低速条件下展弦比对弯叶片扩压静叶栅流场性能的影响

为观察弯叶片在扩压叶栅中的适用条件,在保持其它条件不变的情况下,对一直列叶栅三种展弦比条件下的弯叶片流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明叶栅展弦比的大小对弯叶片在扩压叶栅中的作用影响较大,若展弦比增加,弯叶片改善叶栅性能的作用将增强。大展弦比叶栅中强弯叶片明显提高了吸力面角区密流系数的大小,从而改善了近端区的流场性能。在扩压叶栅中弯叶片可均化流场参数沿径向的分布,而在大展弦比叶栅中流场参数的径向分布差异较大,这应该是弯叶片在大展弦比叶栅中作用明显的主要原因。     

跨音速压气机叶栅中稠度对弯掠叶栅流场影响的数值分析

将一跨音速静叶栅数值计算结果与实验结果进行了比较,结果表明计算与实验结果吻合较好。为了讨论跨音速压气机中弯掠叶片的适用条件,在0°攻角下,稠度为1.75、1.50和1.25,对0~30°弯掠叶流场进行了数值分析,结果表明大稠度弯掠叶片的效果较为明显。弯掠叶片使前缘激波转化为斜激波,并减弱了通道激波的强度,因而降低了叶栅激波损失。可以验证在跨音速条件下稠度的大小是否在静叶栅中使用弯叶片的一个重要的参考因素。     

自然样条型弯叶片生成方法及其在冷却风扇中的应用

提出了一种基于自然样条思想的弯叶片生成方法,推导了其积迭线的解析表达式.通过控制"弯度"参数可获得不同角度的弯叶片.将该弯叶片生成方法运用于某型冷却风扇,通过数值模拟研究了叶片各种弯曲形式对风扇气动性能的影响.结果表明:叶片前弯能有效抑制叶顶旋涡,降低叶顶区域的能量损失,扩大叶轮稳定工况范围;圆弧型弯叶片的风压略大于自然样条型弯叶片,但后者对降低叶顶区域能量损失更具明显优势.     

端弯叶片对大展弦比扩压叶栅静压场分布的影响研究

重型燃气轮机压气机的大展弦比扩压叶栅端区存在流动分离现象,通过对大展弦比扩压叶栅的端弯改型来研究端弯叶片对叶栅静压场分布的影响。通过对比分析型面静压分布和端壁静压分布随弯高和角度的变化规律,在合适的弯高及角度变化下,端弯叶片能够有效抑制静叶端区的流动分离,改善端区通流能力。     

弯叶片对大展弦比扩压叶栅角区分离控制机理研究(二)——弯叶片对静压场分布的影响

以大展弦比扩压叶栅为研究对象,分析了弯叶片中弯高和弯角分别对叶栅静压场分布的影响。通过对比分析展向静压场分布和型面压力分布随弯高和弯角的变化规律,并结合第一部分发现的弯叶片角区分离起始点和吸力面回流区范围随弯高和弯角的变化规律,探讨了弯叶片的角区分离流动控制机理。     

不同折转角弯曲扩压叶栅性能数值研究及优化设计

通过数值模拟研究不同折转角弯曲扩压叶栅中弯高、弯角对其气动性能影响,利用试验设计和遗传算法实施方案选择和优化设计,给出不同折转角下弯高、弯角最佳匹配范围。结果表明,3种折转角情况下弯高、弯角的最佳匹配规律是不同的,随着扩压叶栅折转角的增大,较小的弯高和弯角匹配将更有效减少气动损失。     

叶片弯曲降低泄漏损失的实验研究

应用拓扑学原理分析了叶顶相对间隙为0．036的涡轮直叶栅与正、反弯叶栅的壁面流谱，发现正弯叶片栅与直叶片、反弯叶片栅吸力面上半叶展的拓扑结构明显不同，探讨了差别形成的机理及其对相对漏气量与总流动损失的影响。     

环形扩压叶栅弯叶片对流场性能的影响

对比研究了直叶片叶栅与弯叶片叶栅吸力面角区和下端壁流场显示的不同表现,发现弯叶片对角区分离流结构影响较大,它对减小端区马蹄涡尺度和减弱横向二次流作用明显。将不同叶栅中三维流向涡（通道涡和集中脱落涡）沿流向截面内的位置与强度作为研究对象,细致地分析了在采用弯叶片前后涡位置和强度的变化,分析表明两种涡的位置受弯叶片影响较大;通道涡沿流向的强度变化受弯叶片影响较为明显,而集中脱落涡强度受弯叶片影响却很小。来流马赫数、叶型折转角和稠度在一定范围内对弯叶片作用有规律性影响：当马赫数为0．7时,最佳弯角弯叶片降低损失7％．而马赫数为0．2时,最佳弯角弯叶片降低损失仅4％。     

动叶正弯对压气机性能影响的数值研究

对某多级高亚音轴流压气机的第七级动叶叶片进行了正弯设计的参数研究,得到了适用于所研究压气机的弯动叶气动性能变化规律,数值研究结果表明:对于正弯叶片,弯角和弯高存在一个最佳数值.动叶正弯改善了压气机级的气动性能,提高了整级的效率和压比.     

跨音轴流压气机动叶的三维弯掠设计研究

对一单级跨音轴流压气机中的动叶分别进行了前掠和正弯设计的参数研究,并根据研究得到的弯、掠动叶气动性能变化规律对动叶进行了前掠和正弯联合的三维设计,同时对动叶中部截面的叶型进行了二维设计以弥补弯掠动叶中部性能的降低.最终设计的跨音级性能显著提高,级最大效率提高3%,失速裕度提高40%,同时压比有所增加.数值计算结果表明,前掠和正弯叶片都可以使叶顶激波位置移向下游,降低激波强度,减轻叶顶激波与边界层和泄漏涡的作用.弯掠动叶控制激波强度和端壁流动的能力更加突出.     

高压比跨音速离心叶轮的三维叶片型线优化

应用Fine／Design3D软件,采用CFD方法对某一高压比跨音速离心叶轮进行三维叶片型线优化设计,优化结果是效率提高了1．05％,压比和流量也都得到了提高。从几何变化分析,相对于根部、中径截面叶片型线,叶片顶部型线优化是提高跨音速离心叶轮效率的有效措施。     

Adjoint-Based Geometrically Constrained Aerodynamic Optimization of a Transonic Compressor Stage

Efficient method to handle the geometric constraints in the optimization of turbomachinery blade profile is required. Without constraints on the blade thickness, optimal designs typically yield thinner blade to reduce the friction loss, however, at the risk of degraded strength and stiffness. This issue is seldom discussed and existing literature always treat the blade thickness constraint in an indirect manner. In this work, two different geometric constraints on the blade thickness are proposed and applied in the adjoint optimization: one is on the maximum blade thickness and the other is on the blade area. Methods to compute sensitivities of both constraints are proposed and they are integrated into an optimization system based on a finite volume code and a solver for the discrete adjoint equation. Adjoint optimization is conducted to minimize the entropy production in a transonic compressor stage. Results for the adjoint optimization without geometry constraint and two comparative cases are detailed. It is indicated that three cases yield similar performance improvement; however, if geometry constraints are properly handled, the optimal designs have almost the same maximum thickness as the original design, compared to a thinner blade profile with 14% reduction of maximum thickness in the case without geometry constraint. The cases considering geometry constraints also consume slightly reduced Central Processing Unit(CPU) cost. Result of this work verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method to treat geometric constraints in adjoint optimization.     

Wells turbine blade profile optimization for better wave energy capture

Despite the fact that wave energy is available at no cost, it is always desired to harvest the maximum possible amount of this energy. The axial flow air turbines are commonly used with oscillating water column devices as a power take‐off system. The present work introduces a blade profile optimization technique that improves the air turbine performance while considering the complex 3D flow phenomena. This technique produces non‐standard blade profiles from the coordinates of the standard ones. It implements a multi‐objective optimization algorithm in order to define the optimum blade profile. The proposed optimization technique was successfully applied to a biplane Wells turbine in the present work. It produced an optimum blade profile that improves the turbine torque by up to 9.3%, reduces the turbine damping coefficient by 10%, and increases the turbine operating range by 5%. The optimized profile increases the annual average turbine power by up to 3.6% under typical sea conditions. Moreover, new blade profiles were produced from the wind turbine airfoil data and investigated for use with the biplane Wells turbine. The present work showed that two of these profiles could be used with low wave energy seas. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

轴流压气机叶片优化设计

开发了基于梯度法的数值优化程序,并与三维粘性流场求解程序相结合对跨音压气机动叶片进行了以绝热效率最大为目标的三维气动优化设计。先对其进行了沿弦长方向掠设计,绝热效率可提高约0．65％。再对所得掠叶片进行叶型中弧线优化设计得到最终叶片,与初始叶片相比绝热效率提高达1．05％。优化结果表明,动叶片的单纯掠型叶片改进气动性能有限,而弦向掠与中弧线的联合优化设计可以显著改善叶片排内流动状况,并具有良好的变工况性能。     

基于NURBS曲线的高亚音速压气机叶型参数化建模方法研究

具有良好灵活性的高精度叶型参数化建模方法对于压气机叶型设计和优化具有重要影响。本文研究了一种基于非有理B样条曲线理论(NURBS)曲线组和遗传算法的轴流压气机叶片参数化建模方法。该方法基于中弧线厚度叠加法,采用两条三次七点NURBS曲线分别构造中弧线形状和厚度分布,前尾缘采用双二次NURBS曲线,通过多段曲线光滑拼接实现叶片造型。以压气机型线方差值最小作为目标函数,利用遗传算法实现了叶型的参数化建模。通过数值模拟实验证明,本文提出的参数化造型方法适用于高亚音速压气机叶型的参数化建模。     

New response surface model and its applications in aerodynamic optimization of axial compressor blade profile

A parametric method for the axial compressor 2D blade profiles is proposed in which the blade geometries are defined with the parameters commonly used for blade definition, which ensures that the geometric significance is clear and an unreasonable blade profile is not generated. Several illustrations are presented to show the fitting precision of the method. A novel response surface model is proposed which regards the objective distribution function in the vicinity of a sample as normal school, and then generates the response surface function in the whole design space by a linear combination of distribution functions of all the samples. Based on this model, a numerical aerodynamic optimization platform for the axial compressor 2D blade profiles is developed, by which aerodynamic optimization of two compressor blade profiles are presented.     

高效低载的三维风力机叶片外形优化设计方法

常规风力机叶片的优化设计都是从二维翼型开始的,且翼型总是以升阻比最大为优化目标。然而,二维翼型的升阻比最大和三维叶片的高风能利用率与低气动载荷有本质的不同,采用以往的叶片优化方法常常会在提高风能利用率的同时,使叶片所受的气动载荷也提高。针对这一问题,提出基于多岛遗传算法和动量叶素理论,在给定风况条件下,以加权风能利用率最高与气动载荷最小为目标函数,以叶片各个截面的翼型型线及扭角作为设计变量,对三维叶片开展多目标优化方法设计研究。并对某实际NREL Phase VI叶片进行优化设计,结果表明：在给定风况下相比原叶片,优化叶片在风能利用率提升了3.06%的基础上,叶根弯矩降低了11.68%。在变转速与变风况下,优化叶片的气动效率整体提升,叶根弯矩明显降低。     

Numerical optimization of axial turbine with self‐pitch‐controlled blades used for wave energy conversion

Wells turbines are among the most practical wave energy converters despite their low aerodynamic efficiency and power produced. It is proposed to improve the performance of Wells turbines by optimizing the blade pitch angle. Optimization is implemented using a fully automated optimization algorithm. Two different airfoil geometries are numerically investigated: the standard NACA 0021 and an airfoil with an optimized profile. Numerical results show that each airfoil has its own optimum blade pitch angle. The present computational fluid dynamics optimization results show that the optimum blade pitch angle for NACA 0021 is +0.3° while that of the airfoil with an optimized profile equals +0.6°.The performance of the investigated airfoils is substantially improved by setting the blades at the optimum blade pitch angle. Both the turbine efficiency and tangential force coefficient are improved, especially at low flow rate and during turbine startup. Up to 4.3% average increase in turbine efficiency is achieved by optimizing the blade pitch angle. A slight improvement of the tangential force coefficient and decrease of the axial force coefficient are also obtained. A tangible increase of the stall‐free operating range is also achieved by optimizing the blade pitch angle. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变叶片数和长短叶片对某跨音速向心汽轮机气动性能的影响

利用三维数值模拟的方法对一跨音速向心汽轮机进行了气动设计优化分析,通过改变叶片数和采用长短叶片结构等方法分析其对叶轮内流场的影响,分析了TC-4P叶型的气动特点。结果表明:TC-4P叶型虽然只是普通的渐缩型流道的叶栅,但利用其斜切部的膨胀能力,对超音速工况一样具有良好的性能;叶轮采用长短叶片的方法可以有效地降低余速损失,并改善流动状况。     

New response surface model and its applications in aerodynamic optimization of axial compressor blade profile

A parametric method for the axial compressor 2D blade profiles is proposed in which the blade geometries are defined with the parameters commonly used for blade definition, which ensures that the geometric significance is clear and an unreasonable blade profile is not generated. Several illustrations are presented to show the fitting precision of the method. A novel response surface model is proposed which regards the objective distribution function in the vicinity of a sample as normal school, and then generates the response surface function in the whole design space by a linear combination of distribution functions of all the samples. Based on this model, a numerical aerodynamic optimization platform for the axial compressor 2D blade profiles is developed, by which aerodynamic optimization of two compressor blade profiles are presented. __________ Translated from Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2007, 28(4): 813–820 [译自: 航空学报]