Development and Characterization of Alumina‐Based Composites with Cr–Mn–Ni Steel and Zirconia Additions via Pressure Slip Casting

In the current work, ceramic‐matrix composites based on coarse‐grained alumina with additions of magnesia‐partially stabilized zirconia and/or fine‐grained TRIP steel have been prepared via pressure slip casting. The slip development is described in detail, covering additive selection and recipe formulation. Rheological properties and filtration behavior were investigated in a falling sphere viscometer and in a compression permeability filtration (CPF) cell, respectively. The results from laboratory scale were successfully transferred to a commercial pressure slip casting device. The casted samples were pressureless‐sintered at 1450°C in an inert gas atmosphere. The distribution of the steel within the matrix was studied using X‐ray tomography. Additionally, the formation of an interface between alumina and steel was evaluated by EBSD analysis. The reinforcing phases changed the mechanical and thermal properties of the material and therefore had a positive effect on the thermal shock performance. In particular, the presence of both, zirconia and 16‐7‐3 steel particles, resulted in a higher R parameter. The main responsible mechanism for this improvement was found to be crack deflection.     

Mechanical Properties of Mullite–Corundum Composites Prepared from Bauxite

Mullite–corundum composites have been prepared by reaction sintering of Indian bauxite having considerable amount of impurities and silica sol. The effect of changing mullite phase proportion on the mechanical properties (i.e., flexural strength, elastic modulus, hot modulus of rupture, thermal shock resistance) of prepared composites has been studied. Flexural strength and elastic modulus increase with increasing free corundum phase content in the composites. Hot modulus of rupture for the sample containing only mullite phase increases with increasing test temperature over entire temperature range. Theoretical thermal shock resistance parameters R and R? are well supported by experimental thermal shock data.     

红柱石添加量对致密电熔刚玉浇注料高温性能的影响

本文以致密电熔刚玉、红柱石颗粒、红柱石细粉、活性α-Al2O3微粉、硅微粉为原料,纯铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,三聚磷酸钠为减水剂,制备了电熔刚玉浇注料,并研究红柱石颗粒及细粉加入量对致密电熔刚玉浇注料高温性能的影响.结果表明,红柱石反应生成的莫来石和二氧化硅玻璃相可以显著提高致密电熔刚玉浇注料的热震稳定性,红柱石添加量达到25％后,添加量的增加对试样热震稳定性的提高效果不明显.加入红柱石的致密电熔刚玉浇注料可以作为化铜感应炉的炉衬原料来提高炉子的使用寿命.     

Al2O3对ZTM陶瓷结构与性能的影响

本文研究了氧化铝对ZTM陶瓷结构和性能的影响.发现在烧结过程中,氧化铝可固溶于莫来石颗粒形成富铝型柱状莫来石,产生的体积膨胀增强了基质对氧化锆颗粒的约束,使材料中的四方氧化锆相对含量增加,其强韧化效果进一步发挥,明显改善了材料的力学性能.     

红柱石添加量对矾土质浇注料高温性能的影响

本文以特级铝矾土、红柱石颗粒、红柱石细粉、活性α-Al2O3微粉、硅微粉为原料,纯铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,三聚磷酸钠为减水剂,研究加入不同量红柱石颗粒及细粉对矾土质浇注料高温性能的影响.结果表明:红柱石反应生成莫来石和二氧化硅玻璃相可以显著提高矾土质浇注料的高温抗折强度和热震稳定性.综合考虑,红柱石的添加量以30％为宜,用于化铜炉内衬材料提高炉子的使用寿命.     

不同粒度红柱石对矾土基喷涂料性能的影响

以矾土为主要原料,铝酸钙水泥、硅微粉为结合系统,分别研究了不同粒度的红柱石对矾土基喷涂料性能的影响。试样自然干燥24h脱模,再经110℃烘干24h,分别于1000℃、1300℃和1500℃热处理3h。检测各温度热处理后试样的线变化率、体积密度、常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度以及试样的热膨胀系数、耐磨性能和抗热震性能。结果表明,添加粗粒度的红柱石并不能有效弥补矾土基喷涂料经高温热处理产生的收缩。矾土基喷涂料的体积密度随着红柱石粒度的增大而增大。不同粒度的红柱石未对矾土基喷涂料的中温强度产生明显影响,粗粒度的红柱石可以提高矾土基喷涂料的高温强度。矾土基喷涂料的耐磨性能随着红柱石粒度的增大而提高。细粒度的红柱石有利于改善矾土基喷涂料的抗热震性能。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mullite–Silicon Carbide Composites

Mullite-SiC-whisker composites were prepared by powder processing using two commercial SiC whiskers. These composites were prepared by sintering rather than hot-pressing. A mulliteSlC-powder composite and a base line mallite material were also prepared for comparison with the two whisker composite materials. Fracture toughness measurements showed significant enhancement in only one of the whisker composite materials. The microstructure of the four materials was examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assist in the explanation of the mechanical behavior of these composites. The examinations suggested that most of the toughening results from second-phase particles, with only limited toughening from effects associated with whiskers per se. In one case, higher toughness was partially associated with the formation of sialon phase by reaction with the whiskers and the furnace environment.     

Mullite/Alumina Particulate Composites by Infiltration Processing: III, Mechanical Properties

The effect of incorporating mullite into alumina by an infiltration process on the mechanical properties was investigated. Data for Young's modulus, strength, and fracture toughness for various composite compositions were compared with those for the unreinforced matrix (alumina). Measurements of Young's modulus by a resonance technique showed that the addition of mullite decreased Young's modulus. Up to 14 vol%, these changes were close to those expected, but above this mullite content, the decrease was more dramatic and indicated specimen damage during processing. The addition of mullite led, in some cases, to increases of more than 60% in both the strength (biaxial flexure) and indentation fracture toughness. These increases have been attributed to the method of introducing mullite and the resulting residual compressive surface stresses. The strength of the indented composite bodies deviated from the ideal behavior, indicating the probability of R -curve behavior in these materials.     

Mechanical Properties of Plasma‐Sprayed Mullite‐Reinforced Titania–Bioglass Composite

Bioceramics have been extensively used for various medical applications including hip and knee prostheses, tissue engineering scaffolds, and dental implants. Bioceramics, particularly bioglass, are desired because of their bioactivity but are often limited by their inherent brittleness. To compensate, composites have been formed to obtain unique properties where both bioactivity and mechanical integrity can be achieved. Mullite‐reinforced titania–bioglass (TiO₂–BG) composites were therefore deposited using plasma spraying technique. The microstructure of the coating materials were analyzed for their morphology and microstructure using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry. Mechanical properties of the coatings were tested using three‐point bend test, indentation test, and pin‐on‐disk wear test to determine their fracture strength, fracture toughness, and wear resistance, respectively. The addition of mullite fibers improved the fracture strength and wear resistance of TiO₂–BG composites while having minimal effect on fracture toughness. After the addition of mullite, failure mode was bimodal, failing intergranularly and by fiber pull‐out. Although mullite fibers have not been particularly used for medical applications, fiber reinforcement has shown efficacy in mechanically reinforcing composites of various medical applications.     

Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Zirconia and Zirconia Composites

Monolithic zirconia materials (3Y‐TZP, 10Ce‐TZP, and 12Ce‐TZP) and their composites with 30 vol% alumina were produced. Low‐temperature aging degradation (LTAD) and mechanical properties of materials were investigated. For assessment of phase stability in the materials, aging experiments were performed in water at 90°C for 32, 64, and 128 days. The aging phenomenon was characterized and monitored using X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Four‐point bending was used to determine the flexural strength of materials before and after aging treatment in water at 90°C for 2, 4, and 6 months. The aging experiments resulted in different phase transformation rates for the materials studied. The 12Ce‐TZP containing materials showed the highest resistance to low‐temperature aging and 3Y‐TZP containing materials showed the highest bending strength. When compared, no change in flexural strength was observed between the materials not exposed to aging and the aged materials.     

Mg2+、La3+和Ce4+对红柱石增强莫来石质陶瓷性能的影响

以天然红柱石和活性氧化铝为原料,利用细磨、等静压等工艺,通过固相反应烧结制备出红柱石增强莫来石质陶瓷。借助于X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等对样品的相组成、晶胞参数和显微结构进行计算和分析,研究了成型方式和Mg2+、La3+和Ce4+掺杂对反应烧结制备红柱石增强莫来石质陶瓷烧结性能和热震稳定性的影响。结果表明:通过掺杂一定量Mg2+、La3+和Ce4+,利用等静压成型,经1 500℃保温2h烧成,可制备出具有高致密度和良好热震稳定性的莫来石质陶瓷。加入大于4%的氧化镁可以显著提高红柱石增强莫来石陶瓷的致密性和热震前后常温耐压强度保持率。掺杂La3+可以起到促烧结作用;引入少量Ce4+,不仅有利于提高莫来石陶瓷烧结性,而且有利于提高材料的热震稳定性。     

红柱石在烧结刚玉基窑口浇注料中的应用

以烧结刚玉、碳化硅等为主要原料,分别以红柱石0%、5%、10%、15%替换相同比例的烧结刚玉,同时外加少量的改性剂A制备四组浇注料,对比四种浇注料经1 400 ℃处理后的常温性能、线变化、抗热震性、抗碱侵蚀能力。结果表明,添加红柱石10%和改性剂1%的烧结刚玉基窑口浇注料表现出较好的使用性能。     

Phase Constitution and Dynamic Properties of Spark Plasma‐Sintered Alumina–Titanium Composites

Al₂O₃/Ti composites of various metal to ceramic ratios were fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The effects of titanium concentration in the initial mixture on phase composition, and on the static and dynamic (planar impact testing) mechanical properties of the SPS‐processed composites were investigated. It was observed that the significant alumina dissolution in titanium takes place during SPS treatment. The composites fabricated from starting alumina/titanium powder mixtures with a mass fraction of titanium less than 0.8 consisted of two phases, alumina and a solid solution of oxygen and aluminum in titanium. For starting mixtures with higher titanium content, the presence of a Ti₃Al intermetallic phase with a relatively low fraction of dissolved oxygen was detected. Changes in phase composition could explain the effect of titanium content in the starting mixture on physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Mechanisms governing the dynamic response of the composites under loading of different intensities are discussed.     

Mechanical and Anticorrosive Properties of Graphene/Epoxy Resin Composites Coating Prepared by in-Situ Method

The graphene nanosheets-based epoxy resin coating (0, 0.1, 0.4 and 0.7 wt %) was prepared by a situ-synthesis method. The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone/reduced graphene oxide (PVP-rGO) on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resin coating was investigated using nanoindentation technique and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. A significant enhancement (ca. 213% and 73 °C) in the Young modulus and thermal stability of epoxy resin coating was obtained at a loading of 0.7 wt %, respectively. Furthermore, the erosion resistance of graphene nanosheets-based epoxy resin coating was investigated by electrochemical measurement. The results showed also that the Rrcco (ca. 0.3 mm/year) of graphene nanosheets-based epoxy resin coating was far lower than neat epoxy resin (1.3 mm/year). Thus, this approach provides a novel route for improving erosion resistance and mechanical-thermal stability of polymers coating, which is expected to be used in mechanical-thermal-corrosion coupling environments.     

Properties and microstructural aspects of TiO2‐doped sintered Alumina‐Zirconia composite ceramics

The effect of titania content on the densification, the phase transformation, the microstructures, and mechanical properties of 50 wt% Al₂O₃‐50 wt% ZrO₂ (12 mol% CeO₂) was evaluated. Ceramic composites with different TiO₂ content (0.27, 5, 10 wt%) were prepared by pressureless sintering at low temperature (1400°C) for 2 hours in air. Dense ceramic was obtained by adding 5 wt% of TiO₂ loading to improved mechanical properties. The microstructure analysis provided lots of information about solid‐state reactivity in alumina‐zirconia‐titania ternary system. The content of TiO₂ strongly affected the phases evolution and the grain growth during sintering. Furthermore, a significant effect on mechanical properties and fracture behavior was also observed.     

Effect of Dynamic Compaction on the Retention of Tetragonal Zirconia and Mechanical Properties of Alumina/Zirconia Composites

Dynamic consolidation techniques were employed to investigate the retention of tetragonal zirconia and degree of consolidation in alumina/zirconia powder compacts. Heating the specimens prior to explosive shock compaction increased the tetragonal-phase retention significantly. Low shock pressures yielded no macrocracking, although final densities were low (60% to 70% of the theoretical density). Heat treatment following dynamic consolidation enhanced the retention of the tetragonal zirconia polymorph regardless of the shock pressure employed. Compact densities were increased to over 90% of theoretical at relatively low sintering temperatures (1300°C). Hardness, toughness, and Young's modulus of the compacts were comparable to those achieved in composites that were synthesized using more conventional techniques. Dynamic compaction offers an alternative method for the fabrication of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics.     

原位生成堇青石结合红柱石太阳能热发电储热陶瓷的抗热震性能

为提高储热陶瓷材料的抗热震性能,采用原位生成堇青石增强技术,以红柱石为主要原料,通过半干压成型,无压烧结研制了用于太阳能高温热发电红柱石储热陶瓷材料样品。研究了配方组成、烧成温度、相组成、微观结构对样品抗热震性能的影响。结果表明：红柱石添加量为 70%,经1 400 ℃烧成的样品抗热震性能最佳：30 次热震实验（热震条件：1 100 ℃～室温,风冷）的强度不仅没有损失,反而增加了 26.20%。相组成和微观结构分析表明样品的晶相为堇青石、莫来石、硅线石、α-方石英、α-石英等,原位生成的堇青石晶体均匀分布在由红柱石转化的莫来石晶体之间,赋予样品较好的抗热震性能     

Mechanical Properties, Thermal Shock Resistance, and Thermal Stability of Zirconia-Toughened Alumina-10 vol% Silicon Carbide Whisker Ceramic Matrix Composite

Zirconia-toughened alumina (Al₂O₃–15 vol% Y-PSZ (3 mol% Y₂O₃)) reinforced with 10 vol% silicon carbide whiskers (ZTA-10SiC _w ) ceramic matrix composite has been characterized with respect to its room-temperature mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, and thermal stability at temperatures above 1073 K. The current ceramic composite has a flexural strength of ∽550 to 610 MPa and a fracture toughness, K _IC , of ∽5.6 to 5.9 MPa·m^1/2 at room temperature. Increases in surface fracture toughness, ∽30%, of thermally shocked samples were observed because of thermal-stress-induced tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation of tetragonal ZrO₂ grains dispersed in the matrix. The residual flexural strength of ZTA–10 SiC _w ceramic composite, after single thermal shock quenches from 1373–1573 to 373 K, was ∽10% higher than that of the unshocked material. The composite retained ∽80% of its original flexural strength after 10 thermal shock quenches from 1373–1573 to 373K. Surface degradation was observed after thermal shock and isothermal heat treatments as a result of SiC whisker oxidation and surface blistering and swelling due to the release of CO gas bubbles. The oxidation rate of SiC whiskers in ZTA-10SiC _w composite was found to increase with temperature, with calculated rates of ∽8.3×10⁻⁸ and ∽3.3×10⁻⁷ kg/(m²·s) at 1373 and 1573 K, respectively. It is concluded that this ZTA-10SiC _w composite is not suitable for high-temperature applications above 1300 K in oxidizing atmosphere because of severe surface degradation.     

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite–Zirconia Composites

This work focuses on the improvement of the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) through the addition of 3 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ). Enamel-derived HA (EHA) from freshly extracted human teeth and commercial HA (CHA) were chosen as the matrix. The effects of addition up to 10 wt% of PSZ and of sintering temperature (1000°–1300°C) on the density, microhardness, and compression strength were evaluated. For EHA–PSZ composites, the density and mechanical properties were generally enhanced by adding 5 wt% PSZ, especially after sintering at 1200°C, whereas CHA–PSZ composites showed lower strength values at sintering temperatures of 1200° and 1300°C with respect to EHA–PSZ composites. This may be due to the lower stability of CHA–PSZ composites with higher amounts of calcium zirconate formed over 1100°C when compared with EHA–PSZ composites.