UTILIZATION OF OPIUM POPPY WASTES AS A FUEL SOURCE

Air dried and ground opium poppy stalks suspended in water containing sodium carbonate catalysts have been completely converted into liquid fuels and water-solubles chemicals at 573 °K in a 0.1 liter autoclave. Extractives and oil properties obtained from stalks and poppy seed were studied. Major compenents of the oil were linoleic acid (60.2 %) and oleic acid (22.3 %). Alcohol-benzene extractives of the stalks were 28.8 % while ether solubility was 7.5 %.     

Desulfurization of Simulated Oils by Microwave Chemical Methods

Abstract

Microwave technology was introduced for the desulfurization of sulfurous crude oil and the influence of microwave processes on removing benzothiophene sulfur and bi-benzothiophene sulfur in simulated oils was studied in this article. The results manifested that the desulfurization efficiencies of BBPV, formylhydroperoxide and peroxyacetic acid for an oil sample (simulated oil 2) containing bi-benzothiophene were better than for the oil sample (simulated oil 1) containing benzothiophene. When dosages of BBPV increased from 0.5% to 4%, the desulfurizing efficiencies of simulated oil 1 and 2 were raised from 19.8% to 53.7%, and 48.0% to 64.2%, respectively. With the increase of temperature, the reaction order desulfurization of the simulated oils by microwave increased, and the rate of the microwave reaction increased. The desulfurizing efficiency increases along with the temperature in the same time.     

A Study on Removing Naphthenic Acid From Diesel Oil by Salt

Abstract

Sodium carbonate as deacidification agent was used to remove naphthenic acid from diesel oil. The influence of affect factors about treating conditions on the acid removal of diesel oil was investigated, such as volume ratio of deacidification agent-to-oil (VRDO), reaction temperature, stirring time, and resting time. Orthogonal tests were done to conform the optimum process condition. The results showed that the optimum condition is that VRDO was 0.40, reaction temperature was 330 K, stirring time was 6 min, and resting time was 35 min. Under the optimum condition, acidity of diesel oil was reduced to 5.15 mgKOH/100 mL from 135.52 mgKOH/100 mL, and if deacidification rate of naphthenic acid reached 96.8%, diesel oil recovery could reach 92.6%. The quality index of diesel met the national standard.     

Preparation of Surfactant for Oil Displacing Refined from Furfural Extract Oil

Abstract

Petroleum sulfonate (PS) was prepared in an autoclave sulfonation reactor using HIV-400 furfural extract oil of Daqing Refinery as feedstock and oleum (120%) as sulfonation agent. The effects of synthesis conditions were studied, and the PS yield was 45.1% with 48.2% of active components under the following best synthesis technology conditions: acid–oil ratio of 0.45:1 and reaction temperature of 60°C. The interfacial tension between crude oil and the water phase was effectively reduced by adding the PS at low dosage, when it was compounded with sodium carbonate, the interfacial tension could be under 10^?3 mN/m, meeting the requirements of an oil-displacing surfactant.     

Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oil: Modeling Based on Artificial Neural Network

Abstract

Oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil was investigated using a process consisting of oxidation and distillation steps. In the oxidation step, various organic carboxylic acid/H₂ O₂ systems, especially acetic acid/H₂ O₂, were used as oxidant. They oxidize both easy and refractory sulfur compounds and convert them into oxidized sulfur compounds. The oxidized sulfur compounds are finally removed from fuel oil by distillation in the presence of water. The sulfur content of fuel oil was decreased to levels as low as 20 ppm (up to 90%) in a short contact time, ambient temperature, and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that applying this process did not have any deleterious influence on the distillation characteristic, composition, and content of fuel oil that was examined. An artificial neural network, using back propagation (BP), was also utilized for modeling oxidative desulfuration process of fuel oil. The comparison between the output of ANN modeling and the experimental data showed satisfactory agreement.     

The Removal of Naphthenic Acids from Beijiang Crude Oil With a Sodium Hydroxide Solution of Ethanol

Abstract

A new method is introduced in this article to separate naphthenic acids from Beijiang highly acidic crude oil with a sodium hydroxide solution of ethanol. The sodium hydroxide solution of ethanol was used as the acid removal reagent by mixing with the crude oil and then allowing the two phases to separate, with the naphthenic acids being extracted from the crude oil. Data indicated that the optimal content of sodium hydroxide in crude oil was 3,000 μg/g and the optimal extraction time was 5 min with the reagent/oil ratio being 0.4:1 (wt/wt). The suitable reaction temperature could be room temperature. The total acid number of the crude oil was lowered from 3.92 to 0.31 mg KOH/g and the acid removal could reach up to 92.1%.     

LIOUEFACTIONOF CELLULOSICWASTES IV INFLUENCE OF- INORGANIC CATALYSTS AND CARRIER OILS

ABSTRACT

Liquefaction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) has been done in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at 320^°C and 27.2 atm, using various catalysts including boric acid, nickel hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. It was found that boric acid gave the highest yield of pyrolytic oil derived from solid refuse. Hydrocarbon constituents of the oil mixtures, produced by liquefaction of cellulosic wastes slurried in a fuel oil and using different catalysts, were investigated by means of gas chromatography. From the results obtained, it was suggested that boric acid promotes the catalytic activity of transition metals present in the pyrolytic char, which also upgrades the liquid products via hydrocracking and hydrotreatlng of the oil mixture. Basic catalysts, nickel hydroxide and calcium hydroxide, produced liquid hydrocarbons observed mainly in the range of C₁₁ - C₁₆ via hydrogenation of cellulosic matter present in MSW. The produced oil mixtures were characterized through different analytical parameters including API gravity, total acid number (TAN) and calorific value. It was found that the oil mixture, obtained using boric acid, has higher values than those produced using basic catalysts. In this investigation, two petroleum distillates, namely gas oil and fuel oil, were used as carrier media of solid refuse. Fuel oil seemed to be a more preferable carrier medium to produce higher grade liquid hydrocarbons having a lower content of aromatic compounds as evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

The Extractive Desulfurization of Fuels Using Ionic Liquids Based on FeCl3

Abstract

Six Lewis acid ionic liquids were synthesized and employed as extractants for desulfurization of the model oil containing dibenzothiophene (DBT). Very promising ionic liquid was 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-FeCl3 ([bmim]Cl/FeCl3), which performed best in the studied ionic liquids under the same operating conditions. It can remove DBT from model oil after continuous extraction for four steps, and the desulfurization efficiency can reach 97.9% under mild reaction conditions. Other sulfur-containing compounds were also investigated. The used ionic liquid could be regenerated six times without a significant decrease in activity.     

A Study on the Deacidification of High-Acidity Crude Oil by Combined Solvents

Abstract

Deacidification of high-acidity crude oil using a combined solvent was investigated by an orthogonal experiment (L₁₆(4)⁵). Results indicate that the combined solvent has good deacidification performance to high-acidity crude oil. The combined solvent can be recovered and reused. In addition, the solvent can remove most of the naphthenic acid of crude oil, and the deacidification of crude oil can be reduced significantly.     

One-Step Oxidation–Desulfurization of FCC Gasoline Catalyzed by Tungstophosphoric Acid

Abstract

The sulfur compounds in fluid catalytic cracked (FCC) gasoline were removed with a one-step oxidation–extraction method. Tungstophosphoric acid (HPWA), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), and ethanol were used as catalyst, oxidant, and solvent, respectively. TBHP has a higher desulfurization degree and oil yield than hydrogen peroxide, and HPWA exhibited higher desulfurization degree and oil yield than the other kinds of acids. The one-step process has a higher desulfurization degree than the two-step process. The optimal operating parameters were obtained as follows: the catalyst amount was 5 wt%, the mole ratio of oxygen in the oxidant to the sulfur in the gasoline (O/S) was 10, the reaction temperature was 60°C, and the reaction time was 2 hr. Under these conditions, the desulfurization degree and yield of oil were both in the range of 85–90%.     

A New Emulsifier Behavior of the Preparation for Micro-emulsified Diesel Oil

Abstract

Diesel oil emulsified with water can reduce diesel engine emissions, enhance fuel combustion efficiency, and save oil resources. However, the emulsions are not thermodynamically stable, which limits its commercial application. The micro-emulsion technique application improves stabilization of diesel-water system. The RW emulsifier was synthesized with oleic acid and amine, and methanol acts as co-emulsifier. The optimal composition of micro-emulsified diesel oil is 82% 0# diesel oil, 10% water, and 8% emulsifier and co-emulsifier, and the ratio of emulsifier and co-emulsifier is 5:1. The characterizations of the micro-emulsified diesel oil meet the commercial application. With the emulsifier dosage increasing, the stabilization of micro-emulsified diesel oil increased, and the co-emulsion enhanced the micro-emulsion stabilization.     

Removing Naphthenic Acids from Diesel Oil by Microwave Irradiation

Abstract

Microwave technology is introduced for removal of naphthenic acid from diesel oil. The decrease of Zeta-potential of interface and the viscosity of diesel oil are responsible for the acceleration of separation of naphthenic acid with microwave irradiation. It was observed that the separation percentage changed with the dosage of alkali compound solvent, irradiation pressure, irradiation time, irradiation power, settling time, and oil phase-to-solvent phase volume ratio (O/S). The removal rate of naphthenic acid was maximum when the optimum conditions were suggested to be M _p /M _T = 1.5, 0.05 MPa, 6 min, 375 W, 25 min, and O/S = 10, respectively.     

Inhibition and Promotion of Hydrolysis of Chloride Salts in Model Crude Oil and Heavy Oil

Abstract

The interactions of chloride salts with naphthenic acid and inhibitors during exposure to steam at 100–350°C were investigated in order to understand the release of hydrochloric acid in crude units. Naphthenic acid promoted the release of chlorine from calcium and sodium chlorides by a factor of up to 30 times, forming metal naphthenates in solution. Mitigation of the hydrolysis reactions was achieved with the use of chemical additives in both a model oil and in a Canadian heavy oil.     

Removal of Naphthenic Acids of a Second Vacuum Fraction by Catalytic Esterification

Abstract

This article introduces a catalytic esterification process to reduce the acid number of a high acid content petroleum fraction. The fraction was treated with methanol under conditions sufficient to form the naphthenic acid esters. In this way, the acid number of the petroleum fraction could be lowered. SnO could accelerate petroleum oil esterification. The acid removal ratio was much higher in the presence of SnO than without it. The optimal reaction conditions were: reaction temperature 300°C, the quantity of methanol in oil was 5.0 wt%, the quantity of catalyst SnO was 4.0 wt%, and a longer reaction time was preferable.     

LIQUEFACTION AND THE CHARACTERIZATION OF COAL DERIVED LIQUIDS OF MENGEN LIGNITE

ABSTRACT

The liquefaction characteristics of Mengen lignite has been investigated in the presence of cobalt-molybdenum on alumina catalyst in a 1 lt batch autoclave system with anthracene oil used as solvent. The experiments were carried out in the range of 15–60 atm for initial hydrogen pressure, 360–440°C for reaction temperature, 1–5 for solvent to coal ratio and 0–20% of coal for catalyst loading which were chosen as process variables. Coal particle size and reaction time were kept constant as below 200 mesh and 30 minutes respectively, (Erdem 1987)

The product was analyzed in terms of total conversion, liquid yield and liquid product distribution determined as preasphaltenes, asphaltenes and oils. The oil fraction was further separated by column chromatography while the asphaltenes were separated into basic and acid/neutral fractions. The preasphaltenes were divided into two fractions as carbene (CS₂ solubles) and carboid (CS₂ insolubles). (Inanç 1989)

The oil yield is mostly affected by the catalyst loading which shows to a certain extent that the conversion of asphaltenes to oils is a catalytic step. The selected process variables showed a positive trend with respect to the yield of hexane eluted oil which is the desired product of liquefaction.     

Deep Desulfurization of Light Oil Using the Imitating Silver Salt ILs Method

Abstract

Sulfides in oils are harmful in many ways, in particular, deterioration of the environment resulting from sulfur dioxide. A novel desulfurization process for light oil has been investigated. A mixture consisting of benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT), and oil fractions (235°C–270°C) refined by acid–alkali treatment was employed for alkylation desulfurization tests in a nitrogen atmosphere. The results showed that at a reaction temperature of 30°C, ratio of bromoethane (CH₃CH₂Br) to sulfur of 30:1 (mol/mol), ratio of silver tetrafluoroborate (AgBF₄) to sulfur of 6:1 (mol/mol), and reaction time of 16 hr, the desulfurization yield could reach 76.3%.     

Reduction of the Total Acid Number of Crude Oil with Basic Solution

Abstract

Reduction of total acid number (TAN) of crude oil with sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate solution was investigated. For emulsion emerging in an acid removal process by a sodium hydroxide solution, effects of the volume ratio of sodium hydroxide solution to crude oil and dosage of demulsifiers have been investigated. A model has been engaged to explain the interfacial behavior. When the volume ratio of sodium hydroxide solution (4 wt%) to crude oil exceeds 2, the formed emulsion is an unstable oil-in-water emulsion. When the volume ratio of 4 wt% sodium hydroxide to crude oil reaches 4:1, the total dosage of demulsifiers is 20 mg/l, the weight ratio of non-ion demulsifier LA42 to cationic demulsifier LGA is 1:1, the temperature reaches 40°C, most naphthenic acids were removed from crude oil and the emulsion separated quickly.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Acrylate Polymers as Pour Point Depressants for Lube Oil

Abstract

In the present work, twenty polymeric additives were prepared and used as pour point depressants for lube oil, via copolymerization of different ratios of styrene with different esters of acrylic acid. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as flow improvers (pour point depressants) for a base lube oil were studied. It was found that the efficiency increases by decreasing the concentration of the prepared copolymers, decreasing the chain length of alkyl groups. The efficiency decreases by increasing the styrene content in the prepared copolymers.     

Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) Production from Crude Oil by Haloarcula sp. IRU1: Optimization of Culture Conditions by Taguchi Method

Abstract

Petroleum contamination is a widespread and well-recognized global environmental threat to human health and ecosystems. Haloarcula sp. IRU1 was cultivated axenically in synthetic liquid media with crude oil as sole carbon and energy source. After 5 days' incubation, cell dry weight (CDW) and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production were studied by conventional methods. The optimized conditions for the maximum production of PHB were temperature 47°C, crude oil 2%, yeast extract 0.4%, and NaH₂PO₄, 0.016% as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus sources, respectively. In conclusion, Haloarcula sp. IRU1 can biodegrade crude oil and use it as a carbon source for PHB production.     

Effects of Process Conditions on Desalting and Demetalization of Crude Oil

Abstract

The efficiency of desalting for six crude oils was studied with a SY-1 dynamic simulation experimental installation. The demulsifier DC2 was examined for 1#, 2#, and 4# crude oil and DC4 was used for 3#, 5#, and 6# crude oil. The effects of temperature, electric field gradient, dosage of demulsifier, and washing water on the desalting efficiency of six crude oils were investigated. The results showed that at the optimization process condition after desalting, the desalting efficiency and the salt content of 1# crude oil reached 89.17% and 1.92 mg/L; that of 2# crude oil reached 85.08% and 1.04 mg/L; that of 3# crude oil reached 91.06% and 1.35 mg/L; that of 4# crude oil reached 81.67% and 1.51 mg/L; that of 5# crude oil reached 81.03% and 2.32 mg/L; and that of 6# crude oil reached 86.64% and 2.67 mg/L. Different crude oils have different metal contents. Three assistants, ammonium nitrate (TJ1), nitric acid (TJ3), and polyamine carboxylate (TJ4), were used to improve the efficiencies of desalting and demetalization of six crude oils. TJ4 was more efficient in removing calcium and iron for 1# and 2# crude oil. TJ1 was more efficient in desalting and demetalizing 5# crude oil. The efficiencies for removal of calcium, iron, nickel, and vanadium respectively reached 99.89%, 98.33%, 20.58%, and 43.02%. TJ3 has better efficiency desalting and demetalizing for 6# crude oil. With the concentration of TJ3 increasing from 0 to 80 mg/L, the desalting efficiency increases from 31.22% to 73.54%, and the iron removal efficiency increases from 56.0% to 74.05%.