response of an electromechanical system consisting of a piezoelectric transducer glued on part of the upper surface of a metallic cantilever. The piezo works both as vibration sensor and as actuator, and the system is the basis of many vibration-control devices of current interest. A three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method (FEM) model that reproduces the physical system is proposed, and its advantages with respect to an analytical approach and to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) FEM models are discussed. In sensor mode, the frequency response in terms of the voltage at the electrodes is drawn; while in actuator mode, the frequency response of acceleration and displacement at the free end of the cantilever is calculated. The 3D model has been verified through the comparison with the results from the experiment carried out at the University of L'Aquila, Italy. Furthermore, experimental inaccessible quantities such as stresses at the piezo-cantilever interface are computed in both modes as a preliminary step in the study of delamination phenomena and their impact on the performance of the system in vibration-control applications.     

A 200-kHz ultrasonic transducer coupled to the air with a radiating membrane

The development of a 200-kHz air ultrasonic transducer that consists of a piezoceramic disc and metal housing, the latter acting as a radiating membrane, is discussed. Theoretical analysis of the axially symmetric transducer structure is based upon the finite-element method. Calculations of the resonance frequencies, corresponding transducer deformations and input electrical admittance are performed using triangular ring elements with six degrees of freedom. Measured values on experimentally built transducers show good agreement with theory.     

Ensemble climate simulations using a fully coupled ocean-troposphere-stratosphere general circulation model

Long-term transient simulations are carried out in an initial condition ensemble mode using a global coupled climate model which includes comprehensive ocean and stratosphere components. This model, which is run for the years 1860-2100, allows the investigation of the troposphere-stratosphere interactions and the importance of representing the middle atmosphere in climate-change simulations.The model simulates the present-day climate (1961-2000) realistically in the troposphere, stratosphere and ocean. The enhanced stratospheric resolution leads to the simulation of sudden stratospheric warmings; however, their frequency is underestimated by a factor of 2 with respect to observations.In projections of the future climate using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change special report on emissions scenarios A2, an increased tropospheric wave forcing counteracts the radiative cooling in the middle atmosphere caused by the enhanced greenhouse gas concentration. This leads to a more dynamically active, warmer stratosphere compared with present-day simulations, and to the doubling of the number of stratospheric warmings. The associated changes in the mean zonal wind patterns lead to a southward displacement of the Northern Hemisphere storm track in the climate-change signal.     

LVDT与RC负载法在线性压缩机性能测试中的对比

针对一台线性压缩机,分别采用LVDT和RC负载法进行了实验研究,实验结果表明:采用RC负载法测量得到的压缩机出口(即回热器入口)PV功与LVDT测量得到的活塞端面PV功之差,占整个输入电功的5%—20%,进一步减小了线性压缩机损失。     

Construction of two- and three-dimensional statistically similar RVEs for coupled micro-macro simulations

In this paper a method is presented for the construction of two- and three-dimensional statistically similar representative volume elements (SSRVEs) that may be used in computational two-scale calculations. These SSRVEs are obtained by minimizing a least-square functional defined in terms of deviations of statistical measures describing the microstructure morphology and mechanical macroscopic quantities computed for a random target microstructure and for the SSRVE. It is shown that such SSRVEs serve as lower bounds in a statistical sense with respect to the difference of microstructure morphology. Moreover, an upper bound is defined by the maximum of the least-square functional. A staggered optimization procedure is proposed enabling a more efficient construction of SSRVEs. In an inner optimization problem we ensure that the statistical similarity of the microstructure morphology in the SSRVE compared with a target microstructure is as high as possible. Then, in an outer optimization problem we analyze mechanical stress–strain curves. As an example for the proposed method two- and three-dimensional SSRVEs are constructed for real microstructure data of a dual-phase steel. By comparing their mechanical response with the one of the real microstructure the performance of the method is documented. It turns out that the quality of the SSRVEs improves and converges to some limit value as the microstructure complexity of the SSRVE increases. This converging behavior gives reason to expect an optimal SSRVE at the limit for a chosen type of microstructure parameterization and set of statistical measures.     

Monte Carlo and discrete-ordinate simulations of irradiances in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system

We compare Monte Carlo (MC) and discrete-ordinate radiative-transfer (DISORT) simulations of irradiances in a one-dimensional coupled atmosphere-ocean (CAO) system consisting of horizontal plane-parallel layers. The two models have precisely the same physical basis, including coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean, and we use precisely the same atmospheric and oceanic input parameters for both codes. For a plane atmosphere-ocean interface we find agreement between irradiances obtained with the two codes to within 1%, both in the atmosphere and the ocean. Our tests cover case 1 water, scattering by density fluctuations both in the atmosphere and in the ocean, and scattering by particulate matter represented by a one-parameter Henyey-Greenstein (HG) scattering phase function. The CAO-MC code has an advantage over the CAO-DISORT code in that it can handle surface waves on the atmosphere-ocean interface, but the CAO-DISORT code is computationally much faster. Therefore we use CAO-MC simulations to study the influence of ocean surface waves and propose a way to correct the results of the CAO-DISORT code so as to obtain fast and accurate underwater irradiances in the presence of surface waves.     

舰载声呐与航空吊放声呐协同双基地搜索范围研究

针对舰载声呐与航空吊放声呐构成的异类传感器双基地工作问题,建立了基于声呐方程的海洋环境噪声背景下双基地搜索范围模型。在舰载声呐与航空吊放声呐双基地协同工作系统中,舰载声呐发射探测信号,舰载声呐和航空吊放声呐均接收水下目标回波信号。根据能量关系建立了扩展面积、扩展距离、等效半径模型,定量分析了声源级、基线长度等因素对系统搜索范围的影响。仿真结果表明,当舰载声呐声源级相对于吊放声呐声源级足够大时,协同双基地工作模式在较大的基线长度范围内不仅在搜索范围上优于舰载声呐和吊放声呐均独立工作时的单基地联合搜潜,而且在搜索宽度上也有优势。     

Investigation of a capacitance-based displacement transducer

A capacitance-based displacement transducer consisting of three concentric cylinders is introduced and analyzed. The design eliminates measurable humidity effects and reduces temperature effects to below 10 p.p.m./°C over the temperature range of 20°C to 60°C. Electric noise considerations lead to a design of a 0.5-in-span (12-mm) transducer with 0.01% accuracy     

Atomic-scale simulations of the interaction between a moving dislocation and a bcc/fcc phase boundary

In the past, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have shown that grain boundaries are very strong obstacles to dislocation motion. Whereas such studies typically have been performed for boundaries between grains with the same crystal structure, in the present study the interaction of a moving edge dislocation and a boundary between a bcc (Fe) and an fcc (Cu) phase with almost identical lattice distances in the glide planes has been studied using MD. It is found that an edge dislocation can be transmitted from the bcc- into the fcc-regime, but not vice versa. This may be due to the splitting of the edge dislocation into Shockley partials inside the fcc region.     

Comparison of Weibull small samples using Monte Carlo simulations

The evaluation of the functional reliability of different designs is a common task and times to failure can be compared using the likelihood ratio test. In the microelectronics industry, as in many others, the high cost of testing places severe restrictions on the sample size. Moreover, the products in these tests are often new and do not have previous reliability histories. These factors make the selection of the Type I and Type II errors in comparison tests very difficult. This paper presents the Monte Carlo simulation results of Type II errors for the likelihood ratio test of comparison as a function of the Type I error and the (small) sample size. Our conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) the common microelectronics industry standard sample size of 32 is often insufficient to reach satisfactory conclusions; (2) small sample tests should only be used for prescreening for significant differences; and (3) when only small samples are available, the Type I and the Type II errors must be selected carefully to prevent misleading conclusions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optoelectronic implementation of a 256-channel sonar adaptive-array processor

We present an optoelectronic implementation of an adaptive-array processor that is capable of performing beam forming and jammer nulling in signals of wide fractional bandwidth that are detected by an array of arbitrary topology. The optical system makes use of a two-dimensional scrolling spatial light modulator to represent an array of input signals in 256 tapped delay lines, two acousto-optic modulators for modulating the feedback error signal, and a photorefractive crystal for representing the adaptive weights as holographic gratings. Gradient-descent learning is used to dynamically adapt the holographic weights to optimally form multiple beams and to null out multiple interference sources, either in the near field or in the far field. Space-integration followed by differential heterodyne detection is used for generating the system's output. The processor is analyzed to show the effects of exponential weight decay on the optimum solution and on the convergence conditions. Several experimental results are presented that validate the system's capacity for broadband beam forming and jammer nulling for linear and circular arrays.     

一种分时工作的双路声呐发射机研制

针对自容式波浪声学多普勒流速剖面仪(AcousticDopplerCurrentProfilers,ADCP)所需声呐发射机的设计要求,设计并实现了一种分时工作的双路声呐发射机。从工程实际需求出发,结合功率电路的理论、工作经验和设计方法,提出一种全新的分时工作的双路声呐发射机的设计方案,制作出样机,并进行了水池试验。实验结果表明,该分时工作的双路声呐发射机,所选择的发射机通道能准确地输出相应的发射电压,满足自容式波浪ADCP的需求。     

Comparison between a model-based and a conventional pyramid sensor reconstructor

A model of a non-modulated pyramid wavefront sensor (P-WFS) based on Fourier optics has been presented. Linearizations of the model represented as Jacobian matrices are used to improve the P-WFS phase estimates. It has been shown in simulations that a linear approximation of the P-WFS is sufficient in closed-loop adaptive optics. Also a method to compute model-based synthetic P-WFS command matrices is shown, and its performance is compared to the conventional calibration. It was observed that in poor visibility the new calibration is better than the conventional.