STUDIES ON NIGERIAN CRUDES 3. ANALYSIS OF SULFURIZED ASPHALTS

The residual asphalts obtained from three Nigerian medium crudes were chemically treated with elemental sulfur at 210 to 250°C. The course of the reaction was followed by monitoring the growth of the asphaltene content of the products. The sulfurization reaction led to 5- to 10-fold increases in the asphaltene content of the products. The asphaltene content of one of the samples initially increased with temperature from 210 to 240°C and then dropped sharply. The results obtained revealed that the optimum temperature of the sulfurization reaction was 240°C. It was also observed that the lower the asphaltene content of the untreated asphalt, the higher the growth of the asphaltene content of the product at the same reaction temperature. The absolute viscosity of the sulfurized asphalts increased rapidly with increasing temperature of reaction.     

VISCOSITY ESTIMATION FOR BITUMEN-DILUENT MIXTURES

A generalized viscosity correlation has been used to predict the viscosity-temperature relationship of bitumen mixed with various proportions of diluents such as GCOS synthetic crude, mobil solvent and naphtha. The results showed that the correlation can accurately predict the viscosities of bitumen-diluent mixtures based on a single viscosity measurement at 30°C and one atmosphere. For 300 experimental points, the correlation yielded an overall average absolute deviation between predicted and experimental values of 8.7%. It is found that the correlation gave high percent errors for mixtures with high disparity in viscosity between bitumen and diluent.     

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF RESIDUAL ASPHALTS FROM NIGERIAN CRUDES

An atmospheric - vacuum distillation of both light and medium Nigeria crudes was carried out to obtain residual asphalts. Subsequent air-oxidation of the asphalts at 200°C and 240°C for a period of one hour resulted in the improvement of their properties The oxidation reaction led to a 2 - fold increases in asphaltene content and the viscosity of the residual asphalts. The softening points of the upgraded asphalts show that they meet acceptable standard for road paving purposes.     

国内外硫化烷基酚盐组成结构分析研究

本文报道了应用冷炼蚀刻电及电子能谱等方法对国内外典型的高碱度硫化烷基酚盐添加剂的组成结构进行了研究；证实了国外产中所含的特征组分；发现不同工艺产品的胶体粒子的粒径及分布也不同；硫化烷基酚的组成结构也有大较大差别。这些信息对改进我们的生产工艺提高产品量有一定的指导意义。     

高酸原油自催化酯化反应的原因探讨

采用10种国内外高酸原油在无外加催化剂的条件下进行酯化降酸试验,分析原油性质与酯化降酸率之间的关系,探讨高酸原油自催化酯化反应的原因。结果表明,高酸原油自催化酯化降酸反应的主要原因是原油中以羧酸盐形式存在的钙充当了酯化催化剂,钙含量为140～300μg/g时催化酯化降酸效果较好。鉴于原油加工过程对钙含量的要求,高酸原油并不适于采用自催化直接酯化降酸。     

油田产量影响因素的灰色关联分析

为了分析考虑到的因素对油田产量的影响程度，运用灰色关联分析理论，通过各种因素的关联度大小来确定各种因素的影响程度和确定影响油田产量的主要及次要因素。实例分析结果表明，采用灰色关联分析方法可以对油田产量影响因素进行量化分析，且该方法计算简单、对数据量要求不高，其分析结果可为油田产量规划提供一定的参考依据。     

简单分子三元混合物汽液平衡的分子模拟计算

采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ分子模拟及Ｇｉｂｂｓ系统方法计算了用于天然气工业的两个三元体系（Ｎ２－ＣＯ－ＣＨ４、２２０Ｋ、６ＭＰａ和ＣＨ４－Ｃ２Ｈ６－ＣＯ２、２３３Ｋ、４ＭＰａ）的汽液平衡。乙烷当作两个ＣＨ３基因组成的线性分子，其它组分均当作异向同性的球形分子。获得了两相平衡组成、共存相密度、构型位能和压缩因子。分子模拟的结果与文献中的实验数据能很好地吻合。     

CHATACTERIZNTIAN OF SOME IRAQI ASPHALTS. II. NEW FINDINGS ON THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF ASPHALTENES

ABSTRACT

Uapcur pressure csmometry (UPO) and viscometric technique were used to reveal the true molecular weight of asphaltenes and the degree of association in solvent of different polarities at different temperatures. The number average malecular weight of unassociated asphaltenes was found to be 935 g/mcl. In n' trobenzene at 120 C. The degrees of association were determined from UPO in benzene at 37, 45, 60 C, in chlorobunzene at 37, 45, 60 and 90 C. in THE at 37, 45, 60 C and in nitrobenzene at 90 C. The degree of association determined by ulscometric method at 37, 45 and 60 C, in these soluents were found to be in approximate agrement with that found bv UPO. Data derived by means of ulscometric and osmometric methods consolidated the recognition that asphaltenes could be similar to macro-molecules structurally.     

CHATACTERIZNTIAN OF SOME IRAQI ASPHALTS. II. NEW FINDINGS ON THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF ASPHALTENES

Uapcur pressure csmometry (UPO) and viscometric technique were used to reveal the true molecular weight of asphaltenes and the degree of association in solvent of different polarities at different temperatures. The number average malecular weight of unassociated asphaltenes was found to be 935 g/mcl. In n' trobenzene at 120 C. The degrees of association were determined from UPO in benzene at 37, 45, 60 C, in chlorobunzene at 37, 45, 60 and 90 C. in THE at 37, 45, 60 C and in nitrobenzene at 90 C. The degree of association determined by ulscometric method at 37, 45 and 60 C, in these soluents were found to be in approximate agrement with that found bv UPO. Data derived by means of ulscometric and osmometric methods consolidated the recognition that asphaltenes could be similar to macro-molecules structurally.     

水分对高碱值硫化烷基酚钙结构和清净性的影响

采用傅立叶红外光谱仪，分析了水分对清净剂高碱值硫化烷基酚钙结构组成的影响；采用热管氧化试验法和曲轴箱模拟试验法，考察了高碱值硫化烷基酚钙在加水前后清净性能的变化；采用四球试验机和高频往复试验机，分析了水分对高碱值硫化烷基酚钙润滑性能的影响。结果表明，油中的水含量对高碱值硫化烷基酚钙的水解安定性能影响较大，并且随着水含量的增加，油品的清净性能和抗磨性能变差。     

重交通道路沥青使用性能的研究

对用辽河稠油、辽河混合原油、胜利原油、孤岛－单家寺稠油、新疆白克原油和临商原油研制、试生产的重交通道路沥青修筑的１１．４万ｍ２的试验路段进行了实际的长期的使用性能研究，结果表明使用十年后路况良好，弯沉值、摩擦系数、纹理深度、平整度等各项主要技术指标，仍然符合我国高等级道路的使用要求，且有着良好的经济效益和社会效益，为今后用国产原油和主要进口原油开发高等级道路沥青和路面的设计、施工提供了重要的科学依据。     

聚合物泥浆降粘剂PT－1降粘作用研究

ＰＴ－１降粘剂是顺丁烯二酸（酐）与乙烯基单体的共聚物。本文通过扫描电镜、粒度分析、Ｘ射线衍射等分析测定，研究了ＰＴ－１在膨润土泥浆和聚合物泥浆中的降粘作用，探讨了ＰＴ－１的降粘机理。     

国外天然气地球科学研究成果介绍与分析————-以索科洛夫的著作为主线

考虑到前人对生物成因天然气来源和泥质岩、碳酸盐岩、煤等作为气源岩问题已有相当深入的研究，文中不再涉及。文中将从更深的气源(例如中、下地壳火成岩、变质岩甚至地幔岩)角度对国外有关科研成果和资料加以搜集和整理(以前苏联学者В А 索科洛夫的著作为主线)①，做出了以下分类并进行了力所能及的分析：①火山气；②热泉气、气泉气和冷泉气；③火成岩气;④金属矿床气;⑤盐层气;⑥石油伴生气;⑦煤层气;⑧泥火山气;⑨地下水中气;10断层气和地震气;11韧性剪切带气;12地幔气。有关资料年代尽管有些久远，但仍希望对现代研究有所启示。     

我国一些原油中钙化合物分布及形态的研究

用水抽提法研究了原油中水溶性钙的比例 ;用有机溶剂抽提法研究了减压渣油中钙的分布 ;用酸解 -醇碱溶液抽提法研究了大港减压渣油中钙化合物的形态 ;还用等离子体发射光谱、透射电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、场致解吸质谱等对钙化合物的形态和分布进行了表征。结果表明 ,随着原油中含钙量的增加 ,水溶性钙的比例逐渐降低 ;与水溶性钙结合的阴离子中没有氯 ,大部分为含硅的无机盐及少量的含硫化合物 ;原油中的钙 96 %以上存在于减压渣油中 ;不同减压渣油中的钙分布有较大差别。大港减压渣油中的钙大部分为油溶性石油酸钙 ,相应的石油酸相对分子质量为 2 70～ 730 ,碳数分布为 1 6～ 4 8     

无油润滑压缩机润滑油闪点和粘度下降原因分析

分析了聚丙烯装置丙烯循环气体压缩机润滑油的闪点、粘度降低，影响设备运行的原因，并叙述了采取多种改进措施，最后取得了良好效果的情况。     

换热网络弹性分析的研究和应用

提出了一种新的换热网络弹性分析方法－多元线性方程组法。它可以解决变温度、变流量等有分流、有回路的任何复杂的实际网络。方法简单，解题透明，容易由计算机求解，应用于某厂的常减压原油装置的换热网络的弹性分析及改进，取得满意结果。     

REFORMING OF N-OCTANE ON A Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST. II. KINETIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN DEPENDENCE.

ABSTRACT

The conversion of n-octane on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to pass through pronounced maxima with the variation of the partial pressure of hydrogen at temperatures between 420°C-460°C, P_N = 7·63 × 10^-3 atm and W/F = 0·11lg min cm_-3. The products of reaction were hydrocracked products, octane, ethylbenzene, o-.p-,m,-xylene and toluene. The order of appearance of the optimum PH for the various reactions were: Isooctane>Dehydrocyclized products>Hydrocracked products.

A sequence of elementary steps earlier postulated was found to predict the maximum in the n-octane P_H profiles for the three temperatures investigated. The rate determining steps for the two rate equations that were found suitable were conversion of adsorbed isooctane to adsorbed o-xylene and ethylbenzene.     

CHANGE IN COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF REDUCED CRUDES DURING CONVERSION ON CONTACT MATERIAL

ABSTRACT

Four Chinese 350°C+ reduced crude feedstocks were heated thermally in the presence of a contact material at 480–540°C in a fixed bed reactor. The feed and products were fractionated into eight fractions using normal pentane precipitation and alumina adsorption chromatography and average molecular parameters calculated with a modified Brown-Ladner method. The results obtained show that the conversion of various fractions of the reduced crudes was quite different. The conversion of asphaltic substances was much higher than those of saturates and aromatics. It is shown that the CH₂/CH₃ ratio, aromaticity and the numbers of aromatic, naphthenic and total ring of heavy products were obviously lower than those of reduced crudes. The effect of temperature on metal, sulfur, nitrogen removal has been also investigated. The data indicate that the removal of weak polar non-porphyrin nickel was larger than that of middle and strong polar nickel complex.     

REFORMING OF N-OCTANE ON A Pt/Al2O 3 CATALYST. 1. PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION AND KINETIC ANALYSIS.

ABSTRACT

The conversion of n-octane on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst to hydrocracked products, isooctane, ethylbenzene, o-,p-,m-xylene and toluene was investigated in hydrogen in a Berty CSTR at three different partial pressures of n-octane, 101·325 KPa total pressure, temperatures between 400°C-460°C and W/F values up to 0·33gmincm^-3. The hydrocracked products were the most predominant. Of the other products, isooctane was present in the highest yield. A sequence of elementary steps based on the suggested reaction network of Ako and Susu (1986) was found to predict the experimental conversion-W/F data with the conversion of adsorbed isooctane to adsorbed o-xylene as the rate determining step. The activation energies for the forward and backward reactions of this step were determined to be 21·2 and 14·3 Kcal/gmol, respectively.     

二硫代磷酸硫化氧钼与硫,磷添加剂的复配特性研究

研究了二烷基二硫代磷酸硫化氧钼（ＭｏＤＴＰ）摩擦改进剂及其与硫、磷、硫－磷型添加剂复合的抗磨减摩性能。试验表明，经过适当复配后，这类合活性元素的添加剂对ＭｏＤＴＰ的抗磨减摩性能均有增效作用，同一类型添加剂的活性愈高，增效作用愈显著。同时利用扫描电镜和Ｘ－射线能谱仪进行摩擦副表面膜的形貌照相及元素分析，对复合作用的机理进行了初步探讨。