Identification and quantitative analysis of sugars and non-volatile organic acids in Chinese gooseberry fruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.).

The free sugars and non-volatile organic acids in Chinese gooseberry fruit were extracted and separated by lead salt and ion-exchange procedures. Sugars and acids were identified and quantitatively determined by gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) of their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and trace amounts of sorbitol accounted for the total sugars. Citric, quinic and malic are the major acids, the outstanding feature being the high content of quinic acid in mature fruit. Small amounts of phosphoric, ascorbic, glucuronic, galacturonic, oxalic, succinic, fumaric, oxalacetic and p-coumaric acids are also present. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of acids prepared as lead salts agreed closely with the determination of acids isolated by the ion-exchange procedure. Identifications of sugars and acids were confirmed by paper and thin-layer chromatography. Reducing sugars, total sugars and titratable acidity were determined by AOAC methods and the results compared with those from g.l.c.     

Effect of Feeding IsoC-4 and C-5 Volatile Fatty Acids as Ammonium Salts on Concentration of Free Volatile Fatty Acids in Milk

We developed and validated an analytical procedure for measuring low concentrations of isobutyric, isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric, and valeric acids in milk and to determine whether feeding of these compounds as ammonium salts would increase their concentrations in milk. Acids were supplied as an aqueous blend (73.5% solids) composed of 67.5% ammonium salts of isovaleric, 2-methyl-butyric, and valeric acids and 32.5% ammonium isobutyrate. Fifteen Holstein cows in early lactation were assigned to the following treatments of isoC-4 and C-5 ammonium salts (g/cow per day anhydrous basis) added to a completely mixed basal diet: 0, 94, and 376. Milk samples were collected on days 32, 35, and 38 after feeding of ammonium salts commenced. Concentrations of isobutyric, isovaleric plus 2-methylbutyric, and valeric acids in milk were measured by the procedure, detailed in this paper, which enabled quantitation of low concentrations of these acids in milk. The procedure was validated by measured recovery of 100 ppb of each acid added to milk. Recoveries of acids (%) were isobutyric 82 ± 10.3, isovaleric plus 2-methylbutyric 93 ± 9.0, and valeric 105 ± 12.0. Feeding acids did not increase their concentration in milk. Overall mean concentrations and ranges (ppb) in milk were isobutyric 37 ± 15, 0 to 242; isovaleric plus 2-methylbutyric 58 ± 8, 22 to 165; and valeric 39 ± 6, 8 to 86.     

Factors influencing quantities of sugars and organic acids in blackcurrant concentrates

 Use of endogenous non-volatile flavour components, i. e. sugars and organic acids, in fruit juice products is desirable. A study of 133 blackcurrant concentrates from three seasons examined variation in sugars and acids arising from storage of fruit at freezing or sub-ambient temperature, seasonal differences, geographical origin and choice of conventional thermal-evaporative or freeze concentration technology. Compared with freeze concentrates, conventional concentrates had significantly higher contents of total sugars and acids, notably malic acid, and higher fructose/glucose, lower malic/citric acid and similar sugar/acid ratios. Concentrates from frozen fruit generally had smaller amounts of fructose, total sugars and fructose/glucose ratios than those from fresh fruit, as well as less citric, ascorbic and total acids and lower sugar/acid ratios. Principal component analysis of 40 randomly chosen concentrates showed that variance is dominated by differences in fructose, total sugars and ascorbic acid contents and sugar/acid ratios. Geographical origin and concentration technology were major sources of variance but changes in post-production sub-ambient storage could not be excluded. Received: 4 July 1997 /  Revised version: 14 October 1997     

Characterisation of Pomegranate Juices from Ten Cultivars Grown in Turkey

Pomegranate juices obtained from ten pomegranate cultivars of Turkey were analysed for their sugars, organic acids and the other quality parameters including pH, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Statistically significant differences were determined among the cultivars for parameters analysed. Citric acid was the predominant acid of all the cultivars studied. Cultivar “Zivzik,” one of the most popular cultivar in Turkey, showed best scores for total soluble solids (16.9 ± 0.06 °Brix), glucose (84.18 ± 0.42 g/l) and fructose (83.34 ± 0.81 g/l). Pomegranate juices were classified into three groups according to principal component analysis and cluster analysis.     

珊瑚菌子实体和菌丝体营养成分与抗氧化活性的比较

采用国标及常规分析方法对珊瑚菌子实体和菌丝体中营养成分和活性物质多糖、多酚含量及其抗氧化活性进行分析,结果表明:珊瑚菌子实体与菌丝体碳水化合物含量分别为38.74±1.27%和63.55±3.17%;脂肪含量分别为2.52±0.14%和3.21±0.19%;蛋白含量分别为11.02±1.21%和22.30±1.18%;灰分含量分别为5.77±0.14%和5.98±0.11%。子实体矿质元素含量普遍高于其菌丝体,Mg元素除外;必须氨基酸,菌丝体含量(7.08±0.15)g/100 g高于其子实体(2.55±0.24)g/100 g。子实体多糖含量(23.22±1.60)mg/g低于其菌丝体(35.51±1.78)mg/g,多酚含量(6.85±0.41)mg/g高于其菌丝体(3.66±0.29)mg/g。比较珊瑚菌多糖、多酚体外抗氧化活性强弱依次为子实体多酚菌丝体多酚菌丝体多糖子实体多糖。研究表明对于珊瑚菌菌丝体多糖,有望代替子实体应用于食药产品,而菌丝体多酚仍有待进一步开发利用。     

Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes

Sensory attributes and chemical composition in peach and nectarine fruits of nine different cultivars were evaluated and compared. The cultivars investigated in the research were: ‘Maria Marta’, ‘Romestar’, ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’, ‘Bea’, ‘Maria Aurelia’, ‘Venus’ and ‘Spring Red’. In sensory evaluation the ‘Maria Aurelia’ was the highest rated, and the ‘224 × A/13’ was the lowest. The cultivars ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’ and ‘Spring Red’ were poor in sugars; however, the ‘Spring Red’ was rich in organic acids. Similarly, the ‘Maria Aurelia’ and ‘Venus’ fruits had higher contents of organic acids and were also rich in sugars. Furthermore, the relationships among sensory and chemical attributes of fruit quality were studied. The sensory evaluations of sweetness, taste, and aroma were well correlated with some chemically measured attributes of peach and nectarine quality: sweetness was influenced by citric acid, shikimic acid and sugars/organic acids ratio; aroma was correlated with total organic acids, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid; taste was related to malic/citric acid ratio, total sugars, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid. The results of the research indicate that sensory evaluation provides a good tool in the quick assessment of peach and nectarine fruit quality. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physicochemical characterization of special persimmon fruit beers using bohemian pilsner malt as a base

This study involved the production of special fruit ale beers with different concentrations (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50% and 25:75% v /v) of barley malt and persimmon juice from the ‘Rojo Brillante’ variety. Fermentation took place under beer quality control parameters and the influence of persimmon juice on beer quality was investigated. Colour, turbidity, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and ethanol formation were determined during the fermentation process. These fruit beers, whose alcoholic contents were within the standards (3.6–5.63% v /v ethanol), were characterized by a normal acid pH (3.97–4.13) with citric and lactic acids the most abundant organic acids, a clear golden colour without turbidity [2.05–2.83 European Brewery Convention units], intermediate total phenolic compound values (283.0–327.1 mg GAE/L) and antioxidant activities between 1.65 and 5.78 mm TE/L. The persimmon beverage which contained 75% fruit juice was the most valued and preferred by the panelists followed by the 50:50% wort–persimmon beer. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Composition of Sugars,Organic Acids,and Total Phenolics in 25 Wild or Cultivated Berry Species

Abstract: Sugars, organic acids, and total phenolic content in fruit of 25 wild and cultivated berry species were identified and quantified with high‐performance liquid chromatograph. The composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolic compounds in various species of Vaccinium, Rubus, Ribes, and Fragaria genus was evaluated. Additonally, total phenolics of less known berry species of the Morus, Amelanchier, Sorbus, Sambucus, Rosa, Lycium, Actinidia, and Aronia genus were determined in wild growing as well as in cultivated fruits. Significant differences in the concentration of sugars and organic acids were detected among the berry species. Glucose and fructose were the most abundant sugars in berry fruits and the major organic acids were malic and citric acid. However, in kiwi fruit, sucrose represented as much as 71.9% of total sugars. Sorbitol has been detected and quantified in chokeberry, rowanberry, and eastern shadbush fruit. The highest content of total analyzed sugars was determined in rowanberry fruit, followed by dog rose, eastern shadbush, hardy kiwifruit, American cranberry, chokeberry, and jostaberry fruit. Rowanberry stands out as the fruit with the highest content of total analyzed organic acids, followed by jostaberry, lingonberry, red gooseberry, hardy kiwifruit, and black currant. The berries of white gooseberry, black currant, red currant, and white currant had the lowest sugar/organic acid ratio and were thus perceptively the sourest species analyzed. On the other hand, the species with highest sugar/organic acid ratio were goji berry, eastern shadbush, black mulberry, and wild grown blackberry. The highest amounts of total phenols were quantified in chokeberry fruit. Wild strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry had 2‐ to 5‐fold more total phenolics compared to cultivated plants. Practical Application: The fruit of analyzed berry species contained different levels of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that wild grown species generally contain more phenolics than cultivated ones. This information is interesting for nutritionists as well as berry growers and breeders who can promote the cultivation of species and new cultivars with higher phenolic content.     

Evaluation of Phenolic Content,Antioxidant Activity,and Nutritional Composition of Cordia evolutior (Clarke) Gamble

The objectives of this study were to determine phenolic content, antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Cordia evolutior (leaf, bark, and fruit), and nutrition composition. The leaf extract showed the highest total phenolic content (25.40 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (69.70 ± 3.37mg RE/g extract) accompanied with the best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays. The fruit proximate compositions of crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, fiber, and fat were analyzed. Macro-nutrient contents were found to be higher in the fruit when compared to micronutrients. The analysis also showed the presence of almost all of the essential and non-essential amino acids. Linolenic acid content was higher than stearic acid among the fatty acids in the fruit.     

Comparative study of primary and secondary metabolites in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars

BACKGROUND: Apricot is one of the most popular Prunus species grown in the temperate zone and great variation in the contents of primary and secondary metabolites has been reported in its fruit. However, little is known on the phenolic profiles and antioxidant potential of important local cultivars. The objective of the study was to identify valuable parental lines for breeding of cultivars with high health‐promoting effects. RESULTS: Primary metabolites (sugars, organic acids) and secondary metabolites (phenolics) were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in fruit of 13 apricot cultivars: total sugars ranged from 59.2 to 212.5 g kg^?1 fresh weight (FW) and total organic acids from 4.2 to 20.8 g kg^?1 FW. Four hydroxycinnamic acids and three flavonols were quantified; their content was significantly higher in skin compared to pulp. Similarly, antioxidative potential was significantly higher in skin and ranged from 125.4 to 726.5 mg ascorbic acid equivalents kg^?1 FW. A positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant potential was determined. Multivariate analysis subdivided the cultivars into five major groups, mostly influenced by the content of individual and total phenolics as well as the antioxidant potential of apricot skin and pulp. CONCLUSION: In regard to high phenolic content in connection with antioxidant potential, three cultivars stand out as the richest in analyzed quality parameters: ‘Mula Sadik’, ‘Bergeron’ and ‘Chuan Zhi Hong’. They also contained high amounts of primary metabolites and should be promoted for further planting and included in apricot breeding programs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of methyl jasmonate on quality and antioxidant activity of postharvest loquat fruit

BACKGOUND: Loquat fruit is rich in natural antioxidants and has shown a remarkably high antioxidant activity. To search for an effective method for maintaining or even improving antioxidant activity during postharvest storage, we investigated the effect of 10 µmol L^?1 methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on levels of major individual sugars and organic acids, total phenolics, total carotenoids, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in loquat fruit during storage at 1 °C for 35 days. RESULTS: The MeJA‐treated fruit exhibited significantly lower levels of respiration rate, ethylene production, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polyphenol oxidase activities, and higher levels of sugars, organic acids, total phenolics and total flavonoids than control fruit. Meanwhile, the treatment also maintained significantly higher antioxidant activity as measured by the scavenging capacity against 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and by the reducing power test compared to the control. There was a significant positive linear relationship between total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. CONCLUSION: MeJA treatment can improve the quality and functional properties of harvested loquat fruit by maintaining a higher level of antioxidants and enhancing antioxidant activity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical composition of juice and seeds of pomegranate fruit

The edible parts of pomegranate fruit represented 52% of total fruit weight, comprising 78% juice and 22% seeds. The fresh juice contained 85.4% moisture, 10.6% total sugars, 1.4% pectin, 0.1 g/100 ml total acidity (as citric acid), 0.7 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, 19.6 mg/100 ml free amino nitrogen and 0.05 g/100 ml ash. Meanwhile, the seeds are a rich source of total lipids, protein, crude fibers and ash representing 27.2, 13.2, 35.3 and 2.0%, respectively, and also contained 6.0% pectin and 4.7% total sugars. The iron, cupper, sodium, magnesium and zinc contents of the juice were lower than those of seeds, except potassium which was 49.2 ppm in the juice. On the other hand, the physical and chemical properties of seed's lipids indicated that the refractive index was 1.518, melting point 13.0°C, iodine value 74.2, acid number 1.1, unsaponifiable matters 0.7%, saponification value 188.9, ester value 187.8 and glycerol content 10.3%. Moreover, the studied lipids contained 11 fatty acids, from them caprylic, the predominant acid, represented 36.3%, followed by stearic acid (22.5%). Furthermore, oleic and linoleic acids covered 5.1% and 10.3%, respectively. Otherwise, the saturated fatty acids of seed's lipids of pomegranate composed 83.6% of the total fatty acids content.     

低温贮藏对晚熟龙眼“立冬本”果实采后生理和品质的影响

研究了龙眼"立冬本"果实在采后(25±0.5)℃和(3±0.5)℃温度下的呼吸强度、细胞膜透性和品质的变化。结果表明:龙眼果实属于非呼吸跃变型果实;在(25±0.5)℃下贮藏4天,果实呼吸强度下降,之后明显上升;果实采后果皮细胞膜透性快速增加,果实易失重、衰老、腐烂和果皮褐变,贮藏后期果肉自溶;果肉可滴定酸和维生素C含量快速下降,总糖和蔗糖含量下降,还原糖含量先升后降,可溶性固形物含量在贮藏前期下降而后期上升,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸比值先升后降;贮藏后期果肉可滴定酸含量增加。而(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏可显著降低果实呼吸强度,抑制病原菌生长,延缓果实衰老和果皮细胞膜透性增加,延迟果皮褐变,减少果实失重和果肉营养成分变化,抑制果肉自溶,保持果实较高的品质,延长果实贮藏期。     

Water Activity – Concentration Models for Solutions of Sugars, Salts and Acids

A semi-empirical model of water activity changes due to solute concentrations increase in solutions of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes was developed based on an extension of Raoult's law. Comparisons between predicted and observed a_w data for a variety of sugars, salts and acids indicated the proposed model fitted the a” data with accuracy to ±0.001 a_w up to 4–14 molalities depending upon the solutes. Percent weight concentrations of some solutes for various a” values at 25°C were presented for practical applications.     

Quality analysis of ‘Redhaven’ peach fruit grafted on 11 rootstocks of different genetic origin in a replant soil

The fruit quality of ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Basch.] grafted on 11 (Adesoto, Julior, GF 677, Monegro, Barrier 1, Cadaman, MrS 2/5, Ishtara, Penta, Tetra and peach seedling) experimental rootstocks was evaluated in 2008 under replant orchard conditions. Several quality indices [weight, flesh firmness (FF), ground colour measurements, and soluble solids content (SSC)] were measured, and HPLC analysis were performed for numerous chemical parameters (quantification of individual sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds in skin and in pulp). Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in skin and in pulp were also measured. Julior had the heaviest fruit, while Barrier 1 and GF 677 produced fruit lighter in weight. Rootstocks influenced harvest maturity. Monegro produced the least ripe fruit, characterised by high FF, phenolic compounds in the skin and low SSC. Adesoto rootstock resulted in the best overall fruit quality (high values of SSC, individual and total sugar content levels, individual and total organic acids and phenolic compounds in pulp) as well as high total yield. Julior rootstock also produced good quality peach (high values of SSC, individual and total sugars). Cadaman and peach seedling rootstock produced ‘Redhaven’ fruit of the lowest quality, indicated by low values of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds in pulp and in skin.     

Near Infrared Spectrophotometric Determination of Individual Sugars in Aqueous Mixtures

Near infrared region (NIR) spectrophotometry was used to determine concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose in aqueous mixtures at 10, 25, and 40% total sugars. Calibration equations and predicted individual concentrations in each total sugar level are reported. The standard errors of prediction varied between 0.35 and 0.69 and confidence limits ranged from ± 0.7 to ± 1.1%. In developing a single equation for predicting individual sugars in solutions, suitable for use over a range of total sugar concentrations, spectral data needed correction for sample density differences. However, at total sugar concentrations above 25%, accompanying wavelength shifts were of sufficient magnitude that a satisfactory single equation could not be developed. Equations for predicting individual sugars in solutions ranging from 10–25% total sugar concentrations were developed. For higher values of total sugars, appropriate calibrations were necessary.     

不同品种龙眼果实加工特性比较研究

以18个龙眼品种的果实为试材,利用常规的加工特性分析方法,进行果实的组成、理化指标、可溶性蛋白、总酚和总抗氧化能力的分析。结果表明:龙眼品种间果实出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、可食率、总酸、糖酸比差异较大,出汁率为36.02%～55.74%,水眼最高(55.74%);华路广眼最低(36.02%),可溶性固形物为11.3%～21.77%,白花木最高(21.77%),青壳宝园最低(11.3%)。18个龙眼品种的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和色泽稳定性差异较大,PPO为0～6.6U,POD为72.7～1816.7U,色泽变化值(ΔE)在30℃时为0.24～3.68,100℃时为7.62～63.53。初步评价:石硖、储粮、白花木、华路广眼和双孖木是适宜于果汁和果酒加工的优良品种。龙眼的总抗氧化能力值在3.73～20.39mmol/L之间,双孖木最高(20.39mmol/L),青壳宝园最低(3.73mmol/L);可溶性蛋白含量分布变幅为45.82～88.8mg/L,石硖最高(88.8mg/L),鸡卵眼最低(45.82mg/L);总酚含量在13.02～749.95mg/L之间,华路广眼最高(749.95...     

Fatty acids,tocopherols, phenolic and antioxidant properties of six citrus fruit species: a comparative study

Citrus fruit is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals. Information on the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of locally grown citrus fruits in Korea is elusive. This work was aimed to study fatty acid, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant potential, and selected phenolics from peel and pulp of six citrus species. The most dominant fatty acid was linoleic acid (15–45%), followed by linolenic, palmitic, and oleic acid. Stearic acid was highly abundant in yuzu peel (14.45%) and pulp (15.88%) compared to the other fruits. Unsaturated fatty acids (54–74%) contributed higher composition than saturated fatty acids (25–46%). Peel exhibited better antioxidant potential and contained higher phytochemicals than pulp. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were ranged from 22.96 (yuzu) to 86.93 (cheonhyeyang) and 38.59 (yuzu) ~83.03 (tangerine) μg/g DW, respectively. J-Redhyeyang peel exhibited highest total flavonoids (4.17?±?0.10 mgQE/g DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (6.17?±?0.03 mgTE/g DW). FRAP values were highest (20.05?±?0.64 mgTE/g DW) in yuzu peel, while peel of cheonhyeyang was superior in total phenolic contents. Tangerine (3.02?±?0.05 mg/g DW) and yuzu (7.49?±?0.38 mg/g DW) had higher hesperidin concentrations in pulp and peel, respectively. Naringin was found in an appreciable amount in yuzu pulp (2.04?±?0.09 mg/g DW) and peel (6.30?±?0.19 mg/g DW) but not detected in all other fruit species. Our results indicate that citrus fruit peel is the rich source of antioxidant compounds, which can be used to prepare antioxidant rich food product.     

Automated determination of total sugars in sugar crops grown for energy

A fast, accurate method for determining total sugars in sugar crops was developed. Sugars were quantitatively removed from the tissue by homogenisation and hot water extraction. Lead acetate was used to clarify the extract by precipitating any interfering non-sugar reducing substances. Lead was then removed by precipitation with sodium oxalate. The extract was hydrolysed to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose. After neutralising, total sugars were determined as total reducing sugars by automated colorimetry using a Technicon Auto-Analyzer. Data presented show optimum conditions for extraction, clarification and acid hydrolysis of sucrose to reducing sugars. The method has a precision of 2.1% coefficient of variation for 10 consecutive analyses of a sweet sorghum sample with a mean total sugar concentration of 14.2±0.3%.     

黑龙江不同产地北苍术中氨基酸的组成特征及营养评价

目的 探究黑龙江不同产地北苍术中氨基酸的组成特征,并对其营养价值进行评价。方法 收集黑龙江5个产地(大兴安岭、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、牡丹江和佳木斯)共24批次北苍术,采用氨基酸自动分析仪对其氨基酸的组成与含量进行测定,通过氨基酸比值系数法对其进行营养价值评价,按照氨基酸的含量进行聚类热图分析。结果 24份北苍术中至少含有17种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量介于(2.557±0.053)～(8.093±0.031) g/100 g,其中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、儿童氨基酸、药用氨基酸、支链氨基酸、抗菌氨基酸和伯氨基氨基酸含量分别为(0.586±0.024)～(1.502±0.106)、(1.919±0.064)～(6.653±0.290)、(1.184±0.059)～(3.647±0.145)、(1.516±0.075)～(5.304±0.131)、(0.265±0.005)～(0.694±0.044)、(0.162±0.004)～(0.425±0.036)和(1.751±0.076)～(6.306±0.228) g/100 g;鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸的含量分别占总氨基酸含量...