2,6-二氟苯甲腈的合成及其水解工艺研究

以2,6-二氯苯甲腈为原料,环丁砜为溶剂,采用分段升温法,与高活性无水氟化钾反应,制得2,6-二氟苯甲腈,收率87.6%。2,6-二氟苯甲腈通过控制不同的水解条件,制得2,6-二氟苯甲酰胺(收率89%)和2,6-二氟苯甲酸(收率90.5%)。     

杀虫剂氟啶脲的合成

以2,6-二氯-4-氨基苯酚和2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料,经醚化反应得到3.5-二氯-4-(3-氯-5-三氟甲基-2-吡啶氧)基苯胺;以2,6-二氟苯甲酰胺和固体光气为原料制得2,6-二氟苯甲酰异氰酸酯,再与3.5-二氯-4-(3-氯-5-三氟甲基-2-吡啶氧)基苯胺加成得到氟啶脲,收率为95%。     

4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶合成工艺的优化

对以五氯吡啶为起始原料合成4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶的工艺进行了改进,研究了相关因素对4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶收率的影响。结果表明,反应中水分对氟交换反应影响很大,无水条件下氟交换反应温度为100~158℃时中间体3,5-二氯-2,4,6-三氟吡啶收率超过80%;无水KF无需预先用烘箱干燥,氟化产物无需用精馏塔分离,且氨化反应无需耐高温高压设备(室温即可反应),产物总收率为70.4%。此方法操作简单、反应条件温和、设备投资少、生产成本低,具有较高的实用价值。     

2,6-二氯吡啶-4-甲醛的合成及副产物研究

以2,6-二羟基异烟酸为原料,经过氯代、胺解、脱水和还原反应制得2,6-二氯吡啶-4-甲醛(Ⅰ),及另一个应用较广的化工中间体2,6-二氯吡啶-4-甲胺,其结构经ESI-MS、1HNMR确证,目标产物总收率达到26.2%。结果表明:当n(2,6-二氯-4-氰基吡啶)∶n(二异丁基氢化铝)=1∶1.6,温度为-15℃,反应时间12 h,还原反应目标产物收率达到最佳为45.4%,副产物2,6-二氯吡啶-4-甲胺收率12.0%。     

绿色溶剂法制备2,6-二苦氨基吡啶的研究

采用水作为溶剂,以2,6-二氨基吡啶(DAP)和2,4,6-三硝基氯苯为原料,经N-烷基化反应,制得2,6-二苦氨基吡啶(PAP)。考察了相转移催化剂、反应物配比、缚酸剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等对PAP收率的影响。结果表明,优化工艺条件为:采用AEO9作相转移催化剂,n(三硝基氯苯)∶n(二氨基吡啶)=2.2∶1,n(碳酸氢钠)∶n(二氨基吡啶)=1.83∶1,反应温度95℃,反应时间为5 h。此时2,6-二苦氨基吡啶的得率可达84.6%,熔点315℃,液相色谱分析纯度为97.6%。     

2,2′,6,6′-四甲氧基-4,4′-二(二苯基氧膦)-3,3′-联吡啶的合成

以2,6 二氯吡啶为起始原料,首先合成了2,6 二甲氧基吡啶,而后经过-20～-40℃下吡啶环的溴化反应,合成了中间产物2,6 二甲氧基 3 溴吡啶,收率为74 8%;进而,在-78℃条件下利用Ph2PCl作为亲电试剂进行亲电取代反应制备了中间产物2,6 二甲氧基 3 溴 4 二苯基膦吡啶,收率为77 4%;最后,利用0℃下三价膦的氧化反应合成了2,6 二甲氧基 3 溴 4 二苯基氧膦吡啶及150℃下吡啶环的偶合反应,合成出了目标产物2,2′,6,6′ 四甲氧基 4,4′ 二(二苯基氧膦) 3,3′ 联吡啶,收率分别为95 3%和62 5%,整个合成过程的总收率为27 8%。在合成过程中采用氢谱、碳谱等核磁共振方法鉴定了一些重要中间产物和目标产物的分子结构。     

氟草定乙酯的合成

采用3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟-4-氨基吡啶和α-羟基乙酸乙酯为原料,在氢化钠存在下,反应制备氟草定乙酯,收率70％。     

4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶的合成研究

以3,5-二氯-2,4,6-三氟吡啶(TFP)为原料,水为溶剂,采用带压氨解合成氟草烟的中间体4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶,对反应条件进行了研究,优化反应条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间30min,物料比n(TFP)∶n(氨水)=1∶3.5,苄基三乙基氯化铵的用量为TFP质量的5%。优化反应条件下收率为83.5%,产品含量为98.6%,其结构经红外分析、元素分析、核磁共振确证。     

2,6-二氯-3-氟吡啶合成新方法

以2,6-二氯吡啶为起始原料,经过硝化反应得到中间体2,6-二氯-3-硝基吡啶。2,6-二氯-3-硝基吡啶经过催化氢化还原反应得到中间体2,6-二氯-3-氨基吡啶,最后2,6-二氯-3-氨基吡啶重氮化反应得到2,6-二氯-3-氟吡啶,3步反应总收率69.3%。对合成目标化合物进行了质谱、核磁表征,结果表明结构正确。详细讨论了硝酸浓度、催化剂种类及用量、亚硝酸钠物质的量比等因素对反应的影响。该路线具有收率高、选择性好、工业化应用前景广等优点。     

绿色溶剂法制备2,6-二苦氨基吡啶的研究

采用水作为溶剂,以2,6-二氨基吡啶(DAP)和2,4,6-三硝基氯苯为原料,经N-烷基化反应,制得2,6-二苦氨基吡啶(PAP)。考察了相转移催化剂、反应物配比、缚酸剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等对PAP收率的影响。结果表明,优化工艺条件为:采用AEO9作相转移催化剂,n(三硝基氯苯)∶n(二氨基吡啶)=2.2∶1,n(碳酸氢钠)∶n(二氨基吡啶)=1.83∶1,反应温度95℃,反应时间为5 h。此时2,6-二苦氨基吡啶的得率可达84.6%,熔点315℃,液相色谱分析纯度为97.6%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。