抗性淀粉功能及在食品中应用

<正>抗性淀性(resistant starch)是一种独特的生产高质食品的配料,在当今世界上赢得广泛关注。初步的临床研究表明它具有和纤维相似的特性,有利于人体保健、防病,抗性淀粉较传统不溶性纤维在食品口感、风味、色泽上更胜一筹。 1 何谓抗性淀粉 从营养角度看,食物中淀粉可分为血糖性和抗性两类。血糖性淀粉在消化道中在酶作用下分解为葡萄糖。血糖性淀粉可进一步分为快速消化淀粉和慢速消化淀粉。快速消化淀粉似如刚烧煮好的淀粉质食物,例如马铃薯泥,经体外实验,能在20分钟内水解成葡萄糖。慢速消化淀粉在消化道中也能完全消化,只是速度较慢,体外实验的消化时间为     

黔江肾豆碳水化合物组成及淀粉营养特性研究

以黔江肾豆为材料,对其碳水化合物组成和淀粉营养特性进行了研究。结果显示,肾豆富含碳水化合物(57.25±0.41)%,其中淀粉和粗纤维质量分数分别为(48.16±0.59)%和(3.59±0.11)%,表明肾豆是食物能量和膳食纤维的重要来源。淀粉直/支比0.63,较豌豆和部分绿豆高;肾豆淀粉消化特性分析显示慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)占比60.24%,可在混合膳食中起降低膳食整体碳水化合物消化速率的作用,对于慢性疾病如心血管等疾病和糖尿病的预防有益。体外血糖指数(GI)分析显示肾豆淀粉GI=88.5,为高GI;肾豆全粉GI=67.2,为中GI食品,肾豆全粉GI值低于肾豆淀粉,与其含蛋白质、纤维素、单宁、植酸和脂肪等成分有关。因此,食用全豆可减慢消化。黔江肾豆淀粉是制备粉丝、粉皮等深加工淀粉食品的良好淀粉来源。     

不同来源淀粉对断奶仔猪血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素水平的影响

研究采食不同来源淀粉(糯米淀粉、糙米淀粉、玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉Hi-Maize1043)对断奶仔猪血糖和胰岛素水平的影响。结果表明:断奶仔猪采食不同淀粉来源日粮后,血糖和胰岛素变化的速度和幅度以及胰岛素/血糖比值都以糯米组最大,糙米组次之,玉米组较低,抗性淀粉组最小。得出结论:不同来源淀粉在断奶仔猪体内的消化吸收状况不一致,对食后血糖的调节也存在差异,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉有利于维持血糖稳态和降低胰岛素分泌。     

不同品种小米粉体外消化性的测定与分析

用α–淀粉酶和淀粉糖化酶酶解消化小米粉样品,采用3,5–二硝基水杨酸比色法(DNS)测定水解过程中产生的葡萄糖,对不同品种小米粉的体外消化特性进行比较,分析淀粉水解速率,快消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量,以及RDS、SDS、RS含量与直链淀粉含量的相关性。试验结果表明:复1、济12、市售的直链淀粉含量分别为1.96%、30.58%、35.58%;快消化淀粉(RDS)含量分别为87.18%、83.41%、80.73%;慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量分别为4.128 9%、8.72%、12.97%;抗性淀粉(RS)含量分别为8.69%、7.87%、6.31%。     

湿热处理蜡质玉米淀粉消化性研究

主要研究湿热处理对蜡质玉米淀粉消化性影响,通过测定不同处理条件下快消化淀粉,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量以评价其消化性。研究结果表明,随水分含量、处理温度升高和处理时间延长,蜡质玉米快消化淀粉含量显著下降,而慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量明显上升。     

植物蛋白及其酶水解产物对淀粉消化性的影响研究综述

谷物制品主要组分为淀粉,由于它容易在发酵过程中被降解而因消化吸收快,易引发人体餐后血糖水平上升,从而增加一些慢性疾病的发病率,如肥胖、糖尿病等。出于对人体饮食健康的重视度,调控米制品中淀粉消化性能而变得愈加重要。淀粉的消化率在很大程度上取决于食品加工中形成的食品成分和微观结构,确定食品成分之间的相互作用对于设计低消化率的淀粉食品也至关重要。本文主要是集中概述植物蛋白及其酶水解产物与淀粉间形成二元复合物体系并对其结构、功能性质的变化,进而对淀粉消化性的影响,目的为更好地获得有效调控淀粉消化性的方式,深入探讨淀粉复合物的消化性能的作用。明晰和掌控淀粉在特定加工过程中结构的转变及其与其他食品组分形成特定慢消化或抗消化结构域的机制是当前功能营养米制品开发亟待解决的问题之一,这一综述也是为淀粉食品的开发利用提供参考。     

螺杆挤压对马铃薯淀粉消化性及血糖指数的影响

目的研究螺杆挤压对马铃薯淀粉消化特性的影响。方法马铃薯淀粉经过螺杆挤压后(过程中淀粉未膨化),采用酶重量法测定挤压后抗性淀粉的含量变化情况,并通过模拟体外消化和动物实验评价挤压后淀粉的消化性能和餐后血糖上升速率。结果螺杆挤压后马铃薯淀粉中抗性淀粉的含量增加了1.08%,酶解时间为0~1.5 h时,马铃薯淀粉快速消化淀粉的含量减少,酶解时间为1.5~6.5 h时,抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量增加。挤压后的马铃薯淀粉在一定程度上可以降低小鼠的餐后血糖指数。结论螺杆挤压技术可以提高抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量,减缓餐后血糖上升速率,为马铃薯食品的深度开发提供一定的参考。     

压力烹调对五种食材中淀粉消化性的影响

目的:探讨不同烹调方法对红小豆、莲子、山药片、芡实、薏米5种富含淀粉的保健食材的碳水化合物消化特性的影响,为科学食用传统食材提供依据。方法:体外模拟消化方法测定各时间点的水解率、快消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉等指标。结果:压力烹调显著影响样品的水解速率和淀粉类型,水解指数增大,快消化淀粉含量增加,抗性淀粉含量减少。但所有样品的预期血糖负荷均显著低于粳米样品。红小豆和莲子经过压力烹调仍保持低消化速度和低EGL特性。结论:压力烹调对提高难烹煮碳水化合物消化率有利,需要控制血糖的人可以通过选择慢消化食材和烹调参数来控制淀粉类型和EGL的变化。     

马铃薯淀粉消化性能研究进展

对影响马铃薯淀粉消化率的因素、马铃薯慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的制备和检测方法,以及在食品中的应用进行综述,并对马铃薯慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的前景进行了展望。     

挤压膨化与重组造粒茯苓复配谷物产品功能成分分析及淀粉体外消化特性评价

以茯苓与谷物复配制得的营养粉及重组米为研究对象,探究挤压膨化及重组造粒对产品营养功能成分和碳水化合物体外消化特性(预期血糖反应)的影响。结果表明,挤压膨化比重组造粒更易导致红米多酚和苦荞黄酮损失,两种加工方式对薏苡仁酯及茯苓三萜酸含量的影响均不显著(P0.05),但可改善茯苓多糖水溶性,产品中茯苓水溶性多糖含量增加率达52.57%～61.08%;与谷物原料相比,产品的快消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量分别增加6.79%～24.12%和14.97%～43.30%,而慢消化淀粉含量减少21.73%～41.44%;添加20%的茯苓对产品快消化、慢消化、抗性淀粉含量均无显著影响(P0.05),但对淀粉水解指数(HI)和血糖负荷评估值(EGL)影响显著(P0.05),分别降低16.81%～18.40%和32.42%～36.63%,食用后可维持餐后血糖稳态化,血糖负荷较小。     

Slowly Digestible Starch—A Review

The link between carbohydrate intake and health is becoming increasingly important for consumers, particularly in the areas of glycemic index (GI) and extended energy-releasing starches. From a physiological point of view, slowly digestible starch (SDS) delivers a slow and sustained release of blood glucose along with the benefits resulting from low glycemic and insulinemic response. SDS has been implicated in several health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndromes). It may also have commercial potential as a novel functional ingredient in a variety of fields, such as nutrition, medicine, and agriculture. The present review assesses this form of digestion by analyzing methods to prepare and evaluate SDS, and factors affecting its transformation, its health benefits, and its applications.     

加工方法对红小豆碳水化合物消化速度的影响

运用体外模拟消化方法探讨了不同加工方法对红小豆中碳水化合物的消化速度和淀粉组分中快速消化淀粉(RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量的影响。结果表明,烹调压力和颗粒大小对红小豆中淀粉消化率及淀粉组分有较大影响。高压烹调水解率高于常压烹调,烹调前粉碎处理显著提高RDS和淀粉水解指数(SDI),但烹调压力对豆粉的消化速度指标无影响;煮熟的豆在冷藏前后碳水化合物水解率的差异不显著。     

慢消化淀粉的研究与分析

慢消化淀粉是一种新型的食品资源,因其特殊的功能性质而日益成为食品科学和现代营养学领域研究的热点。文中综述了近年来国内外慢消化淀粉的研究进展,并简要介绍了其保健功效、制备及体外检测方法的研究状况,展望了其在食品领域中的应用前景。     

Starch-guest inclusion complexes: Formation,structure, and enzymatic digestion

Abstract

Starch/amylose-guest inclusion complexes, a class of supramolecular host-guest assemblies, are of critical importance in the processing, preservation, digestion, nutrients/energy uptake, and health outcomes of starch-containing foods. Particularly, the formation of inclusion complex has been suggested to lower the rate and extent of enzymatic digestion of starch and starch-containing foods. Compared with rapidly digestible starch, starch inclusion complex may fall into the category of slowly digestible starch, providing sustained glucose release and maintaining glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the ability of starch-guest inclusion complex to alter the digestive behavior of energy-dense starchy foods has been of interest to many researchers and has the potential to be developed and formulated into functional foods. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and critical review on the current knowledge of the in vitro and in vivo enzymatic digestion of starch-guest inclusion complexes, by emphasizing the structure-digestibility relationship. We examine the preparation methods employed, crystalline structures obtained, and physicochemical properties characterized in previous reports, which all have implications on the digestive behavior reported on the starch-guest inclusion complexes. In addition, we give suggestions on future research to elucidate the digestive properties of starch-guest inclusion complexes and to develop functional structures based on these complexes for use in foods and nutrition.     

双螺杆挤压对菠萝蜜种子淀粉消化特性及血糖指数的影响

为探究双螺杆挤压对菠萝蜜种子淀粉(JFSS)的消化特性及血糖指数的影响,采用体外消化试验,考察了JFSS经挤压处理前后的消化性与消化动力学变化,并通过水解指数(HI)、血糖指数(GI),预测了菠萝蜜种子淀粉的餐后血糖水平(PPBS)。结果表明,双螺杆挤压增加了快速消化淀粉(RDS)与慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量,提高了平衡浓度(C_∞)、酶解速率(k)、水解指数(HI)、血糖指数(GI)和淀粉消化率,显著降低了抗性淀粉含量(RS)(P<0.05)。在低水分含量下,增加螺杆转速与机筒温度,RDS含量由47.85%增加到58.91%,且k、C_∞、HI、GI值也均呈现增加趋势,而SDS含量、RS含量呈降低趋势。螺杆挤压使菠萝蜜种子淀粉由致密结构转变为疏松多孔的多面体结构。     

红小豆-粳米混合食物的碳水化合物体外消化速度研究

碳水化合物的消化速度直接影响着淀粉类主食的餐后血糖反应,因此可利用碳水化合物的体外模拟消化预测淀粉类主食品的血糖反应。用胰酶模拟小肠消化测定了几种烹调方法下红豆-粳米混合膳食中碳水化合物的消化速度,并探讨了其中快速消化淀粉(RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)相对含量的变化,结果表明:高压烹调显著提高了整豆-粳米混合食物的水解率和RDS含量,但豆粉-米混合食物在不同烹调压力下的差异不显著。整豆和大米分别烹调后再混合的食物与豆谷共同烹调食物相比,抗性淀粉的含量较高,且淀粉消化指数较低。红小豆-粳米混合食物的消化速度与精白粳米的消化速度呈显著性差异(p<0.05)。烹调方法对食物中碳水化合物的消化速度有很大影响。血糖调节异常的人群适合在主食原料中添加整豆类食物,以帮助稳定餐后血糖反应。     

Starch Structure Influences Its Digestibility: A Review

Twenty‐five years ago, it was found that a significant fraction of the starch present in foods is not digested in the small intestine and continues to the large intestine, where it is fermented by the microbiota; this fraction was named resistant starch (RS). It was also reported that there is a fraction of starch that is slowly digested, sustaining a release of glucose in the small intestine. Later, health benefits were found to be associated with the consumption of this fraction, called slowly digestible starch (SDS). The authors declare both fractions to be “nutraceutical starch.” An overview of the structure of both fractions (RS and SDS), as well as their nutraceutical characteristics, is presented with the objective of suggesting methods and processes that will increase both fractions in starchy foods and prevent diseases that are associated with the consumption of glycemic carbohydrates.     

A critical review on anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of dietary resistant starch

abstract

“Diabesity” is the term to illustrate the interdependent relationship between obesity and diabetes. About 80% of the diabetic patients are diagnosed with obesity. Diabesity can be prevented by dietary interventions, especially by incorporating sufficient amount of resistant starch (RS). In the past few decades, RS has inspired the researchers due to its various health benefits. Differing from digestible starch, RS remains undigested in the small intestine, but in the large intestine, it is subjected to fermentation. This review intends to encapsulate the current information related to the dietary RS on diabetes and obesity. RS attenuate hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic and hyperlipidemic response in various subjects by restricting gluconeogenesis, bolstering glycogenesis, maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis and ameliorating pancreatic dysfunction. Various food products were fortified with RS to enhance its dietary intake and were found to exhibit positive impact on human and animal models. This review identified and summarized the research gaps in the available literature.     

生物酶法豆渣对淀粉理化性质及饼干消化特性的影响

为拓宽酶法制取大豆油副产物的综合利用,研究了添加生物酶法豆渣对淀粉理化性质的影响。生物酶法豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维含量丰富,比普通豆渣高27.89%。通过显微镜技术,对生物酶法豆渣和小麦面粉混合体系的微观结构进行测定,并建立了生物酶法豆渣对豆渣饼干中淀粉消化特性影响的体外模拟消化模型,测定由生物酶法豆渣与小麦面粉混合物制备的饼干中快速消化淀粉、慢性消化淀粉、抗性淀粉的含量。结果表明,随着生物酶法豆渣添加量的增加,淀粉的消化速率显著减缓(P<0.05),抗性淀粉和慢速消化淀粉含量分别由32.07%、13.74%增加至39.48%、28.68%,快速消化淀粉含量由54.32%降低至29.03%。因此将生物酶法豆渣作为一种直接食用原材料用于饼干制作,可以生产一种健康的高膳食纤维饼干。     

Nutritionally important starch fractions in cereal based Indian food preparations

Recent research studies have invalidated the earlier assumptions regarding the rate of digestion of carbohydrates. Hence, in the present study the rate and extent of starch digestion in vitro was measured in 10 cereal-based Indian food preparations (with/without accompaniments). The selected foods included chapathi, dosa, idli, pongal, poori, ragi roti, rice roti, rice flakes upma, semolina idli and upma and the accompaniments — cooked dhal, chutney and potato palya. In view of the nutritional importance of starch, the major starch fractions viz., rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch as defined by Englyst [Englyst, H. N., Kingman, S. M., & Cummings, J. H. (1992). Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. European Journal Clinical Nutrition, 46(2), 333–350] were measured, by using controlled enzymic hydrolysis with pancreatin and amyloglucosidase. In addition, rapidly available glucose (RAG) was measured and a starch digestion index was derived. Dietary fiber components (soluble and insoluble fiber) were measured by the enzymatic method [Asp, N. G., Johansson, C. G., Hallmer, H., & Siljestrom, M. (1983). Rapid enzymatic assay of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 31, 476–482]. The results indicate that the course of starch hydrolysis was not only characteristic for each food but also appears to be affected by the addition of accompaniment. Also, while the correlation between RAG and SDS did not attain significance in foods with accompaniment, a significant inverse correlation (r=−0.68, P<0.05) was seen in foods without accompaniment. It is evident that starch digestibility in Indian foods is influenced by the accompaniment rather than the cereal base.