Dy gradient and coercivity in grain boundary diffusion processed Nd-Fe-B magnet

By controlling Dy vapor deposition process, the amount of Dy that diffused into the magnet was increased gradually from 0.1 wt.% to 0.3 wt.%. Compared with the original status, the coercivity increment was not proportional to the Dy diffusion amount. Subsequent H_(cj) and Dy content gradient data showed that slope of the 0.3 wt.% sample gradient was bigger than that of 0.1 wt.% one, and the gaps between outer flakes and inner flakes enlarged with the increasement of Dy diffusion amount. Although Dy mostly enriched in triple-junction regions in electron-probe microscope analysis(EPMA) images, the following Auger depth graph showed that Dy content was as high as 3.0 at.% in 1.5 mm deep center. It proved that Dy tended to get into the main phase rather than stayed in the grain boundary during the diffusion process, and over-diffusion of Dy in the main phase was unhelpful for the coercivity enhancement.     

GH4169合金δ相析出与溶解行为研究

研究了1050 °C 1 h固溶处理的GH4I69合金在800～980°C时效处理过程中δ相的析出行为以及900 °C 20 h预析出处理后的合金在980 ~ 1040°C固溶处理时的δ相溶解规律。研究表明,δ相的析出峰温度约为900°C ,δ相优先在晶界或率晶界析出,δ相由颗粒状长大成短棒状乃至长针状，晶内δ相由γ" 相转化而来。δ相长大方 式与温度存在关系。δ相在不低于980 T的固溶处理过程中优先从δ相的交界处溶解断开，并由长针状转变为短棒 状和颗粒状。晶界长针状δ相会更快的溶解，形成短棒状或颗粒状。≥ 1020 °C固溶处理可使得δ相完全溶解。     

Influence of Al/Cu content on grain boundary diffusion in Nd-Fe-B magnet via in-situ observation

The influence of aluminum and copper content in the starting Nd-Fe-B magnet on grain boundary diffusion process(GBDP) was studied by observing the phase transformation behaviors of the magnets in-situ at high temperature. A higher coercivity increment is discovered in the sample with higher AI/Cu despite the fact that its Dy diffusion amount is the same as the other. DSC analysis shows an evident melting behavior in the higher Al/Cu sample. Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) in-situ characterization shows a large amount of melted intergranular phase spills out to the surface simultaneously at around 600 ℃ in the high Al/Cu sample, while the phase spills out gradually one after another in the range between 623 and680 ℃ in the other sample, which indicates that the intergranular phase can be more easily melted in the sample containing more AI/Cu. The area fraction of matrix phase remarkably shrinks while that of intergranular phase enlarges after LSCM heating, which demonstrates the outer region of the Nd_2 Fe_(14)B grains melt at the temperature of 900 ℃. Electron probe microanalyzer result(EPMA) shows that the Nd and Dy concentrate in edge regions and subsequently mix into the intergranular phase with the melting of the grain edge, while a large amount of AI and Cu in the intergranular phase spill out. Nevertheless, the sample with higher starting AI/Cu still remains higher residual contents after LSCM experiments, and that could probably be the main reason why the high AI/Cu magnet shows smaller coercivity decrement after LSCM experiment. Overall, the increase of AI/Cu in the starting magnet optimizes the Dy distribution and the wettability of intergranular phase, enhancing coercivity increment effect further.     

镝扩渗对烧结钕铁硼磁体组织结构与磁性能的影响

对比研究了38UH、42SH和N50薄片状钕铁硼磁体晶界镝扩渗前后的组织结构与磁性能,发现经过镝扩渗处理后磁体的矫顽力提高了400 kA·m-1以上,而剩磁几乎不变,最大磁能积因为矫顽力和方形度的提高而提高。经组织结构分析认为,钕铁硼磁体晶界镝扩渗提高矫顽力主要是通过提高Nd₂Fe₁₄B晶粒外延层的各向异性和形核场实现的。根据Fick第一扩散定律,对磁体晶界镝扩渗进行了模拟计算,可近似得到定温热处理不同时间后渗镝深度及对应的镝的质量浓度及质量分数。      

晶界扩散Dy60Co35Ga5合金对烧结钕铁硼磁体 磁性能及热稳定性的影响

研究了晶界扩散Dy₆₀Co₃₅Ga₅合金对烧结钕铁硼磁体磁性能及其热稳定性的影响.随着扩散温度的升高,磁体的矫顽力（H_cj）呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,并在890 ℃扩散3 h,480 ℃回火5 h的工艺条件下,矫顽力达到较优,从1 209 kA/m提高到1 624 kA/m,磁体的剩磁只有轻微的下降,从1.38 T降低到1.32 T.高温下测试磁体的磁性能,原始磁体和890 ℃晶界扩散Dy₆₀Co₃₅Ga₅合金磁体的矫顽力都呈下降趋势,但晶界扩散Dy₆₀Co₃₅Ga₅合金磁体的矫顽力在高温下要明显优于原始磁体.原始磁体及890 ℃晶界扩散Dy₆₀Co₃₅Ga₅合金磁体在不同温度下保温2 h的不可逆磁通损失分别为63 %和45 %.且DSC结果显示,890 ℃晶界扩散Dy₆₀Co₃₅Ga₅合金磁体的居里温度（T_c）要明显高于原始磁体的居里温度,这表明晶界扩散磁体的热稳定性得到了很大的改善. XRD图谱显示,890 ℃晶界扩散磁体RE₂Fe₁₄B相的衍射峰较原始磁体向右偏移,说明Dy原子及Co原子少部分已进入主相晶粒.      

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a new Ni-based heat-resistant alloy during aging at 750℃

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a new candidate Ni-based heat-resistant alloy for advanced ultra-supercritical( A-USC) steam turbine rotors were investigated during aging at 750 °C up to 10 000 h. The evolutions of γ' particles inside austenitic grain and M_(23)C_6 carbides along grain boundaries were characterized according to their morphologies,distributions,and growth kinetics. Mean radius of the γ' spherical particles grew from 20. 3 to 90. 0 nm after aging for 10 000 h,and the corresponding coarsening behavior was conformed to the law of Lifschitz-Slyosovd-Wagner( LSW). The weight fraction of γ' particles slightly increased from 10. 0 to 12.0wt. % after aging of long duration at 750 ℃. The Cr-rich M_(23)C_6 carbides discontinuously precipitated along grain boundaries,while other detrimental phases were not formed during the aging treatment,and hence the strength of grain boundary was enhanced by these discontinuously distributed carbides. The critical size of γ' had a direct influence on the maximum hardness of this alloy. Moreover,this alloy presented a good impact toughness for the safety after long time aging at high temperature.     

晶界扩散Dy–Al–Ga对钕铁硼磁体的磁性能和微观组织的影响

通过晶界扩散Dy₇₀Al₁₀Ga₂₀合金研究了烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的磁性能和热稳定性能.用NIM-500C高温永磁测量仪和MLA650扫描电镜测出了磁体在扩散前后的磁性能和微观组织的变化.结果表明，在Dy₇₀Al₁₀Ga₂₀合金扩散热处理后，磁体矫顽力从原始的1 080.968 kA/m显著提升到1 671.600 kA/m，提升幅度约为55 %，而剩磁下降很少. Dy、Al、Ga元素在晶界处扩散，很好地隔绝了磁交换作用，提升矫顽力. SEM图显示在扩散Dy₇₀Al₁₀Ga₂₀合金后，可以很明显地看到晶粒外延层有一层灰色的壳层包覆着主相晶粒，很好地起到了隔离晶粒的磁交换作用. XRD显示主相的峰普遍往右偏移，这归因于重稀土元素Dy进入晶粒外延层形成（Nd, Dy）₂Fe₁₄B核壳结构. Dy的原子半径比Nd小，导致峰往右移.      

Characterization of high-temperature oxide films on dysprosium-doped Fe-20Cr alloys by electrochemical techniques

The oxidation properties of Fe-20Cr,Fe-20Cr-0.2Dy and Fe-20Cr-1Dy alloys were studied using gravimetric and electrochemical techniques.The high-temperature oxide films of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys were prepared in air at 900 oC for 24,48 and 100 h,respectively.The electrochemical experiment was performed by a three-electrode electrochemical cell and in 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 aqueous solution.Proper models were built for describing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the different oxide layers and the spectra were interpreted in terms of a two-layer model of the films.The results revealed that the oxide films of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys became compacter than that of undoped alloys and retained their good protective ability for a relatively long time.With increasing content of Dy,the protection of the oxide films slightly decreased.Mott-Schottky curves indicated that all the oxides were n-type semi-conductors,and the Nd value of oxide film on Fe-20Cr was much larger than that of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys.The results of kinetic curves and SEM were in agreement with electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky data.     

Microstructures and Magnetic Properties of As-Cast RE（Dy）-Fe-C（B） Alloys

RE2 Fe14 Ccompoundswithtetragonalcrystalstructureareformedforalmostallrareearthelements(RE ) .Theirmagneticpropertiesareveryclosetothoseofthecorrespondingborides[1～ 5] .Formostofthelightrare earthelements ,La ,Ce ,ProrNd ,itisdifficulttoproducetheRE2 Fe14 Cphase[5～ 7] .Thereasonisthefairlylowtemperature (Tt)ofthesolidstatephasetransformationinthesecompounds .TheydecomposeeasilyintoRE2 Fe17Cxcompoundsathighertemperatures[8,9] .Highcoercivitiescanbeobtainedthroughacontrolledtransformat…     

时效制度对6013铝合金挤压型材屈强比的影响

以挤压态的6013铝合金为研究对象,通过显微硬度测试、单向拉伸实验和组织分析,研究了自然时效、人工时效和回归再时效处理时合金的力学性能变化规律。结果表明:自然时效峰值状态（16 d）的抗拉强度为286 MPa,屈服强度为158 MPa,屈强比为0.54,适合塑性成形;将自然时效峰值状态下的试样进行回归再时效处理（210 °C回归0.5 h+170 °C峰值时效2 h）,抗拉强度为362 MPa,屈服强度为336 MPa,屈强比达到0.92,抗塑性变形能力显著增强。这是因为回归再时效后析出相的尺寸减小,数密度显著增大,析出强化效果显著增强。而析出强化对屈服强度和抗拉强度的影响程度不同,因此可通过时效热处理来调控屈强比,即通过自然峰值时效提高合金的塑性变形性能以成形零件,而在零件成形后采用回归再时效提高其抗变形能力。      

晶界扩散中Tb对烧结NdFeB磁体微观组织和磁性能的影响

通过晶界扩散技术提升烧结钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁体矫顽力的方法已获得广泛应用,为了研究重稀土磁粉对磁体综合磁性能的影响,本文采用喷涂扩散的方法将重稀土Tb含量为6.0%(质量分数)的磁粉作为复合扩散源的一部分进行晶界扩散并制备了高性能烧结NdFeB磁体。结果表明,当主扩散源占比为60%(质量分数)时,Nd₄₀Tb₆₀对应扩散磁体的矫顽力最高达到21.52 kOe,矫顽力增幅明显。经过微观组织结构和XRD表征分析,重稀土元素Tb沿晶界相扩散进入磁体内部的同时发生了晶格取代反应,可在晶粒表层生成磁晶各向异性场更强的(Nd,Dy/Tb)₂Fe₁₄B硬磁相,显著增强了磁体矫顽力。当主扩散源占比为20%、40%和80%(质量分数)时,Nd₈₀Tb₂₀,Nd₆₀Tb₄₀和Nd₂₀Tb₈₀对应扩散磁体的矫顽力增幅较小,其中Nd₈₀Tb₂₀扩散...     

晶界扩散Tb对烧结Nd-Fe-B组织与磁性能的影响

用磁控溅射法在烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体表面沉积Tb金属薄膜并进行晶界扩散处理,对比经不同热扩散温度及时间处理后的磁体组织和磁性能变化。结果表明,925℃×10 h+500℃×2 h为最佳晶界扩散工艺,可将磁体矫顽力提高到1630.9 kA·m^-1,较原始磁体提升50%,同时剩磁和磁能积无明显下降,磁体仍具有较高的退磁曲线方形度。晶界扩散处理后磁体取向度有所提高,主相晶粒表面形成了明显的富Tb壳层结构,其厚度随离开磁体表面距离的增加逐渐变薄,随热扩散温度升高和时间延长逐渐增厚。长时间热扩散处理使磁体内形成沿晶界分布的连续薄层富Nd相,将主相晶粒彼此分隔,有效降低磁性相颗粒间交换耦合作用。能谱(EDS)分析表明,适当的热扩散工艺可使Tb元素扩散至磁体芯部,渗透厚度4 mm的磁体。     

Permeation of BTEX through Unaged and Aged HDPE Geomembranes

The effects of aging of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes on the diffusion and partitioning of a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are examined. Two different 1.5?mm thick HDPE geomembranes were aged in the laboratory at 85°C by immersing in a synthetic leachate for up to 32?months. The results of partitioning and diffusion tests performed at room temperature on both unaged and aged geomembranes using a dilute aqueous solution containing four VOCs commonly found in landfill leachates [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] are reported. The diffusion and partitioning coefficients decreased with increased aging. The calculated permeation coefficients decreased by 36–62% after aging the geomembrane for about 10–32?months. This decrease in diffusion, partitioning, and permeation coefficients is related to the increase in geomembrane crystallinity during aging. A relationship between partitioning, diffusion, and permeation coefficients with the geomembrane crystallinity is established and could potentially be used to evaluate the migration of VOCs through HDPE geomembranes. Aging of HDPE geomembrane did not increase diffusive transport of organic contaminants.     

正火冷却速度对18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢组织和硬度的影响

18CrNiM07-6钢(/%:0.17C、0.59Mn、0.24Si、1.56Ni、1.71Cr、0.28Mo)为表面硬化齿轮钢要求正火后钢的组织为铁素体+珠光体和较低的HB硬度值。18CrNiM07-6钢连续冷却后易得到高硬度的贝氏体组织。通过实验室高温箱式电阻炉试验表明,870～900℃1 h-640～660℃4 h炉冷至300℃,空冷,该钢的组织为铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体组织,HB硬度值为340～350;而870～900℃1 h,30℃/h至640～660℃,炉冷至300℃,空冷,该钢的组织为铁素体+珠光体,HB硬度值为190～210:生产试验表明,30 t Φ 180 mm 18CrNiM07-6钢锻材经900℃10 h,≤30℃/h至650℃25 h,30℃/h至500℃空冷,可获得铁素体+珠光体组织。     

烧结温度对Nd24.38Ce0.52Gd6.65Febal.TM1.76B0.95磁体组织与性能的影响

采用双合金法制备Nd24.38Ce0.52Gd6.65Febal.TM1.76B0.95（质量分数,%）永磁体,通过扫描电镜及能谱、AMT-4磁测试仪、电子万能力学试验机等手段研究烧结温度对磁体组织和性能的影响.结果表明：随烧结温度从1060℃升高到1100℃,在烧结温度为1080℃时,晶粒均匀且结合致密,富稀土相分布均匀,能获得较好的组织形态;富稀土相中稀土总含量从84.98%增加到98.04%,烧结过程中铈从主相显著扩散到富稀土相;磁体剩磁Br、矫顽力Hcj、磁能积（BH）max 先升后降,在1080℃烧结时获得较好的磁性能,分别为1.22 T、964 kA/m 和293 kJ/m3,同时磁体抗弯强度也达到最大值为257 MPa.     

Long-term oxidation of an as-cast Ni<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al alloy at 900 °C and 1100 °C

The oxidation behavior of a cast nickel aluminide alloy, IC221M, was examined after long-term aging in air for up to 16,600 hours at 900 °C and 5000 hours at 1100 °C. The oxidation products were identified using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis. At 900 °C, NiO dominates the oxidation products initially, but at longer times, NiAl₂O₄ spinel and Al₂O₃ predominate and remain stable for times up to 16,600 hours. Cross-sectional observation confirmed that a continuous surface oxide that is mostly a mixture of Al₂O₃ and NiAl₂O₄ protects the base metal. In its initial stages, the oxidation process at 1100 °C is qualitatively similar to that at 900 °C but with faster kinetics. However, as aging proceeds, NiO spalls freely from the surface, and a protective continuous oxide scale does not form. The oxidation mechanism can be qualitatively understood by the selective oxidation mechanism maps developed by Giggins and Pettit. An erratum to this article is available at .     

退火温度对铁素体不锈钢Y0Cr17SiS组织和性能的影响

热轧状态下的铁素体不锈钢Y0Cr17SiS综合性能较差,不能满足加工使用要求,需进行退火处理,研究了退火温度750 ℃、800℃、850℃、900℃对Y0Cr17SiS钢Φ11 mm热轧材的组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经900℃2 h空冷退火,Y0Cr17SiS钢组织均匀、无析出物产生,抗拉强度为510 MPa,断后延伸率为36%,断面收缩率为65%,HBW硬度值为171。在不锈钢Y0Cr17SiS 35℃的5% NaCl水溶液的雾腐蚀测试能保持24 h不生锈。     

Preparation and luminescence properties of Ce3＋/Dy3＋-codoped fluorosilicate glass ceramics

The Ce3+and Dy3+ co-doped fluorosilicate glass and glass ceramics containing SrF2 or CeF3 nanocrystals were prepared under re-ducing atmosphere. The precipitated nano-crystalline phase shifted from cubic SrF2 to hexagonal CeF3 gradually with the heat treatment tem-perature increasing from 620 to 680 °C. The glass and glass ceramics emitted white light, deriving from a combination of the Ce3+ blue and the Dy3+ yellow light. The CIE coordinates could be tuned by adjusting the ratio of Ce3+/Dy3+ concentration. The luminescence could be en-hanced significantly by annealing the samples at the temperatures lower than 640 °C.     

固溶温度对新型无钻马氏体时效钢00Nil4Cr3Mo3Ti 冲击性能的影响

研究了固溶温度750～1050℃对00Ni14Cr3Mo3Ti新型马氏体时效钢冲击性能和硬度的影响,并用扫描电镜观察试验钢冲击断口的形貌和固溶态显微组织。试验结果表明,钢的固溶温度低于900℃时,随着固溶温度的升高,基体中未溶的Laves相逐渐溶解,固溶态和510℃ 5 h时效态的冲击性能均随着固溶温度的上升而提高;固溶温度高于900℃,固溶态冲击性能随着固溶温度的上升而提高,该钢固溶态冲击功由900℃的215J增加至1050℃固溶的226J,但时效态冲击性能随着固溶温度上升而降低,510 5h时效钢的冲击功由900℃最大值62J降至1050℃固溶的25J。     

44Si2CrV钢弹簧的室温蠕变

试验结果得出,44Si2CrV钢弹簧经淬火+中温回火处理并除掉表面脱碳层后,在室温下所受应力超过临界蠕变应力值时即发生蠕变;钢的抗拉(或剪切)强度越高,临界蠕变应力越高。44Si2CrV钢900℃淬火,500℃回火,临界蠕变应力 τ_cc =700 MPa;900℃淬火,380℃回火, τ_cc =800 MPa。蠕变开始时的塑性变形速率较大,之后急剧减小,在一定应力下保持一定时间后蠕变停止。经长时间压缩,蠕变变形已经停止的弹簧,于200℃保温2 h后空冷,弹簧的自由高度伸长,并且在原来的应力下加载,弹簧蠕变又重新开始。