应力波载荷作用下X70管线钢的应力-应变行为

利用Hopkinson压杆加载装置对国产轧制态X70管线钢进行了冲击压缩实验,研究了其在高速冲击过程中的组织演变和动态应力-应变行为.结果表明:轧制态X70管线钢是以针状铁素体为主的混合组织;在ε≤2.5×103s-1条件下,铁素体板条内形成了大量的位错胞亚晶结构,随着应变率增加,针状铁素体组织显著细化,致使X70管线钢产生了明显的增强增塑现象.     

管线钢的反向应变率效应及剪切形变带

利用Hopkinson压杆加载装置对圆柱状热处理态X70管线钢试样进行了动态冲击压缩实验,研究了损伤微结构演化与宏观力学行为之间的对应关系.结果表明:在ε≤2.5×103s-1条件下,以马氏体组织为主的淬火X70管线钢变形抗力及变形能力较差,当其内部损伤引起的材料软化起主导作用时,材料表现出反向应变率效应;在应变率高达2.5×103s-1变形条件下,淬火态X70管线钢产生了剪切形变带,并且带内及周围都出现了孔洞,带内硬度明显增加.     

高钢级管线钢的特征参量及其与强韧性的关系

利用力学实验及EBSD等微观分析手段,研究表征高钢级管线钢的特征参数,并探讨其对强韧性的影响.结果表明:在X70,X80高钢级管线钢中,C,Cu,Mn对材料的强韧性有重要的影响;其组织特征为针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和少量下贝氏体组成;有效晶粒尺寸、组织均匀性、贝氏体含量是表征高钢级管线钢组织特征的重要参数;随着有效晶粒尺寸的降低、贝氏体含量的增加及组织的均匀性的提高,高钢级管线钢表现出更加优异的强韧性匹配特征.     

X90高强管线钢的应变时效行为和敏感温度

用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)观察应变时效处理前后X90高强管线钢的微观组织和冲击断口形貌,进行拉伸实验和Charpy冲击实验测定其拉伸性能和低温冲击性能,研究了这种钢的应变时效行为。结果表明,X90高强管线钢对应变时效比较敏感,敏感温度点为423.15 K。在高于敏感温度点的温度进行时效处理后材料失去连续屈服和强化特性,拉伸曲线由时效前的“Round House”拱顶型转变成为吕德斯型屈服曲线。对于确定的时效时间(t_ag=5 min),随时效温度T_ag的提高X90钢的屈服强度R_p0.2、抗拉强度R_m和屈强比R_p0.2/R_m均呈现提高的趋势,均匀延伸率UEL、断裂应变ε_f、低温冲击吸收总功A_k、裂纹形成功A_i和裂纹扩展功A_p均呈现减小的趋势。时效处理前后这种钢的显微组织没有明显的差异,均为细小针状铁素体+多边形铁素体+板条贝氏体+M-A组元组成的复相组织。预应变和时效处理是管材发生应变时效的主要诱因,生产中可用柔性校平法取代刚性辊压校平法,多步渐进成型法取代一步螺旋成型法控制预应变量;另外,在保证防腐质量的前提下可降低防腐处理温度(小于423.15 K)以降低温度的影响。     

单向预应变对X70大变形管线钢拉伸性能的影响

对X70大变形管线钢进行应变量小于2.5％的单向预拉伸和预压缩应变处理,而后卸载,再次拉伸至断裂,研究单向预应变对管线钢拉伸性能的影响.结果表明:同种单向预应变时,不同预应变量下管线钢的弹性变形、屈服变形和形变强化特征基本相同,弹性应变总体上随预应变量的增大而增大;预拉伸后再次拉伸时,管线钢在应变ε小于0.5％即发生屈...     

X80管线钢的动态力学性能研究

为了研究高钢级管线钢X80的动态力学行为,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(简称SHPB)测量了X80钢在多种应变率(ε=500,1500,2500s-1)下的应变波形,用快速傅里叶变换对波形进行弥散修正,得到在不同应变率下的应力应变关系。基于实验获得的数据,对在有限元商业软件中广泛采用的Johnson-Cook动态强化模型进行拟合,得到X80钢在不同应变率下的Johnson-Cook本构模型的基本参数,计算结果与实验数据基本吻合。根据动态试验获得的数据而确定X80钢的动态本构关系,为研究X80钢高压埋地输气管道在各种冲击载荷作用下的动态响应提供了重要依据。     

超高强铁素体-马氏体双相钢在动态拉伸变形条件下组织和性能研究

通过分段淬火连续退火实验,获得两组铁素体晶粒尺寸大致相同、马氏体体积分数不同的双相钢。选取应变速率为10-4s-1进行准静态拉伸实验;选取应变速率为500s-1和2250s-1在分离式霍普金森拉杆技术进行动态拉伸实验。利用动态因子、Feret比率等定量分析方法研究超高强铁素体-马氏体双相钢在动态拉伸变形条件下的组织和性能。结果表明:应变速率效应在双相钢的动态变形行为中主要起强化作用;马氏体体积分数越低的双相钢应变速率敏感性越大;相比抗拉强度而言,超高强冷轧双相钢屈服强度的应变速率敏感性更大。计算在应变速率为2250s-1动态拉伸变形下产生绝热温升分别为98K和89K,并抵消部分应变速率强化作用。     

基于临界区加速冷却的(B+F)X80大变形管线钢的组织和性能研究

采用热模拟、力学性能测试和材料显微分析等试验技术,对X80管线钢在临界区加速冷却工艺下的组织性能变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,通过临界区加速冷却,X80管线钢可获得贝氏体+铁素体(B+F)双相组织。随着始冷温度的上升,试验钢的贝氏体含量增加,铁素体含量降低,导致屈服强度增高,塑性降低。当始冷温度为840℃时,显微组织以细小、多位向分布的贝氏体为主,辅以高密度位错的多边形铁素体。这种(B+F)双相组织使得试验钢的屈强比为0.80、均匀伸长率为10.0%、形变强化指数为0.12,满足了大变形管线钢的技术要求。     

带状组织对微合金钢应变局部化及应变强化行为的影响

目的 研究不同加载方向下带状结构对微合金钢塑性变形及应变强化行为的影响。方法 将X80管线钢加热到1200 ℃后分别进行炉冷和空冷热处理,得到多边形铁素体/退化珠光体和粗/细铁素体晶粒带状组织以用于实验研究。将单轴微拉伸实验和数字图像相关方法相结合,通过零变形实验分析系统精度,获取RD、45°和TD取向带状组织试样的拉伸变形规律。同时,在DIC全场变形测量结果与实验数据统计分析结果的基础上,提出了可描述应变强化程度的参量K_f,用于对比和分析不同加载方向下带状结构对应变强化行为的影响。结果 零变形实验中位移平均值和标准差的最大值分别为0.004 pixels和0.006 pixels,系统精度较高。加载方向会影响带状组织的塑性变形演化情况,45°试样中产生了明显与带状取向一致的应变分布特征。在相同应力下45°试样首先达到了较大的应变强化程度,其抗变形能力最低。结论 不均匀带状组织对局部变形的影响程度与2个组成带的力学性能差异有直接联系,参量K_f可在一定程度上描述应变局部化引起的各向异性特征。     

激光冲击对X70焊接接头慢拉伸电化学腐蚀的影响

为了改善X70管线钢焊接接头慢拉伸电化学腐蚀性能,用激光冲击波对X70管线钢焊接接头表面进行强化处理.采用慢应变速率拉伸法分析了X70管线钢焊接接头,在不同H2S浓度的NACE溶液(0.5%HAC+5%NaCl)中电化学腐蚀行为,测试了激光冲击处理前后X70管线钢焊接接头腐蚀电位,讨论了激光冲击处理对X70管线钢焊接接头腐蚀电位和断口形貌的影响.实验结果表明,激光冲击处理改善了X70管线钢焊接接头腐蚀性能,其SCC敏感性指数Iscc降低了6%.经激光冲击处理后试样自然腐蚀电位正移,极化电阻逐渐增大,其耐蚀性比原始状态有所提高.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.