超声及超声渗透预处理对红外辐射干燥特性研究

为探究超声及超声渗透预处理对桃片水分迁移及红外辐射干燥特性的影响,经超声及超声渗透30、60 min预处理后,进行红外辐射80℃干燥处理,采用低场核磁共振技术测定预处理后桃片横向弛豫时间T2图谱,分析水分状态及分布变化,得到干燥特性曲线,并分析水分状态及分布对干燥特性的影响。结果表明,超声降低桃片固形物含量,超声渗透明显增加固形物含量并降低水分含量;不同预处理均改变桃片内部水分状态和分布。超声后,桃片不易流动水和自由水弛豫时间增加,水分自由度增加,从而提高干燥速率,增加水分有效扩散系数;超声渗透后,桃片结合水、不易流动水及自由水弛豫时间均减小,且自由水含量明显降低,而不易流动水及结合水含量相对升高,从而降低干燥速率,减小水分有效扩散系数。该研究为超声及超声渗透预处理对红外辐射干燥水分扩散研究提供参考。     

中短波红外和热风干燥对番木瓜干燥特性及品质的比较

本文以干燥特性、色泽、复水性以及抗坏血酸保留率为评价指标,研究了不同干燥温度(60、70、80、90℃)下中短波红外辐射和热风干燥对番木瓜片品质的影响。结果表明:与热风干燥相比,相同温度条件下中短波红外干燥速率更快,所需干燥时间更短;随着干燥温度的升高,两种干燥方式下的水分有效扩散系数均呈升高趋势,番木瓜片中短波红外干燥和热风干燥水分有效扩散系数分别为0.58546×10-10~9.87313×10-10 m2/s、0.01179×10-10~4.88646×10-10 m2/s;番木瓜片中短波红外干燥的活化能32.13 k J/mol低于热风干燥的活化能33.28 k J/mol;此外,中短波红外干燥后番木瓜片的色泽和产品的复水性更好,而番木瓜片的中短波红外干燥抗坏血酸保留率低于热风干燥。综合考虑,试验范围内中短波红外干燥温度为70℃条件下所得产品的品质最好。     

热风和中短波红外干燥对桃渣干燥特性及多酚含量的影响

试验研究了桃渣在60℃、70℃和80℃条件下热风干燥和中短波红外干燥的干燥特性、有效水分扩散系数和活化能,建立了桃渣干燥的数学模型,并比较了桃渣在不同干燥条件下多酚的含量。结果表明,对文中所建立的5种干燥模型进行对比可以发现,Midilli et al.模型最适合描述桃渣在所有干燥条件下的干燥特性(R20.9996);桃渣热风干燥的有效水分扩散系数为(1.1652~1.7393)×10-9m2/s,红外干燥的为(1.6718~2.4993)×10-9 m2/s;利用阿伦尼乌斯方程计算桃渣两种干燥方式的活化能分别为19.56及19.68 k J/mol。此外,相同干燥温度下红外干燥样品中的总酚保留率较高,分别为68.22%、75.42%及82.63%。与热风干燥相比,桃渣中短波红外干燥速率较大,多酚保留率较高,且多酚含量随干燥温度的升高而增大,80℃红外干燥对桃渣的多酚含量影响最小。本试验为桃渣不同干燥条件下的干燥特性以及多酚的利用提供了理论基础。     

渗透-中短波红外联合干燥对猕猴桃切片干燥特性及动力学模型的影响

采用不同含量果葡糖浆与不同中短波红外干燥温度进行联合干燥,研究不同条件下猕猴桃切片的干燥特性、有效水分扩散系数,建立渗透与中短波红外联合干燥动力学数学模型。试验结果表明:猕猴桃切片的渗透-中短波红外联合干燥的过程属于降速干燥,有2个阶段的降速过程,二者的水分转换范围为0.300~0.900(d.b)。在试验条件下,水分有效扩散系数在1.08×10-10~2.38×10-9m2/s范围内变化。所用6个模型均能较好地描述猕猴桃切片联合干燥过程中的水分变化规律,其中"Two-term"模型对整个过程的拟合性最好,其R2的均值达0.99958,χ2和RSME的均值分别为3.90000×10-5,5.01000×10-4。     

黑莓渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型

以黑莓-白糖固液体系为研究对象,研究了黑莓在不同条件糖溶液中的渗透脱水规律,得出了渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型。渗透液的质量分数选取40%、50%、60%,溶液的温度选取30、40、50℃,糖溶液和黑莓的质量比为10∶1,渗透脱水时间为0~5 h。利用AZUARA等提出的双组分系统数学模型得到了每种实验条件下黑莓样品最终渗透平衡状态时的失水率和固形物增加率,结果表明,在一定实验条件范围内,黑莓脱水率和固形物增加率均随渗透液浓度、渗透时间和溶液温度的增大而增大;同时使用菲克第二定律估算了每种试验条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数,上述渗透条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数分别在1.77×10~(-9)~2.10×10~(-9)m~2/s和1.36×10~(-9)~1.60×10~(-9)m~2/s范围内。     

苹果片红外热风联合干燥特性研究

以苹果为原料,研究不同红外辐射距离和热风温度下苹果片的干燥特性,并对苹果脆片的干燥时间、色泽、硬度、脆度和复水性进行分析。结果表明,在苹果片红外-热风联合干燥过程中,热风温度对干燥时间和脆片品质影响显著;干燥过程为降速干燥,水分有效扩散系数范围在2.92×10~(-8)~8.85×10~(-8)m~2/s内,且随热风温度升高而增大;苹果片干燥活化能为75.67 k J/mol。苹果片在红外辐射距离50 mm,辐射功率1500 W,热风温度80℃,风速0.8 m/s的条件下,干燥时间仅162 min,并具有良好的色泽(L*值75.01,a*值8.92、b*值32.97)和质构(硬度1063.66 g,脆度0.531 s)。先红外后热风的联合干燥方式能有效抑制酶活和提高干燥速率,以及改善产品品质。     

丰水梨中短波红外干燥特性和品质变化规律

为了提高丰水梨片的品质,缩短其干燥时间,采用中短波红外干燥技术,研究丰水梨在不同温度、辐射功率、辐照距离下的中短波红外干燥特性,以及不同干燥条件对丰水梨片产品感官质量的影响。结果表明:丰水梨片在备干燥条件下的整个干燥过程中属于降速干燥,有效水分扩散系数Deff范围为8.6226×10~(-10)~2.2077×10~(-9)m~2/s,其中干燥温度对丰水梨片干燥影响最大。干燥温度65℃、辐射距离120 mm、辐射功率1350 W时干制品的感官品质较优,干基含水率为0.1048 g/g,L值为62.70,△E值为7.10,脆度为4.67 mm。     

水苏糖渗透对压差闪蒸联合干燥苹果片品质的影响

渗透是一种常见的果蔬干燥预处理方式,渗透温度和时间是影响渗透效果的关键因素。水苏糖是一种功能性低聚糖,前期研究表明,利用水苏糖渗透预处理后的热风-压差闪蒸联合干燥(HA-ICPDD)苹果脆片具有均匀的多孔结构,脆度大,硬度适中。本研究以水苏糖为渗透溶质,研究不同渗透温度和时间对苹果片水分损失率(WL)、固形物增加率(SG),热风干燥特性以及微观结构、硬脆度、色泽和总酚等品质的影响。结果表明:Page模型能较好地拟合不同条件下水苏糖渗透后热风干燥过程;未经渗透苹果片的水分扩散系数(Deff)为13.5103×10~(-9)m~2/s,渗透后水分扩散系数显著降低,其范围为(8.24128～12.6321)×10~(-9) m~2/s;所选择的渗透条件均可提高HA-ICPDD苹果片脆度;40℃条件下渗透30 min后制得的HA-ICPPD苹果脆片色泽接近鲜样,且总酚含量与未渗透组相比无显著下降。综合质构、色泽、营养等品质考虑,将苹果片40℃条件下水苏糖渗透处理30 min后进行压差闪蒸干燥,可提高苹果脆片的品质。     

红枣片远红外辐射干燥的干燥特性及V_C变化

采用远红外辐射干燥技术对半干红枣进行了泥制枣片加工,通过单因素实验研究了枣片在不同的辐射温度(55、60、65、70和75℃)、片厚(2、4和6 mm)和辐射距离(80、110和140 mm)下的干燥特性、水分有效扩散系数、干燥活化能和VC含量变化,并分析了不同干燥因素对干燥时间和V_C含量的影响,结果表明:辐射温度、片厚和辐射距离对枣片的红外干燥时间以及VC含量影响均显著(p值均0.05)。在实验条件内,不同因素对干燥时间的影响显著性顺序为:辐射距离(p=0.001)片厚(p=0.002)温度(p=0.003),不同因素对V_C含量的影响显著性顺序为:温度(p0.001)辐射距离(p=0.001)片厚(p=0.032);枣片整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,水分有效扩散系数在1.10674~9.67179×10~(-10)m~2/s的范围内,干燥所需的干燥活化能为53.79 k J/mol。辐射温度对枣片的VC含量影响最显著。当辐射温度65℃,辐射距离110 mm,片厚4 mm时,干燥速率快且V_C含量保持较高。     

超声渗透脱水-热风干燥梨的研究

超声波的空化效应及机械效应可有效增强脱水过程中物料内外的质量传递速率,因此超声波技术可用于果蔬渗透脱水的强化,而超声渗透脱水又常作为其他干燥方式的预处理以提高脱水速率。本研究以砀山梨梨片为实验材料,进行超声波渗透脱水预处理联合热风干燥研究。结果表明：提高超声功率及渗透液糖度可显著增加失重率;与直接热风干燥相比,单一的渗透脱水预处理延长总脱水时间约30～60 min;而超声渗透脱水预处理可缩短热风干燥的干燥时间40～120 min,并提高有效水分扩散系数11%～56%。因此,在热风干燥前进行超声渗透脱水预处理,可有效缩短总工艺时间,提高干燥效率。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press