热障涂层抗氧化夹层界面残余应力分析

通过喷涂等工艺预制的Al2O3夹层能有效抑制热障涂层高温不规则氧化生长及其所导致的失效.但是,预制的Al2O3夹层又会导致其界面应力重新分布.针对热障涂层界面三维形貌特征,考虑陶瓷层(ZrO2层)、夹层(Al2O3层)、氧化层及粘结层,建立了三维四层球模型,并推导出相应的应力解析式.凹凸两种界面形貌下抗氧化夹层的算例分析表明,抗氧化夹层厚度对热障涂层界面残余应力分布规律有很大的影响.     

EB-PVD热障涂层TGO三维结构分析

热生长氧化物(TGO)的厚度及形貌是影响热障涂层热应力的关键因素。首先开展了电子束物理气相沉积(EB-PVD)热障涂层1 050℃恒温氧化实验,采用聚焦离子束-扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)实现了EB-PVD热障涂层三维成像,获得了576幅热障涂层高温氧化48 h后的SEM图像;其次,通过EB-PVD热障涂层三维结构的分割与提取,得到了真实TGO三维结构和柱间孔隙三维分布,实现了TGO层的厚度测量;最后建立了基于TGO三维结构和柱间孔隙三维分布的EB-PVD热障涂层有限元热应力分析模型,分析了真实TGO三维结构和柱间孔隙三维分布对EB-PVD热障涂层热应力的影响。结果表明,TGO层的平均厚度为2.37μm,有限元模型中最大拉应力为403 MPa,最大压应力为-282 MPa,最大拉应力与最大压应力均出现在陶瓷层中的柱间孔隙处。     

氧化镧掺杂对等离子喷涂Al_2O_3-40%TiO_2涂层组织和耐磨性能的影响

在45#钢基体上大气等离子喷涂制备了Al2O3-40%TiO2(AT40)以及添加不同含量La2O3稀土的陶瓷涂层,利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对涂层的组织结构和形貌进行了研究,并分析了涂层的显微硬度和磨损性能.研究结果表明:添加稀土的AT40涂层主要是由Al2O3、Al2TiO5和LaAl11O8相组成.基体与粘结层以及陶瓷层与粘结层之间形成良好的机械结合界面.添加稀土的涂层孔隙率降低,显微硬度和断裂韧性略有增加.在相同的摩擦磨损试验条件下,稀土/AT40涂层比AT40涂层具有更好的耐磨性,磨损机制都主要是脆性剥落磨损和粘着磨损.     

界面尺寸对热障涂层残余应力的影响

广泛应用于高温部件的热障涂层,其凹凸不平的界面形貌不仅影响界面的结合强度、应力分布,严重时甚至会导致涂层剥离、层裂和失效.文中针对正弦波形界面形貌的热障涂层,研究了界面尺寸（微坑深度、宽度和间距）对界面残余应力的影响.结果表明,界面几何形貌突变越严重,应力突变也随之加剧;不同的微结构尺寸影响因素对残余应力影响各不相同,其中微坑深度对残余应力的影响最为显著.     

等离子喷涂热障涂层中应力分布的有限元模拟

采用热弹性有限元方法研究了热载荷条件下由数值模拟方法生成的热障涂层冷却至室温后的应力分布,分析了热生长氧化物(TGO)层及其厚度对热障涂层应力分布的影响,并与文献的试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:不含TGO层的热障涂层,陶瓷层和粘结层的凸起处为拉应力,凹陷处为压应力;TGO层形成后,陶瓷层凸起处表现为压应力,凹陷处表现为拉应力;界面附近的陶瓷层在TGO层达到一定厚度时出现应力反转现象,且该现象的出现随着界面粗糙度的增大而延迟;模拟预测的应力与文献报道的结果相近,证明了模拟结果的正确性。     

溶胶—凝胶工艺制备Al2O3-ZrO2涂层对工程陶瓷表面改性的研究

采用溶胶—凝胶工艺在SG4氧化铝基工程陶瓷上成功制备了Al2O3-ZrO2涂层。利用差热分析(DTA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对Al2O3-ZrO2涂层的物相组成、表面和断面形貌进行了表征。分别对精磨、热处理、Al2O3-ZrO2涂层试样的抗弯强度和Weibull模数进行了比较。结果表明Al2O3-ZrO2涂层可明显改善工程陶瓷的表面质量；涂层与基体结合紧密，无明显界面层；涂层试样的抗弯强度和Weibull模数均比未涂层试样显著提高。     

基于声发射技术的热障涂层拉伸失效模式研究

热障涂层是一种典型的脆性、非均质、多层结构的材料。服役过程中受热-力载荷的作用,将会导致涂层过早的剥落失效,其主要的失效形式为陶瓷层开裂和界面剥落失效。热障涂层的失效主要是微裂纹萌生、扩展及连通导致。利用声发射技术结合微观形貌观察,研究了拉伸载荷下热障涂层的失效过程,并识别热障涂层裂纹损伤模式。根据不同载荷下的微观形貌观察,研究拉伸载荷下热障涂层的失效过程;利用声发射特征参数分析法(如声发射事件数、幅值),将热障涂层的失效过程分为几个不同阶段,并结合形貌观察,建立声发射特征参数与裂纹损伤失效信息之间的联系;利用快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier transform,FFT)识别热障涂层的损伤模式。结果表明:热障涂层拉伸失效过程为裂纹首先在陶瓷层表面萌生,随后向陶瓷层/粘结层的界面处扩展,到达界面后,裂纹将沿着界面生长与扩展,最终导致热障涂层分层剥落;将热障涂层的失效过程分为四个阶段;频谱分析结果表明基体频率成分大约在0.020MHz,表面裂纹的频率成分在0.20～0.25MHz,界面裂纹的频率成分在0.15～0.20MHz。     

TiAl合金表面等离子喷涂双层涂层组织与性能的研究

用等离子喷涂法在TiAl合金基体表面喷涂得到由CoNiCrAlY粘结层和ZrO2 Y2O2陶瓷外层组成的双层结构的热障涂层，进行了高温氧化试验并用SEM和光学显微镜观察分析了涂层的组织及形貌。结果表明：粘结层厚度为60μm，陶瓷外层厚度为250μm。喷涂后试样高温抗氧化能力提高。     

热障涂层层状裂纹的位置对断裂性能的影响

广泛应用于热能动力的热障涂层在高温工作环境下,由于温度梯度产生的热应力不匹配会导致热障涂层层裂或剥落失效。本文针对热障涂层层裂问题,考虑热应力不匹配因素,建立热障涂层层裂I/II复合型断裂准则,并针对分层裂纹在陶瓷层与粘结层界面上和附近的3种位置存在形式,进行了热障涂层结构单裂纹层裂的算例分析。结果表明界面处层裂纹对应变能释放率影响最大。     

溶胶—凝胶工艺制备Al2O3-ZrO2涂层对工程陶瓷表面改性的研究

采用溶胶－凝胶工艺在SG4氧化铝基工程陶瓷上成功制备了Al2O3-ZrO2 涂层。利用差热分析（DTA）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）等分析手段对Al2O3-ZrO2涂层的物相组成、表面和断面形貌进行了表征。分别对精磨、热处理、Al2O3-ZrO2涂层试样的抗弯强度和Weibull模数进行了比较。结果表明：Al2O3-ZrO2涂层可明显改善工程陶瓷的表面质量;涂层与基体结合紧密,无明显界面层;涂层试样的抗弯强度和Weibull模数均比未涂层试样显著提高。     

Effect of Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding on the Service Life of Thermal Barrier Coating

Thermally Grown Oxide(TGO) is a dominating component in controlling the effectiveness of thermal barrier coating.During the growth of TGO,whether we could homogeneously distribute Al atom on the TGO and the intermediate metal layer will be the key factor in forming TGO with continuous,uniform and single-ingredient(Al2O3).In this experiment,we bombarded particles on to the metallic bound layer.We studied the influence of supersonic particle bombardment on the diffusion of Al.We hope to control the growth of TGO by monitoring the diffusion of Al.Thermal barrier coating(TBC),which consists of a NiCoCrAlY bond coat and a ZrO2-8Y2O3(wt.%) topcoat(TC),is fabricated on the nickel-base superalloy by air plasma spray(APS).NiCoCrAlY bond coat is treated by supersonic fine particles bombarding(SFPB).The morphology,oxidation behavior of TBC and phase are characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectromrter(EDS) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The influence of supersonic fine particles bombarding technique on the service life of thermal barrier coating is studied.The results show that SFPB technique improves the flaw of excessive surface undulation in the as-sprayed bond coat.A continuous,uniform and single-ingredient(Al2O3) TGO can quickly form in the SFPB TBC during high temperature oxidation process.The thickening of TGO is relatively slow.These will effectively suppress the formation of other non-protective oxides.Therefore,SFPB technique reduces the growth stress level generated by the continuous growth of TGO,and also avoids the stress concentration induced by formation of the large particle spinal oxide.Thermal barrier coating still remains well after 350 thermal cycles.The service life of TBC is improved.The proposed research provides theoretical basis and technical references to further improve and enhance the SFPB technique.     

Effect of TGO on the tensile failure behavior of thermal barrier coatings

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering - Thermally grown oxide (TGO) may be generated in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) after high-temperature oxidation. TGO increases the internal stress of the...     

热障涂层折射率与厚度的太赫兹无损检测

精确提取陶瓷层（Top coat,TC）与热生长氧化层（Thermally grown oxide,TGO）层在太赫兹频段的折射率是进行热障涂层（Thermal barrier coatings,TBCs）太赫兹无损检测研究的重要条件。由于对涂层样品只能采取反射式测量,所以首先比较了反射式与传统透射式测量条件下提取样品太赫兹光学参数及厚度的结果,随后利用反射式太赫兹时域脉冲成像系统提取等离子体喷涂的8YSZ热障涂层（TBCs）中TC层与TGO层的折射率,并依据所提取折射率进一步对TC层的厚度分布进行测量及成像。试验结果表明在材料中衰减较小的有效频段下反射式测量同样可以精确提取样品的折射率以及厚度,反射式测量TC层的平均折射率为5.23,TGO层的折射率为2.91,TGO的主要成分α-Al₂O₃的折射率为2.85。TBCs样品中TC层的平均厚度为257 μm,从TC层厚度的太赫兹图像中可观察到TC与粘结层（Bond coat,BC）界面的不均匀程度。反射式太赫兹无损检测可精确提取TBCs中TC与TGO的折射率和厚度,这对于TBCs中裂纹和气泡等缺陷的识别以及TGO生长太赫兹检测具有重要意义。     

纳米表面工程与摩擦学

利用表面工程技术解决摩擦磨损问题具有高效、实用等特点。随着科学技术的迅速发展，纳米材料和纳米技术在表面工程中得到了广泛应用，由此出现了“纳米表面工程”。利用纳米表面工程技术制备的涂层和镀层有着非常优异的摩擦学性能。本文叙述了作者近年来的有关工作，包括热喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层、热喷涂纳米自润滑涂层、纳米陶瓷／聚合物复合涂层、纳米复合电镀层以及纳米电泳沉积层的摩擦磨损特性和机制。     

Erosion, corrosion and erosion–corrosion of EB PVD thermal barrier coatings

Electron beam (EB) physical vapour deposited (PVD) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been used in gas turbine engines for a number of years. The primary mode of failure is attributed to oxidation of the bond coat and growth of the thermally grown oxide (TGO), the alumina scale that forms on the bond coat and to which the ceramic top coat adheres. Once the TGO reaches a critical thickness, the TBC tends to spall and expose the underlying substrate to the hot gases. Erosion is commonly accepted as a secondary failure mechanism, which thins the TBC thus reducing its insulation capability and increasing the TGO growth rate. In severe conditions, erosion can completely remove the TBC over time, again resulting in the exposure of the substrate, typically Ni-based superalloys. Since engine efficiency is related to turbine entry temperature (TET), there is a constant driving force to increase this temperature. With this drive for higher TETs comes corrosion problems for the yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) ceramic topcoat. YSZ is susceptible to attack from molten calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicates (CMAS) which degrades the YSZ both chemically and micro-structurally. CMAS has a melting point of around 1240 °C and since it is common in atmospheric dust it is easily deposited onto gas turbine blades. If the CMAS then melts and penetrates into the ceramic, the life of the TBC can be significantly reduced. This paper discusses the various failure mechanisms associated with the erosion, corrosion and erosion–corrosion of EB PVD TBCs. The concept of a dimensionless ratio D/d, where D is the contact footprint diameter and d is the column diameter, as a means of determining the erosion mechanism is introduced and discussed for EB PVD TBCs.     

Time of flight improved thermally grown oxide thickness measurement with terahertz spectroscopy

As a nondestructive testing technique, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy technology is commonly used to measure the thickness of ceramic coat in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). However, the invisibility of ceramic/thermally grown oxide (TGO) reflective wave leads to the measurement failure of natural growth TGO whose thickness is below 10 μm in TBCs. To detect and monitor TGO in the emergence stage, a time of flight (TOF) improved TGO thickness measurement method is proposed. A simulative investigation on propagation characteristics of terahertz shows the linear relationship between TGO thickness and phase shift of feature wave. The accurate TOF increment could be acquired from wavelet soft threshold and cross-correlation function with negative effect reduction of environmental noise and system oscillation. Thus, the TGO thickness could be obtained efficiently from the TOF increment of the monitor area with different heating times. The averaged error of 1.61 μm in experimental results demonstrates the highly accurate and robust measurement of the proposed method, making it attractive for condition monitoring and life prediction of TBCs.     

Performance of Y2O3∕Al multilayer coatings for the He-II radiation at 30.4 nm

We briefly report on the performance and stability of periodic multilayer mirrors containing Y(2)O(3) and Al layers designed for normal incidence reflection at the He-II emission line (30.4 nm). We found that Y(2)O(3)∕Al multilayer coatings had higher reflectivity (24.9%) at 30.4 nm and significantly lower reflectivity (1.3%) at 58.4 nm than the conventional coatings such as Mo∕Si. Furthermore, we investigated the temporal stability of the Y(2)O(3)∕Al multilayer coatings. Our sample was kept under vacuum, dry N(2) purge, and normal atmosphere for over three months, and there were no measurable changes in the reflectivity. These results suggest that we can use Y(2)O(3)∕Al multilayer coatings as standard mirrors for the He-II radiation.     

纳米结构Al2O3/13TiO2涂层精密磨削的材料去除机理的研究

应用扫描电镜对纳米结构Al2O3/13TiO2(n-Al2O3/13TiO2)涂层精密磨削后的表面/亚表面形貌进行观察和分析,结合对n-Al2O3/13TiO2精密磨削的单颗磨粒磨削力、磨削力分力比和比磨削能的磨削实验结果的分析,揭示了n-Al2O3/13TiO2涂层精密磨削的材料去除机理.研究表明,在大多数磨削条件下,n-Al2O3/13TiO2陶瓷涂层磨削的材料去除机理主要是以材料碎裂和材料压碎等脆性去除方式为主,同时也存在一定的材料粉末化以及极少的显微塑性变形等方式.研究结论对纳米结构陶瓷涂层的工业化应用具有重要的理论和实用价值.     

ZrO2热障涂层研究进展

简述了热障涂层的发展;介绍了ZrO2陶瓷作为热障涂层材料的热力学性能和机械性能,以及ZrO2热障涂层的失效机理和改进措施;论述了梯度热障涂层的优点和有待解决的问题.     

Al2O3—ZrO2陶瓷涂层的高温摩擦反应膜研究

选用三种ＺｒＯ２含是不同的Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＺｒＯ２热喷涂涂层与铸铁匹配，在不同润滑油润滑条件下进行高温实验研究，结果表明陶瓷涂层表面亦有较强的化学活性，Ａｌ２Ｏ２－ＺｒＯ２陶瓷涂层与矿物油有较好配伍性，高温摩擦条件下生成减以应膜。