Discontinuity in normal spectral emissivity of solid and liquid copper at the melting point

Normal spectral emissivities for solid (ɛ_λ,solid) and liquid (ɛ_λ,liquid) copper at the melting point have been determined, and the discontinuity in ɛ_λ,liquid and ɛ_λ,solid at the melting point has been discussed. The spectral emissivity was determined by comparing the spectral radiation intensity of the sample to that of the fixed-point blackbody over the wavelength range 550 to 750 nm. The samples and fixed-point blackbody were heated in the continuous casting type cold crucible. Values of ɛ_λ,liquid and ɛ_λ,solid at 650 nm were 0.167 and 0.108, respectively. The emissivity ratio of ɛ_λ,liquid/ɛ_λ,solid increased from approximately 1.2 to 1.8 as the wavelength increased in the range 550 to 750 nm. The discontinuity in ɛ_λ,liquid and ɛ_λ,solid at the melting point has been qualitatively explained by the optical absorption mechanism due to the intraband transition.     

Density and viscosity of liquid Pu-U alloys

Density and viscosity determinations of liquid Pu-U alloys were made for five compositions, 5.5, 10.8, 16.6, 22.4, and 28.5 wt pct U, from near their liquidus temperatures to above 800°C. A vacuum pycnometric technique was used for the density determinations and an oscillating cup viscometer for the viscosity determinations. The partial molar volume of uranium was decreased approximately 15 pct in solutions containing up to 10.8 wt pct U and approached the normal molar volume at higher uranium concentration. The partial molar volume of plutonium changed by only 1 pct over the entire composition range. The viscosity of the alloys up to 10.8 pct U increased more rapidly than predicted from the pure components. Formerly with Monsanto Research Corp.     

The density and viscosity of liquid antimony

Absolute techniques have been used to determine, to a high degree of accuracy, the density and viscosity of liquid antimony. The data obtained are in reasonable agreement with previous work. Densities were measured up to about 115° above the melting point and varied linearly with temperature according to the equation p = 6.902-6.486 × 10^-4t wheret is in °. Viscosities were measured up to only 70° above the melting point and about 7° below on the supercooled liquid. The viscosity results were fitted to the Andrade equation ŋν^1/3 =A exp C/νT whereA and C are constants whose values were determined as 1.608 × 10^-3 and 221.4, respectively.     

The influence of sulphur on the viscosity of liquid iron

Measurements between melting point and 1700°C show that small additions of sulphur significantly lower the viscosity of iron.     

Assessment of creep-fatigue damage at main vessel triple point of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor after core disruptive accident

The main vessel (MV) carries all the major reactor components including core and liquid sodium filled to 12.4 m height. The reactor core along with the inner vessel is placed on the grid plate, which is supported on the core support structure (CSS). The CSS is supported on the MV through a support shell, welded to the dished end at the point where crown and knuckle joins. The CSS support shell to MV joint is called as triple point and damage at this point is of concern. The core catcher (CC) is placed below the CSS and is also supported on the CSS support shell. The triple point is subjected to a dead load of 920 t. During the unlikely event of core disruptive accident (CDA) a high dynamic pressure will act on the core catcher (CC), which in turn exerts a high load on the triple point. Also the hot molten core debris will come to the CC, which is close to the MV dished end. This will result in increase of temperature in the cold pool, which will cause significant creep damage at triple point during post accident heat removal phase. As the triple point is the only junction, which is supporting the reactor core and CC through CSS support shell, its failure can cause serious consequences to the integrity of MV. Hence, triple point is analysed to ensure its integrity during the transient pressure loading and subsequent post accident heat removal (PAHR) phase of CDA. The stress intensities during transient pressure are found to be within the limits. The subsequent creep damage during post accident heat removal (PAHR) phase is also assessed. Based on the apportioned creep damage of 0.4 for category 4 events, the triple point can be kept at a temperature of 923 K (650°C) or 973 K (700°C) effectively for a period of 1.2 × 10⁴ h (500 days) or 662 h (27.6 days) respectively which are acceptable with comfortable margin. More details are presented in the paper.     

Concentration and temperature dependence of viscosity in lysozyme aqueous solutions

Women scheduled for breast biopsy procedures experience heightened anxiety about the outcomes of their diagnostic procedures. Perioperative nurses have unique opportunities to provide quality nursing care for patients awaiting breast biopsy procedures and their definitive diagnoses. The prevalence (ie, 50%) of benign breast disease in women of reproductive age and the anxiety related to the threat of breast cancer are important nursing concerns. This article addresses the breast clinic nurse's role in meeting the emotional and informational needs of women scheduled for breast biopsy procedures. The human response to illness (HRI) model is used as a framework for understanding the phenomenon of anxiety within this context. The HRI model provides a basis for delivering quality nursing care through the development of an enhanced role for the breast clinic nurse.     

Influence of the viscosity and melting point of converter slag on its foaming behavior

To reduce the energy consumption in oxygen converters, the efficiency of injection must be maximized. That reduces the consumption of hot metal, slag-forming materials, and refractories and increases steel output. The influence of the viscosity and melting point of converter slag on its foaming behavior is investigated. By means of a polymer model, the regions of slag homogeneity are identified, and the influence of the liquidus temperature and viscosity of converter slag on its foaming behavior is established.