粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土对冬小麦田生态因子的影响

采用桶栽试验,研究粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土对冬小麦田生态因子的影响。研究结果表明：粉煤灰 施入砂姜黑土,降低了土壤的容重、比重及土壤的粘粒含量,增加了土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和土壤饱和 导水率,井得出土壤容重、比重、毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率与粉煤灰用量的模拟方程。与此同时,还对土壤温 度、土壤含水量及土壤微生物数量在整个生育期的变化动态进行了研究。     

石灰和粉煤灰固化修复六价铬污染土试验研究

为解决受污染土壤中六价铬浸出和渗透到地下水带来的环境污染问题,以沈阳铬渣堆场污染土壤为研究对象,进行石灰和粉煤灰联合修复铬污染土试验研究,分析石灰和粉煤灰不同剂量、养护龄期对污染土六价铬浸出的影响,分析了两者联合修复机理.研究结果表明:在固化修复0.4％ Cr(VI)污染土中,组合添加10％～15％生石灰和25％～35％粉煤灰养护28 d有较好效果,浸出液铬离子浓度均在规定界限5 mg·L-1以下;主要修复机理为较高的基质pH值促进了Cr(VI)与粉煤灰表面的物理-化学相互作用,以及生石灰与粉煤灰的火山灰反应.     

复合改良剂对粉煤灰土壤的改良效应研究

针对粉煤灰土地利用中存在土壤结构差、水肥保持力弱和利用率低及重金属超标等问题，研究以腐植酸(HA)、高分子保水剂(SAP)、沸石粉(ZL)和黑矾(FE)为原材料的粉煤灰土壤改良材料，配施不同厚度的黄壤土；通过在河北涉县粉煤灰地土壤进行添加生黄土优化用量试验，研究改良材料施用后，粉煤灰土壤的物理、化学和微生物等指标的变化情况，探索粉煤灰土壤改良的机理。研究结果表明，粉煤灰地土壤添加生黄土改良后，玉米籽粒产量较无客土和改良剂的对照增加94.54%。同时，可有效改良土壤物理结构，提高化学养分。最优组合为添加20%生黄土和13.5 t/hm²复合材料。对粉煤灰和客土应用及粉煤灰地改良有一定参考意义。     

粉煤灰对石油污染土壤修复的试验研究

为改善石油污染土壤的环境,促进植物在污染土壤中的生长,通过对石油污染土壤中单独添加粉煤灰、添加粉煤灰+种植紫花苜蓿、单独种植紫花苜蓿等几种处理,探索粉煤灰添加对土壤中石油烃降解率的影响。结果表明:单独添加的粉煤灰,土壤中的石油烃降解率为4.14%~17.18%;单独种植紫花苜蓿,石油烃降解率为6.6%~30%;添加粉煤灰+种植紫花苜蓿,降解率为13.4%~60.36%,且3种处理石油烃降解率均随粉煤灰添加逐渐升高。粉煤灰加入量与紫花苜蓿生物量成正相关,提高了紫花苜蓿的发芽率。说明粉煤灰能够较好改善土壤环境,促进紫花苜蓿的生长,从而实现对土壤中石油污染的修复。     

腐植酸在土壤修复中的作用

目前,腐植酸对污染土壤的修复作用已经引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在介绍了腐植酸来源及其结构特点的基础上,论述了腐植酸在土壤改良、重金属污染及有毒有机污染物污染土壤修复等方面的作用。其中,腐植酸对土壤的改良作用主要包括改良土壤结构、改良盐碱地以及提高土壤肥力等;腐植酸对重金属和有毒有机污染物污染土壤的修复作用主要包括腐植酸对重金属和有机物的吸附沉淀作用、氧化还原作用以及腐植酸能够促进土壤微生物对有机污染物的降解等。最后,讨论了腐植酸在土壤修复中需要进一步加强研究的方面,为腐植酸在土壤修复中的应用提供重要参考。     

粉煤灰在农业方面的利用

粉煤灰改良粘土地，可以显著改善粘土物理性质，有利于保温、保墒，使土壤的水、肥、气、热走向协调，为作物生长创造良好的土壤环境。土壤施粉煤灰后，可以相应增加微量元素含量、改善养分状况，促进植物生长。稻田施粉煤灰，可溶性硅高于土壤，有利于水稻稳定高产。我国粉煤灰中主要有害元素含量略高于土壤，但均低于国家农用污泥标准。多年试验表明，施用粉煤灰的土壤上的小麦、玉米、水稻籽实中的镉、铬、砷、汞、铅五种有害元素的含量，都远远低于国家允许含量。粉煤灰改良盐、碱沼泽地，可增强土壤透气性及脱盐效果，增产效果更明显。     

粉煤灰在环境污染治理中的应用

综述了粉煤灰在环境污染治理中的应用,包括烟气脱硫、废水处理以及污泥利用和土壤修复,并介绍了粉煤灰在环境应用中的作用原理。尽管粉煤灰在环境治理中的许多应用还处于试验阶段,但已取得了较好的效果,有着广阔的发展前景。     

平顶山市粉煤灰的资源化利用

论述了平顶山市粉煤灰在交通、农业、建材、冶金、水利方面的应用。将粉煤灰作为混凝土的掺合料修筑路面和大坝,可以提高路堤稳定性和强度;农业上用粉煤灰可以改良土壤和生产农用肥;建筑方面可以用粉煤灰制取水泥、粉煤灰砖和蒸养砖;冶金方面可以用粉煤灰制取铁铝合金。     

粉煤灰混合聚丙烯纤维改良膨胀土性能试验研究

对膨胀土改良方法进行了研究,分别开展了粉煤灰改良方法和粉煤灰混合聚丙烯纤维改良方法的性能试验。通过试验结果发现,在膨胀土中添加一定量的粉煤灰能够有效抑制和减弱膨胀土的膨胀性能,随着粉煤灰添加量的增大,改良试样的膨胀率和膨胀力均减小。与单独添加粉煤灰改良方法相比,采用粉煤灰+聚丙烯纤维对膨胀土进行改良的方法的改良效果更佳。粉煤灰+聚丙烯纤维改良后土样的自由膨胀率、无荷膨胀率和膨胀力都明显比单独使用粉煤灰改良土样要低。粉煤灰混合聚丙烯纤维改良方法在膨胀土改良上将具有较好的应用前景。     

粉煤灰改良红壤试验研究

粉煤灰质地相当于砂壤土的机械组成,因此,在粘土质土壤上施用,可以疏松土壤,降低土壤容重,改善通气状况,提高土表温度,有改良土壤的效果。红壤在我省分布范围最广,总面积约1.62亿亩,占全省土地总面积的64.8%,红壤酸性强、有机质含量低,质地粘重,理化性状差,存在酸、瘦、板、粘等缺陷。如何改良和开发利用红壤资源,对发展我省农业生产有重大意义。我们进行了粉煤灰改良红壤和对作物影响的试验研究,现将试验结果分述如下:     

修复土壤,腐植酸能做些什么

我国土壤污染形势严峻,已成为农产品安全和农业可持续发展的一大障碍."十一五"期间已将防治土壤污染列入重要议事日程,"全国土壤污染状况调查和防治项目"业已启动,2006年11月<农产品质量安全法>也开始实施.腐植酸学术界及行业又面临新的机遇和挑战.介绍了我国土壤污染的现状及其治理技术,阐述了腐植酸类物质(HS)修复污染土壤的研究进展、存在问题及应用的可行性,并对今后的研究开发及应用方向提出若干建议.     

利谷隆在玉米及土壤中的残留动态

采用高效液相色谱分析技术测定了利谷隆在玉米及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量。喷施50％利谷隆可湿性粉剂（2812.5g a．i.／hm^2）测出在玉米植株上的残留量较低，施药后14d的残留量仅为0．08mg／kg；土壤中的原始沉积量为7．02mg／kg，半衰期为2．1d，据施药后第14d采样，消解率为72％。利谷隆属于易降解农药。     

土壤养分综合评价法和平衡施肥技术及其产业化

根据我国目前农业生产的现实情况 ,从作物生产、产品品质和生态环境等角度阐述我国平衡施肥的必要性。介绍土壤养分综合评价法和平衡施肥技术的特点及其在我国分区养分管理和配方施肥产业化中的应用情况 ,介绍了高效土壤养分测试及推荐施肥系统的特点及开发应用情况 ,分析我国平衡施肥服务体系及其产业化的前景     

The effect of direct application of phosphate rock on increasing crop yield and improving properties of red soil

Field experiments, designed to evaluate the effect of direct application of phosphate rock, were carried out on red soil (Ultisol) uplands at three different places. The results indicated: (1) for the first year's crop, the rapeseed yields with phosphate rock treatment and triple superphosphate treatment were almost identical when their rate of phosphorus application was the same; (2) when the same level of phosphorus fertilizer was applied, the residual effect of phosphate rock was better than that of triple superphosphate, and the residual effect of all phosphorus fertilizers on winter crop yields increased with the increase of the amount of Phosphorus applied; (3) with the application of phosphate rock, the pH value, the amount of available phosphorus and exchangeable Ca and Mg of soils went up, whereas the content of active Al in soils decreased. Therefore, the direct application of phosphate rock to red soil also has an important role in improving soil properties.The project was financially supported by American Phosphate Foundation, PPI/PPIC and National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Outlook on fertilizer use efficiency in the tropics

In this paper efficiency of applied fertilizers under tropical conditions is examined. Understanding of the fertilizer efficiency is particularly important for the developing countries mainly because there is need for enhancement of crop yields at a reduced cost. Many of the soil, plant and climatic factors of the tropical regions that contribute to the efficiency of the applied fertilizers have been discussed. Many of the tropical soils are acidic in nature and in these soils efficiency of applied fertilizer is relatively poor, mainly because plant roots are unable to grow and function to their fullest extent in utilizing the soils available nutrients. To enhance yield potentials there is need for understanding of interaction between crop species and soil and climatic variables. Incorporation and adoptation of a suitable application time can greatly enhance efficiency of urea form of nitrogen. Research findings in tropical soils have shown that an initial broadcast application of P and subsequent band treatment is more effective than either method of application alone. Current crop yields in tropical countries are far below the known yield potentials. Such low production potentials are attributed to the lack of suitable crop germplasms and understanding of improved agronomic practices. Intensification of research activities in fertilizer use efficiency in tropical countries is suggested.Senior author formerly was a Research Advisor to EMBRAPA/IICA/World Bank Program in Brazil.     

Residual value of superphosphate for wheat and lupin grain production on a uniform yellow sandplain soil

In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year.For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years.For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.     

The effect of urea pellet size and rate of application on ammonia volatilization and soil nitrogen dynamics

In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate.For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application.The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth.For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.     

凹凸棒土在土壤改良和新型肥料开发上的应用

综述凹凸棒土在土壤和新型肥料方面的应用:凹凸棒土能够增强土壤的保水保肥能力,是理想的土壤改良剂;可以用作肥料黏结剂和造粒添加剂,而且对肥效有缓释作用;可以作为液体肥料的悬浮剂.并指出凹凸棒土使用中的注意事项.凹凸棒土在新型肥料如缓/控释肥等开发方面存在很大的潜在应用价值,值得进行深入的研究开发.     

人工神经网络在陶瓷工业中的应用与展望

本文对人工神经网络的发展及其在工业中的应用做了综合介绍,并结合陶瓷工业中的应用实例综述和探讨了人工神经网络在陶瓷工业中的应用及其发展前景。     

仿土质专用肥的开发和应用前景

本文介绍了基于某些名、优农产品在其生长过程中所需要的特定敏感元素,配制出“仿土质”专用肥。经施用证明,肥效显著,经济效益可观,具有推广应用的前景。