CATALYTIC CRACKING OF TARS FROM COAL DEVOLATILIZATION

A set of runs were performed on the catalytic and thermal cracking of the tars present fn the gasifier off-gas stream; the cracking referred to here Js essentially hydrocracking, in view of the considerable amount of hydrogen being present in the gas stream. The catalyst evaluated for tar cracking was a commercial cobalt-molybdenum catalyst, suppported on γ-Al₂O₃(Katalco-477). It was observed that there was a decrease in the amount of tar obtained with the cracking unit on-line with the gasifier; the tars were cracked to gaseous products in the presence of catalyst. Furthermore, it appeared that higher ring structures were transformed to less heavier components; thus cracking could become beneficial in downstream processing of the gas stream coming out of a gasifier.     

石蜡基减压渣油直接催化裂化工艺的实践与探讨

石蜡基减压渣油（减渣）具有氢及饱和烃含量较高和硫、重金属及沥青质含量较低的特点。其直接催化裂化产品分布理想，工业试验表明汽油产率可达50％，无特殊环保问题。技术经济分析表明，当生产轻质燃料时，石蜡基减渣直接催化裂化工艺优于延迟焦化-催化裂化和溶剂脱沥青-催化裂化等传统的减渣加工组合工艺。     

大庆类原油常压渣油催化裂化生产90号汽油

提高大庆类原油催化裂化汽油辛烷值工业试验于1996年10月至1997年1月在前郭炼油厂800Kt／a重油催化裂化装置上进行。结果表明，采用DOCR－1催化剂和相应的工艺技术能有效地提高催化裂化汽油的辛烷值。与不用DOCR－1催化剂的结果相比，汽油RON达到90．1，提高1．4个单位；MON达到79.8，提高2．4个单位。轻质油收率降低1．75个百分点，干气和焦炭选择性明显改善，是一种理想的生产高辛烷值汽油和提高重油转化的技术，对汽油的升级换代和无铅化具有重要意义。     

基于BP神经网络的重油催化裂解模型

基于BP神经网络,利用重油催化裂解反应过程的试验数据,以涉及原料性质、催化剂活性、操作条件等的11个参数作为输入变量,以乙烯、丙烯和BTX(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的产率作为输出变量,构建了结构为11-12-3、以贝叶斯算法为学习算法的BP神经网络重油催化裂解模型,并进行了验证.结果 表明,该模型对乙烯、丙烯和BTX产率的预...     

用催化裂化重质芳烃制备多环芳烃树脂

以催化裂化回炼油中抽提出的重质芳烃为原料，在酸性催化剂作用下，与交联剂多聚甲醛反应制备多环芳烃树脂，对多环芳烃树脂进行了初步评价，结果表明：两种后处理工艺路线（溶剂沉降过滤法和减压蒸馏拔头法）得到的多环芳烃树脂平均相对分子质量较低，具有较好的热稳定性。与催化裂化重质芳烃原料相比，未反应芳烃油显示了较好的安定性，将多环芳烃树脂掺入聚氨酯系涂料中，试制的改性双组分聚氨酯系防腐涂料性能良好，具有一定的开发应用价值。     

用催化裂解回炼油制备砼减水剂

催化裂解 ( DCC)回炼油主要成分是多环芳烃 ,其中菲系类约占 6 4 % ,以其为原料在实验室试制砼减水剂 ,取得较好结果。所采用的工艺简单、合理 ,能耗低 ,设备投资少 ,且无三废排放。性能测试结果表明 ,小试样品 AS 1已达到早强减水剂水平     

脱沥青油及其糠醛抽余油的催化裂化性能研究

采用提升管催化裂化装置,考察脱沥青油（DAO）以及抽提条件分别为剂油质量比2:1、抽提温度80℃;剂油质量比2:1、抽提温度85℃两种工况下对DAO进行糠醛抽提所得到的抽余油A与B等三种催化裂化原料的裂化性能。实验结果表明：DAO经过糠醛抽提后所得抽余油的催化裂化转化率较高,轻质油收率较高,重油和焦炭产率较低,其催化裂化性能和裂化产品的性质均优于DAO。     

棉籽油催化裂化生成油加氢精制研究

 在小型微反装置上,对棉籽油催化裂化生成油进行加氢精制研究。结果表明,汽油馏分在反应温度190 ℃、氢分压1.6 MPa、体积空速4.0 h-1、氢油体积比300的缓和条件下进行加氢精制,精制汽油烯烃含量满足国Ⅳ标准,研究法辛烷值（RON）保持在88。柴油馏分在反应温度280 ℃、氢分压4.0 MPa,体积空速2.0 h-1、氢油体积比420的条件下进行加氢精制,柴油碘值由11.9 g/（100g）降到4.6 g/（100g）,氧化安定性（总不溶物）由3.4 mg/（100mL）降到2.1 mg/（100mL）,柴油的十六烷值由25.8增加到30,加氢柴油安定性满足柴油GB/T 19147-2003标准。在0号柴油中掺入30%棉籽油加氢催化柴油后依然符合0号柴油标准。     

加工俄罗斯油常压渣油对催化裂化装置的影响及应对措施

介绍了俄油常压渣油在中国化工集团大庆中蓝石化有限公司催化裂化装置的工业应用情况。俄油常压渣油硫含量高,密度高,胶质、沥青质含量高,因此催化裂化加工难度大,焦炭产率高,平衡剂重金属含量高。针对原料油的加工特点,进行了装置关键部位的材质升级,并针对汽油辛烷值降低等变化采取了相应的措施,保证了装置在原料变化前后的平稳过渡。     

AN ANALYSIS ON THE COMPOSITIONS OF THE CATALYTIC CRACKING STOCKS FROM SHENBEI OIL

Six catalytic cracking stocks from SHENBEI oil, which include recycle stock, coker gatch, sweat oil, residual oil and mixed feed, were analyzed by means of vacuum distillation, n-d-m, E-d-m, mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The fraction compositions, hydrocarbon compositions and element contents of the six catalytic cracking stocks were determined. The effect of compositions of various catalytic stocks on catalytic cracking reaction was discussed. Results show that the gum and asphaltene in the six stocks were lower except residual oil, but saturated hydrocarbon were all high; aromatics in the six stocks except slurry oil and sweat oil were lower, which are suitable for catalytic cracking units. There will be a big potential uses for the residual oil as catalytic stocks.     

AN ANALYSIS ON THE COMPOSITIONS OF THE CATALYTIC CRACKING STOCKS FROM SHENBEI OIL

ABSTRACT

Six catalytic cracking stocks from SHENBEI oil, which include recycle stock, coker gatch, sweat oil, residual oil and mixed feed, were analyzed by means of vacuum distillation, n-d-m, E-d-m, mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The fraction compositions, hydrocarbon compositions and element contents of the six catalytic cracking stocks were determined. The effect of compositions of various catalytic stocks on catalytic cracking reaction was discussed. Results show that the gum and asphaltene in the six stocks were lower except residual oil, but saturated hydrocarbon were all high; aromatics in the six stocks except slurry oil and sweat oil were lower, which are suitable for catalytic cracking units. There will be a big potential uses for the residual oil as catalytic stocks.     

费-托合成轻馏分油催化裂化反应性能的研究

在小型固定流化床催化裂化试验装置上考察了反应温度、剂油质量比和质量空速等操作条件对费-托合成轻馏分油催化裂化反应性能的影响。结果表明,在费-托合成轻馏分油反应过程中,随着反应温度的升高、剂油质量比的增大、质量空速的降低,产物中干气、液化气和焦炭的产率增加,汽油、柴油的产率降低。且随着反应温度、剂油质量比、质量空速的降低,汽油馏分中烯烃质量分数增加;随着温度的降低、剂油质量比和质量空速的提高,汽油馏分中异构烷烃的质量分数增加;高反应温度、高剂油质量比有利于汽油馏分中芳烃的生成,而且芳烃主要来自于小分子烯烃的环化脱氢反应,降低质量空速主要促进了汽油中大分子烷基芳烃的断侧链反应,对氢转移反应的影响不明显。     

重油催化裂化MZCC技术的工艺基础研究

建立在多区协同控制新理念基础上的重油催化裂化MZCC（A Milti．Zone Cascade．Controlled FCC Process）技术,以优化油剂混合热量为工艺基础,提出了进料强返混、反应平流推进、产物超快分离及化学汽提的分区强化新方法。为了实施该技术,采用连续反应-再生提升管催化裂化中型试验装置,考察了强化油剂混合条件对重油催化裂化反应过程产物分布的影响规律,对MZCC技术的工艺基础进行了详细的研究。研究结果表明,降低再生催化剂温度,提高剂油比,在减少再生催化剂与原料接触温差的条件下提供适当的油剂混合热量,有利于提高提升管反应器内催化剂活性中心与原料的可接近性,强化烃分子与催化剂之间的热量和物质传递,从而更加有效地实现对大分子烃类的裂化反应,在相同转化率下可大幅度减少干气的产率,获得更高的轻质油收率和液体产品收率。     

THE PROPERTIES OF WATER LAYERS ON COAL SURFACES

ABSTRACT

The results of programmed thermodesorption investigations of water from coal surfaces are presented and correlated with the measurements of water adsorption and desorption from the gaseous phase at a temperature of 20^°C. From the data obtained, the activation energies of water molecules were calculated and possible structures of water adsorbed layers on the coal surfaces were suggested. On the basis of the DTA curve, the water adsorption heat on the coal surfaces 20^°C was calculated and presented in the form of dependence on water adsorption value from the gaseous phase.     

LC－8裂化催化剂产品性能的表征

介绍了ＬＣ－８裂化催化剂制备工艺，采用ＸＲＤ、ＩＲ、ＴＰＤ等手段对ＬＣ－８中试产品及工业试生产产品的性能进行表征，并经固定流化床及小型提升管反应，评价了ＬＣ－８催化剂裂化反应性能。结果表明，ＬＣ－８催化剂具有高强度、高活性、中等堆积密度、良好的活性稳定性、优良的抗重金属污染性能及较强的重油转化能力，有较高的汽油收率、较好的焦炭选择性，是优良的重油加工用催化剂。     

强化直馏石脑油催化裂解过程中链烷烃选择性催化裂解反应研究

在直馏石脑油催化裂解(SNCC)技术开发过程中,发现原料中链烷烃转化率始终难以大幅提高,仅保持在52.58%~77.07%,对低碳烯烃产率存在较明显的限制。本研究采用基于密度泛函理论的分子模拟计算方法,构建了正辛烷、2-甲基庚烷和2,5-二甲基己烷3种直馏石脑油馏分链烷烃模型化合物的催化裂解反应网络,并分别提出了正构烷烃和异构烷烃理想的链反应引发途径和反应方向,发现反应体系中存在的高供氢活性的环烷烃等烃类会通过负氢离子转移反应抑制链烷烃转化,从而导致链烷烃转化率较低。通过引入新型有特定孔道结构的IM-5分子筛催化剂,可有效强化SNCC过程中链烷烃的选择性催化裂解。     

DIRECT HYDROGENATION OF A SPANISH LOW RANK COAL. THE EFFECT OF PROCESS VARIABLES

ABSTRACT

The effect of operating conditions on the liquefaction behaviour of a Spanish lignite was studied using a 250 ml stirred autoclave, and the following operating conditions (except otherwise specified): 400 °C, 1 hour, 3.5 MPa initial (cold) H₂ pressure, 400 rpm and 40 g/10 g tetralin/coal charge. The liquefaction products were fractionated into oils, asphaltenes, preasphaltenes and solid residue using pentane, toluene and THF as extractive solvents

The influence of temperature was explored in the 300–475 °C range, observing little further improvement in liquefaction yields over 400 °C, and retrogressive reactions over 450 °C. The effect of time was studied from 0 to 180 minutes and was concluded that 1 hour is an appropriate period for liquefying a black lignite, since there is little further conversion for longer times. The influence of pressure and gas type was studied using 0, 3.5 and 7.0 MPa initial (cold) pressure of H₂ and of N₂, and the effect of stirring using 0 and 400 rpm. Little influence of these variables was observed, which is attributed to the strong H-donor solvent, high solvent/coal ratio and long reaction time used.     

催化裂化装置的工艺技术改造

高桥石化公司上海炼油厂的0．84Mt／a。蜡油催化裂化装置改造为掺30％减压渣油的0．9Mt／a。重油催化裂化装置，采用了精心组合的一系列先进技术，经过一个周期运转，全面达到设计指标，轻质油加上液化石油气收率达89．13％，干气加损失仅3．64％。采用国产CC－15催化剂，用大庆油生产出合格的90号车用汽油，停工检查时，沉降器内无结焦。达到（部分项目超过）了设计预期目标。年增净利润RMB52．97×106，并为上海市汽油无铅化作出了贡献。多项指标达到了国内炼制同类原油的重油催化裂化装置领先水平。     

高酸原油直接催化脱酸裂化成套技术开发和工业应用

利用分子模拟技术和量子化学理论研究了各种石油酸中原子的电荷分布、键级和在不同催化材料上的反应行为,发现羧基可从石油酸分子中脱除生成无腐蚀性的CO2和烃类化合物,尤其在酸性裂化催化剂作用下脱羧基速率更快、更彻底。开发了高酸原油经脱盐脱水后直接进入催化裂化提升管反应器与高温新型催化剂接触,瞬间汽化,同时实现脱酸和裂化反应,生成高价值石油产品的新工艺。工业应用结果：催化脱酸率大于99%,汽油、柴油可直接作为产品的调合组分,在平衡催化剂上金属污染总量达40 620 μg/g（其中镍为24 000 μg/g）时,总轻油收率比常规加工技术提高1.36百分点,能耗（相对于原油）降低271.7 MJ/t,对工业应用装置没有特殊防腐要求。为炼油企业扩大原油资源选择范围、降本增效提供了有效技术保障。     

加工高含硫原油的渣油加氢脱硫-重油催化裂化组合工艺运行及其改进

中国石化股份有限公司茂名分公司炼油厂为加工进口含硫原油采用了渣油加氢脱硫－重油催化裂化组合工艺，工业装置标定结果表明，该组合工艺为加工高含硫原油提供一种技术支撑，可提高炼油厂的轻质油收率和质量,减少了下游装置腐蚀，具有一定的经济效益和良好的社会效益，但沿需对加氢原料及组合工艺进一步优化。