Electrical Properties of Boron Nitride Matrix Composites: II, Dielectric Relaxations in Boron Nitride–Silicon Carbide Composites

A low-frequency Maxwell–Wagner relaxation, resulting from space-charge buildup, was observed when BN–SiC composites were subjected to an ac current. This paper discusses the Maxwell–Wagner relaxation and information that it reveals about the microstructure of the composite. A modified Maxwell–Wagner equation for the real part of the permittivity is used to model the data. SiC has a higher dielectric constant than that of BN. The microstructure of these composites is anisotropic, with BN platelets preferentially oriented perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction. Samples measured in this direction exhibit a lower dielectric constant than those measured parallel to the hot-pressing direction. In regard to frequency response, the permittivity of BN shows no dependence on frequency, whereas frequency dependence is seen with increasing SiC content.     

Dual Band Resonance in Tetragonal BaTiO3/NBR Composites for Microwave Absorption Applications

Tetragonal BaTiO₃ bulk samples are prepared using the solid‐state route in conjunction with intermediate high‐temperature annealing steps. The (002) and (200) X‐ray diffraction peaks near 2?~45° and 310, 520, and 720 cm^?1 characteristic vibrational modes in Raman spectroscopic measurements confirm the tetragonal crystallographic structure of BaTIO₃ bulk samples. The 1100°C annealed BaTiO₃ sample showed optimal tetragonality ~1.016 and the same is used for BaTiO₃–acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites at different BaTiO₃ loading fractions in parts per hundred (PHR). These BaTiO₃/NBR composite systems exhibit dual band microwave resonance, widening the operating window for microwave absorption applications. Eighty PHR BaTiO₃/NBR composite exhibits microwave reflection losses (RL) at 9.5 and 16.5 GHz with ~?9 and ~?18 dB reflection losses, respectively. The onset of dual band is attributed to the ferroelectric‐induced dipolar relaxation at 9.5 GHz and its second‐order resonance at 16.5 GHz in such composite systems.     

Tetragonal Nanocrystalline Barium Titanate Powder: Preparation, Characterization, and Dielectric Properties

Nanocrystalline tetragonal-BaTiO₃ powder was prepared using a hydrothermal method, under moderate conditions, and with a high precursor concentration. Characterization via X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that the average particle size and tetragonal content of the prepared powder were 70 nm and 80%, respectively. The sintered sample made from the prepared powder had a room-temperature dielectric constant of 6900, which was high for BaTiO₃.     

Low-Temperature Sintering and Dielectric Properties of Ag(Nb,Ta)O3 Composite Ceramics

The sintering behavior and dielectric properties of perovskite Ag(Nb_{1− x} Ta _x )O₃ (0 < x < 1) solid solutions and two-phase composite assemblages were explored. A small amount of CuO (1 wt%) was used for liquid-phase sintering and led to high densification at temperatures <950°C. The temperature coefficient of capacitance, TCC, was adjusted by varying the Nb:Ta ratio within the solid-solution series and by creating composite microstructures. Two-phase assemblages consisting of Ag(Nb_3/4Ta_1/4)O₃ and Ag(Nb_1/4Ta_3/4)O₃ were synthesized to achieve a temperature-stable dielectric material for high-frequency applications. The composite dielectric with CuO addition had an average dielectric constant of 390 and a Q × f factor of 410 GHz at 2 GHz, with a stable TCC (0 to −180 ppm/°C) in the temperature range from −20° to +60°C. In addition, process compatibility with a silver conductor was confirmed by high-frequency ring-resonator measurements and microstructural characterization. The Ag(Nb_{1− x} Ta _x )O₃ solid solutions and composites are promising candidates as embedded capacitors for radio-frequency/microwave applications.     

Dielectric Properties of Ba(Zr,Ti)O3-Based Ferroelectrics for Capacitor Applications

The purpose of the present investigation is to describe the influence of the processing parameters on the dielectric behavior of manganese-doped Ba(Ti_{1− x} Zr _x )O₃ceramics, particularly variations in the small-signal aging rate, temperature characteristic, and hysteresis. In this paper, the aging behavior of base-metal electrode materials above the temperature of the permittivity maximum ( T _M), including the influence of the zirconium content and annealing conditions, is described for the first time. The aging rate at temperatures greater than T _M decreases as the oxygen partial pressure increases during annealing and the zirconium content increases, whereas the aging rate exhibits a maximum at temperatures much less than T _M. The behavior is explained in terms of a diffuse phase transition. Hysteresis-loop deformation is observed during aging.     

Low-Temperature Sintering and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Anorthite-Based Glass-Ceramics

TiO₂ nucleated anorthite-based glass-ceramics were fabricated from glass powders. After sintering and crystallization heat treatment, various physical properties, including apparent bulk density and water absorption, were examined to evaluate the sintering behavior of anorthite-based glass-ceramic. Results showed that the complete-densification temperature for specimens was as low as 900°C. Sufficient crystallization was achieved by subsequently raising the firing temperature to 950°C, and the dielectric quality factor was promoted to the maximum value. Contents of nucleating agent (TiO₂) played an important role in the dielectric constants. The crystallinity was controlled by raising the firing temperature at a constant heating rate. The degree of crystallization affected the dielectric properties of sintered glass-ceramics. At the resonant frequency of 10 GHz, anorthite glass-ceramics with 5 wt% TiO₂ possessed the lowest permittivity of 8 and exhibited appropriate dielectric properties as compared with those with B₂O₃ and 10 wt% TiO₂.     

Preparation, Characterization, and Microwave Properties of RETiNbO6 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Y, and Yb) Dielectric Ceramics

Microwave ceramic dielectric resonators (DRs) based on RETiNbO₆ (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Y, and Yb) have been prepared using the conventional solid-state ceramic route. The DR samples are characterized using XRD and SEM methods. The microwave dielectric properties are measured using resonant methods and a net work analyzer. The ceramics based on Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm have dielectric constants in the range 32–54 and positive coefficient of thermal variation of resonant frequency (τ_f). The ceramics based on Gd, Tb, Dy, Y, and Yb have dielectric constants in the range 19–22 and negative τ_f.     

Dielectric properties of polymer/ceramic composites based on thermosetting polymers

Summary A series of thermosetting polymer/ceramic composites were prepared. Three kinds of thermosetting polymers, i.e. cyanate resin, bismaleimide resin, and epoxy resin, were used as matrixes, and BaTiO₃ particles were as fillers. The dielectric properties of these composites were investigated. Experimental data of the dielectric constants were fitted to several theoretical equations in order to obtain the best-fitting equations of the dielectric constants of these composites. The result indicates that the dielectric constants of composites all increase with the increase of BaTiO₃ content. Using bismaleimide resin and epoxy resin as matrixes, the dielectric losses both increase obviously as the amount of BaTiO₃ particles is increased, but the dielectric loss of cyanate/BaTiO₃ composite decreases. With the increase of the frequency, the variation ranges of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of cyanate/BaTiO₃ composite are both the smallest. The predications of the effective dielectric constants by Lichterecker mixing rule are in good agreement with experiment data.     

0.7CaTiO3-0.3Sm1-xAlO3陶瓷微波介电性能研究

采用固相反应法制备了0.7CaTiO3-0.3Sm1-xAlO3(CTSA,0≤x≤0.1)微波介质陶瓷,研究了Sm缺位对CTSA陶瓷的晶体结构、微观形貌以及微波介电性能的影响。结果表明,制备的CTSA陶瓷均为正交钙钛矿结构。少量的Sm缺位能够降低CTSA陶瓷的烧结温度,晶粒尺寸增加,同时气孔率增大,陶瓷的Q×f值也有显著提升。当x=0.025、烧结温度为1450℃时,CTSA陶瓷具有最佳微波介电性能:εr=45.2,Q×f=47280GHz和τf=+4.8 ppm/℃。     

CCTO-电木复合材料的制备、结构和介电性能

采用热压法制备了CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO)-电木复合材料,加入CCTO不但明显提高了电木的介电常数,而且显著地降低了其介电损耗.随CCTO含量增加,电阻率先变化甚少,而后急剧降低,到80wt％ CCTO时为107 Ω·m.大量添加CCTO将阻碍聚合物的交联固化,气孔明显增多.综合考虑,添加50wt％CCTO复合材料性能最好.     

Strontium Zirconate and Strontium Titanate Ceramics for High-Voltage Applications: Synthesis, Processing, and Dielectric Properties

The synthesis, processing, and electrical properties of SrZrO₃ and SrTiO₃ materials have been examined. Phase-pure powders of SrZrO₃ and SrTiO₃ materials were synthesized using the Pechini method. Powder processing routes that used water and 2-propanol as carrier fluids were developed to achieve high green densities, which resulted in sintered densities of >99% of the theoretical density. The relative permittivity and average breakdown strength for carefully processed SrZrO₃ were 60 and 40 V/μm; the corresponding values for SrTiO₃ were 400 and 35 V/μm. The higher breakdown strengths suggest that these materials can be used in high-voltage capacitor applications.     

Structure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of (Zn1−xCox)TiO3 Ceramics

Dielectric ceramics in the system (Zn_{1− x} Co _x )TiO₃ ( x = 0–1) were synthesized by the solid-state reaction route. The phase distribution, microstructure, and dielectric properties were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, and microwave measurement techniques. Three phase composition regions were identified in the specimens sintered at 1150°C; [spinel + rutile] at 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, [spinel + ilmenite + rutile] at 0.5 < x ≤ 0.7, and [ilmenite] phase at 0.7 < x ≤ 1. For the 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 region, the amount of Ti-rich precipitates incorporated into the spinel phase decreased with the Co content at 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, with a concomitant increase of the rutile phase. The ilmenite phase appeared for high Co content. The microwave dielectric properties depended on the phase composition and volume according to the three phase regions, where the relative amount of rutile to the spinel or ilmenite determined the dielectric properties. The dielectric constant as a function of Co addition was modeled with a Maxwell mixing rule. An optimum phase distribution was determined in this system with dielectric constant of 25, a Q * f 70 000 GHz, and a low temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency.     

Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of YIG/HDPE Composites for High-Frequency Applications

A low loss high-frequency magnetic composite with Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ (YIG) ultrafine particles embedded in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix was fabricated by using a simple low-temperature hot-pressing technique. The magnetic and dielectric properties of the as-prepared composites were investigated in detail. The results indicate that as the volume of the ceramic fillers increases, the permittivity, permeability, dielectric and magnetic loss of the composite all increase. The cut-off frequencies of the composites are all above 700 MHz. Since the low resistivity of YIG, the dielectric losses of the composites are high and decrease with frequency in the lower frequency range. Good frequency stability of the permittivities and permeabilities, and low dielectric and magnetic losses within the measurement range have been observed.     

Ba0.5 Sr0.5 TiO3/PMMA复合材料介电性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法（sol-gel）制备了Ba0．5Sr0．5TiO3／PMMA复合材料粉体。应用红外光谱（IR）、偏光显微镜（PLM）、扫描电镜（SEM）等分析手段，对样品进行了表征与分析，研究了乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷偶联剂在BST55／PMMA复合材料制备过程中起的桥联作用，并讨论了MMA和BST55物质的量比与其介电性能的关系。结果表明，在凝胶化过程中，适量的偶联剂不仅起着交联剂的作用，而且能改善复合材料的粒子聚集态；而复合材料的介电常数远远低于BST55陶瓷，且随着PMMA含量的增加而有所降低。     

Effect of Reinforcement Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Microfibrillar PP/PET and PET Single‐Polymer Composites

In situ PET microfibrils are created by drawing melt‐blended PP and PET. The drawn blend is used to prepare polymer/polymer MFCs, and isolated PET microfibrils are used for the manufacturing of MF‐SPCs. Samples are prepared with different fibril orientations to determine the effect of orientation on the mechanical properties of the two types of composites. The resulting composites show improvements in stiffness of 77% for uniaxial MFCs, and 125% for uniaxial MF‐SPCs, with the highest recorded modulus of 8.57 GPa for a uniaxial MF‐SPC sample. SEM observations confirm that the fibrillar structure and excellent alignment is maintained. The changes in the reinforcement effect with orientation are very similar to those predicted by the rule of mixtures for the crossply.

     

柠檬石膏/聚丙烯复合材料的制备与性能

研究了柠檬石膏及表面处理柠檬石膏对聚丙烯(PP)复合材料的力学性能、微观形貌、结晶度、熔点的影响。结果表明:柠檬石膏的加入使复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量有不同程度提高,用钛酸酯和铝酸酯偶联剂对柠檬石膏进行表面处理后效果较好。扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果显示经过偶联剂表面处理的柠檬石膏在PP中分散的较未处理的柠檬石膏均匀。差示扫描量热(DSC)结果表明:柠檬石膏的加入在提高PP的结晶度同时,对复合材料的熔点几乎没有影响;相比未表面处理的柠檬石膏,表面处理后的柠檬石膏对复合材料中PP的结晶度和熔点均没有显著影响。     

Microwave Dielectric Properties of Low-Fired Ba5Nb4O15

The effect of B₂O₃ on the sintering temperature and microwave dielectric properties of Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅ has been investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and a network analyzer. Interactions between Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅ and B₂O₃ led to formation of second phases, BaNb₂O₆ and BaB₂O₄. The addition of B₂O₃ to Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅ resulted in lowering the sintering temperature from 1400° to 925°C. Low-fired Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅ could be interpreted by measuring changes in the quality factor ( Q × f ), the relative dielectric constant (ɛ_r), and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ_f) as a function of B₂O₃ additions. More importantly, the formation of BaNb₂O₆ provided temperature compensation. The microwave dielectric properties of low-fired Ba₅Nb₄O₁₅ had good dielectric properties: Q × f = 18700 GHz, ɛ_r= 39, and τ_f= 0 ppm/°C.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurea Resin for Dielectric Coating Applications

In this article, polyurea coatings were synthesized by reaction between toluene diisocyanate, and polyether difunctional and trifunctional amines PO-1 and PO-2 by incorporating urea linkage. The isocyanate-terminated prepolymers formed were further reacted with short-chain amines as chain extender as well as curing agents. These resins were synthesized by varying the molar ratio of amines and isocyanate and keeping the molar ratio of other monomers constant. The presence of functional groups were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of polymers was determined using the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymers were further tested for mechanical and electrical properties. It was observed that on increasing the hard segments in the polymer the electrical properties increase whereas elongation decrease. As isocyanate content increases, crosslinking increases resulting in improvement in dielectric properties. The maximum dielectric strength observed was 45 kV mm^?1 and dissipation factor was 0.068.     

TiO2晶型对0.65CaTiO3-0.35LaAlO3陶瓷介电性能的影响

采用两种晶型不同的TiO2微粉为原料,通过传统的固相反应工艺分别制备了0.65CaTiO3-0.35LaAlO3陶瓷,系统地研究了这两种TiO2原料对陶瓷的晶体结构、微观结构和微波介电性能的影响.实验结果表明,TiO2原料晶型的不同显著影响了0.65CaTiO3m.35LaAlO3陶瓷的微波介电性能.对于金红石型TiO2原料,所制备陶瓷的最佳烧结温度为1440℃,其微波介电性能为εr=43.8、Q×f=38216 GHz、Tf=-10.5 ppm/℃.而采用锐钛矿型TiO2原料制备的陶瓷的最佳烧结温度为1580℃,陶瓷的微波介电性能为εr=37.5、Q×f=45200 GHz、rf=5.3ppm/℃.该研究结果有助于选择合适的TiO2原料以制备出性能良好的CaTiO3-LaAlO3陶瓷,也为进一步研制和开发新组分的CaTiO3-LaAlO3系微波介质陶瓷材料奠定了基础.