CATALYTIC HYDROTREATMENT OF COAL-DERIVED NAPHTHA

A naphtha derived from the liquefaction of a subbituminous (Black Thunder) or a bituminous coal (III. #6) was hydrotreated on a pilot plant scale, to provide a feedstock sufficiently low in heteroatoms for further studies in reforming. Two commercial catalysts, a Ni/Mo and a Co/Mo on alumina, were employed in the processing of the naphtha samples. The Black Thunder naphtha was processed for over 120 hours, twice using the Co/Mo catalyst and once using the Ni/Mo catalyst. For this naphtha, the removal of nitrogen was extremely difficult using the catalysts and conditions employed in this study. An average of 51.6% of the nitrogen was removed during each of the three passes. The oxygen compounds in this naphtha were relatively easily removed. During the first pass over the Co/Mo catalyst, 94.0% of the oxygen was removed.     

Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by CCVD of natural gas using hydrotreating catalysts

Carbon nanotubes have been successfully synthesized using the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) technique over typical refining hydrotreating catalysts (hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation) containing Ni–Mo and Co–Mo supported on Al₂O₃ catalysts at 700°C in a fixed bed horizontal reactor using natural gas as a carbon source. The catalysts and the as-grown CNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, HRTEM, X-ray diffraction patterns, EDX and TGA–DTG. The obtained data clarified that the Ni–Mo catalyst gives higher yield, higher purity and selectivity for CNTs compared to Co–Mo catalyst. XRD, TEM and TGA reveal also that the Ni–Mo catalyst produces mostly CNTs with different diameters whereas the Co–Mo catalyst produces largely amorphous carbon.     

合成气氢源下悬浮床加氢反应焦炭及催化剂特性分析

在高压釜中,合成气气氛下考察了克拉玛依减压渣油在不同分散型催化剂作用下的裂化反应,对反应前后催化剂的存在形态进行了光学显微扫描(SEM)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)分析。实验结果表明,催化剂存在的主要作用是抑制生焦和抑制过度裂化,改善产品分布。催化剂和焦的XRD分析谱图中没有检测到钼的硫化物形式,而在二元钼钴复合催化剂的焦XRD谱图中检测到非化学计量的CoMoS_x;焦的SEM分析表明,催化剂的存在有利于抑制焦炭颗粒的长大,水溶性催化剂作用下焦炭颗粒最小,颗粒尺寸约1μm。水溶性二元复合催化剂的总体催化性能优于相应的一元水溶性催化剂和油溶性催化剂,所选用的几种催化剂的活性从大到小的顺序为:Mo/CoMo/NiCoNaphNiNaphCo(NO_3)_2,Ni(NO_3)_2AMT。     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Evaluation of Mesoporous MCM-41-supported Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalysts

Abstract

Mesoporous MCM-41 material with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was synthesized and used as a support for Mo, CoMo, and NiMo catalysts. The molybdenum loading was varied from 2–14 wt% on MCM-41. On 10 wt% Mo/MCM-41, the promoter Co or Ni concentration was varied from 1–5 wt%. All the catalyst samples were characterized by surface area, low temperature oxygen chemisorption, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed reduction methods. Characterization results show that Mo is well dispersed on MCM-41 up to 10 wt%. The catalytic activities were evaluated for thiophene hydrodesulphurization (HDS), cyclohexene hydrogenation (HYD), and furan hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). All three catalytic functionalities vary in a similar manner to that of oxygen chemisorption as a function of Mo loading, indicating that there is a correlation between oxygen uptake and catalytic sites. The activities of these catalysts were compared with γ-Al₂O₃- and amorphous SiO₂-supported catalysts. It was found that MCM-41-supported Mo catalysts displayed superior activities.     

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Mesoporous MCM-41-supported Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalysts

Mesoporous MCM-41 material with high surface area and narrow pore size distribution was synthesized and used as a support for Mo, CoMo, and NiMo catalysts. The molybdenum loading was varied from 2-14 wt% on MCM-41. On 10 wt% Mo/MCM-41, the promoter Co or Ni concentration was varied from 1-5 wt%. All the catalyst samples were characterized by surface area, low temperature oxygen chemisorption, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed reduction methods. Characterization results show that Mo is well dispersed on MCM-41 up to 10 wt%. The catalytic activities were evaluated for thiophene hydrodesulphurization (HDS), cyclohexene hydrogenation (HYD), and furan hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). All three catalytic functionalities vary in a similar manner to that of oxygen chemisorption as a function of Mo loading, indicating that there is a correlation between oxygen uptake and catalytic sites. The activities of these catalysts were compared with γ-Al₂O₃- and amorphous SiO₂-supported catalysts. It was found that MCM-41-supported Mo catalysts displayed superior activities.     

油溶性催化剂在渣油悬浮床加氢反应中的加氢抑焦作用

合成了油溶性Mo、Ni催化剂,并将两种单金属催化剂进行复配形成Mo/Ni复配催化剂,采用FT-IR、AAS分析方法对合成催化剂进行表征,在考察Mo、Ni及Mo/Ni复配催化剂油溶性的基础上,对不同催化剂在KLAR悬浮床加氢反应中的加氢效果进行考察,并与临氢热烈化反应结果进行对比。结果表明：Mo、Ni催化剂中的活性组分Mo、Ni质量分数分别为5.60%、5.86%;Mo、Mo/Ni、Ni催化剂的I值(单位生焦轻油收率)逐渐降低,说明它们的加氢抑焦效果依次减弱;而且Mo/Ni复配催化剂表现出了一定的协同效应,其在KLAR悬浮床加氢反应中可以成为生焦载体,延缓焦粒的富集、长大。     

多组份加氢催化剂中TiO_2的竞争吸附效应

用X光能谱定量分析了钼,钴和镍在Al_2O_3-TiO_2载体和预浸TiO_2的Al_2O_3载体上的径向浓度分布。并与Mo、Co、Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性组份分布特征做了比较。实验数据表明钼、钴和镍诸组份相对富集在二氧化钛的高浓度区,证明了二氧化钛对钼、钴和镍的竞争吸附效应及其对浓度分布的影响。     

Can Mesoporous TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Supported NiMoS OR CoMoS Effectively Perform in Ultra-Deep Desulfurization of Gas Oil?

Waste aluminum foil was used for preparation of mesoporous TiO₂-Al₂O₃ using starch as a textural modifier. The catalytic species, Mo and Ni or Co were loaded onto the mesoporous support, following incipient wetness sequential impregnation. To gain an insight into the pore dimensions effect, Ni and Mo species with the same mass ratio were loaded onto the TiO₂-Al₂O₃, prepared from analytical grade chemicals without templating. TPR spectra, TEM images and BET analysis showed how the promoter (Ni or Co), TiO₂ and the template (starch) affect the ease of reduction of Mo species, the morphology of the active MoS₂ phase and the pore dimensions of the catalysts. The catalysts were employed in hydro-desulfurization process of gas oil using a fixed bed down flow microreactor at varying operating conditions, viz., temperature (320–400°C), Liquid hourly space velocity (0.5–4 h^–1), H₂/oil ratio of 450 v/v, and 6 MPa operating pressure. The results showed that the promotion effect prevails over the textural effect, where Ni promoted catalyst (with lower surface parameters) exhibits higher activity than Co promoted one. The dual layer catalytic bed system achieved the sulfur level less than 10 ppm.     

HYDROCRACKING OF ARABIAN MIX ASPHALTENES IN THE PRESENCE OF MODIFIED RED MUD

ABSTRACT

Asphaltenes precipitated from an Arabian Mix vacuum residue were hydro-cracked in a batch autoclave at 435 and 460°C for 5-90 min. Experiments without catalyst, with modified red mud and with an industrial Co Mo/Al₂0₃ catalyst were compared. The products were fractionated into gas, naphtha, oil, asphaltenes and coke. Feed asphaltenes and several product fractions were characterised by elemental analysis, by average molecular mass and by ¹H n.mr. Due to the hydrogenation activity, both catalysts caused - with similar efficiency - the decrease of coke formation and the increase of quantity and quality of oil.     

Transformation of Paraffins to Improve the Octane Number of the Cracked Naphtha Over Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

Paraffins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and isoparaffin to improve the octane number. In this article, a series of Ni/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts were prepared and were characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD), FT-IR analysis with adsorbed pyridine as well as by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. The monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni on HZSM-5 was determined and the cracking and aromatization activities of the catalysts were investigated in the transformation of n-heptane. The experimental results show that the catalyst with a monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni shows the best aromatization and isomerization activity. The products selectivity of n-heptane over different catalysts was analyzed and it was revealed that low hydrogen pressure can reduce the conversion of n-heptane, but at the same time accelerate the production of aromatics. The aromatization activity of the catalysts increases with the elevation of the reaction temperature, and the incorporation of metal in HZSM-5 decreases the cracking reaction on the catalysts, while at the same time increases the reactions that may result in the production of aromatics.     

Hydrotreating Activity of Heavy Gasoil over NiMo/γ-Al2O3-TiO2

Different γ-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ catalysts were tested in a pilot plant fixed-bed reactor in order to evaluate the effect of atomic ratio (Ni/Ni + Mo) on hydrotreating activity of heavy gasoil FCC feed. Hydrotreating reactions were carried out at three temperatures (330, 365, and 400°C) and LHSV of 6 h^-1. Studies of atomic ratio were done varying Ni amounts (2, 2.4, and 2.95 wt%) whereas molybdenum loading was kept constant (6 wt%) for all catalysts, the behavior of these catalysts was compared with a reference catalyst containing 11.5 wt% of Mo and 2.95 wt% of Ni, which was evaluated at the same conditions. All catalysts were prepared by incipient impregnation method over γ-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ (Ti = 5.6 wt%). Experimental results showed correlation between the atomic ratio (Ni/Ni + Mo) and the best results for hydrodemetallization where found for the catalyst with atomic ratio of (Ni/Ni + Mo) = 0.45.     

非负载Co-Mo催化剂的制备、表征与加氢脱硫活性评价

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Co-Mo超细复合氧化物,进而制得了非负载型Co-Mo催化剂;采用XRD、IR、BET、SEM等考察了n(A1):n(Co+Mo)、n(Mo):n(Co+Mo)和CA(柠檬酸)/(Co+Mo)的摩尔比对对应催化剂的表面形貌、结构和催化性能的影响.结果表明:制备的非负载催化剂以β-CoMoO<,4>...     

催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫催化剂RSDS-1的开发

介绍了用于催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫催化剂RSDS-1的研究开发，考察了载体、活性组元、金属原子比以及助剂对催化剂选择性的影响。研究结果表明，催化裂化汽油中烯烃的加氢饱和受扩散限制；Co—Mo组合对烯烃饱和的能力相对较弱；较高的Co／Mo原子比有利于提高催化剂选择性；助剂的加入对催化剂选择性有明显的影响；RSDS—1催化剂用于催化裂化汽油选择性脱硫，对不同原料油适应性好，脱硫率可达80％，RON损失小于2个单位，且可长周期稳定运转。     

含助剂Ni(Co)磷化钨催化剂柴油加氢精制性能

 采用共浸渍和氢气程序升温还原的方法,以γ-Al2O3为载体,分别制备了WO3负载量为30%的含助剂Ni、Co和Ni/Co双助剂的磷化钨催化剂,对催化剂进行了XRD、BET和TG表征,评价了催化剂的柴油HDS和HDN活性。结果表明,Co和Ni均对磷化钨催化剂催化柴油HDS反应有助催化作用;而加入Co和适量的Ni对磷化钨催化剂催化柴油HDN反应有利。反应温度为360℃时,分别加有5%质量分数助剂Ni和助剂Co的2个磷化钨催化剂上柴油HDS转化率分别为59.15%和58.24%,而其上柴油HDN转化率分别为55.41%和66.79%。Ni、Co质量分数分别为3%和1%的双助剂磷化钨催化剂具有相对最高的柴油HDS和HDN活性,反应温度为360℃时,其HDS与HDN转化率分别达到62.44%和57.61%。催化剂对柴油的HDS和HDN催化活性不仅与载体表面W物种的磷化程度及活性组分的分散度有关,具有类似-Al-O-W-P结构的物种可能也是影响反应性能的一个重要因素。     

FCC馏分油在MoP/HZSM-5催化剂上临氢芳构化研究

制备了MoP/HZSM-5催化剂，采用XRD进行表征。在反应温度400℃、压力1.0MP、体积空速1.0h-1、氢油比400:1的条件下，在小型固定床反应装置上进行催化裂化汽油中间馏分(50～100℃)的芳构化反应，考查了不同钼质量分数、n(Mo):n(P)的摩尔比和温度对反应的影响。结果表明，钼质量分数及n(Mo):n(P)的摩尔比对反应有明显的影响，适当增加磷含量能提高催化剂性能。MoP/HZSM-5在钼的质量分数为3%、n(Mo):n(P)=1.5，反应温度为400℃时，改性催化剂芳构化活性最佳,液相产品中芳烃质量分数为65.43%,烯烃质量分数为5.42%，液收为61.04%。     

HYDROCRACKING OF ARABIAN MIX ASPHALTENES IN THE PRESENCE OF MODIFIED RED MUD

Asphaltenes precipitated from an Arabian Mix vacuum residue were hydro-cracked in a batch autoclave at 435 and 460°C for 5-90 min. Experiments without catalyst, with modified red mud and with an industrial Co Mo/Al₂0₃ catalyst were compared. The products were fractionated into gas, naphtha, oil, asphaltenes and coke. Feed asphaltenes and several product fractions were characterised by elemental analysis, by average molecular mass and by ¹H n.mr. Due to the hydrogenation activity, both catalysts caused - with similar efficiency - the decrease of coke formation and the increase of quantity and quality of oil.     

Hydrotreating of gasoline and diesel oil fractions over modified alumina/zeolite catalysts

This paper deals with hydrotreating of straight-run gasoline (SRG) and diesel oil fractions (DOF) over new Ni (Co) containing alumina/zeolite catalysts, modified by transition metals (W and Mo) with the addition of P and Ce elements. In hydrotreating of the DOF, the CoO-WO₃-CAR catalyst has the highest hydrodesulphurization activity that reaches 97.2% at 400?°C, P?=?4MPa and V?=?2h^?1. Moreover, increasing of pressure until 5?MPa leads to reducing of the sulfur content up to 0.0007%. The greatest decrease in the pour (?58.9?°C) and the cloud (?56.7?°C) points during the hydrotreating of the DOF is observed using the NiO-MoO₃-CAR catalyst. The octane number of SRG after hydrotreating over the NiO-MoO₃-CAR catalyst rises up to 88.6. Obtained results clearly show that using synthesized catalysts, motor fuel with Euro-5 standard could be obtained.     

Co改性Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的甲烷无氧芳构化催化性能研究

以Mo/HZSM-5（硅铝比38）为基础,分别添加第二活性组分Mg,Ni,Cr,Cu,Zn,Co,采用共浸渍法制备了一系列的二元催化剂,考察这些催化剂对甲烷无氧芳构化过程的催化性能,结果表明,在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂中添加Co可提高其对甲烷无氧芳构化过程的催化活性。进一步研究了不同Co负载量的二元催化剂对甲烷无氧芳构化过程的催化性能,并采用XRD,NH3-TPD,TG-DTA等手段对催化剂进行表征,结果表明： 催化剂中添加Co后能够提高苯的生成速率;添加0.7 %（w）的Co时制备的6%Mo-0.7%Co/HZSM-5催化剂中Co与Mo具有良好的协同作用,与6% Mo/HZSM-5催化剂相比,不但减缓了积炭的生成,提高了催化剂的稳定性,而且提高了催化剂的催化活性,苯收率提高2%~5%;催化剂中添加Co后,酸强度及酸量得到明显改善,弱酸量与强酸量比例适中,Co化合物与Mo化合物能够均匀分散在分子筛表面,从而可提高催化剂的催化活性。     

Characterization of Al2O3–ZrO2 Mixed Oxide Supported Mo Hydrotreating Catalyst

Abstract

A series of molybdenum catalysts supported on Al₂O₃–ZrO₂ mixed oxide containing 50% ZrO₂ and 50% Al₂O₃ were prepared by incipient wetness technique and characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction and oxygen chemisorption. The catalytic activities for hydrodesulphurization (HDS), hydrogenation (HYD), and hydrocracking (HYC) were determined using thiophene, cyclohexene, and cumene as model compounds, respectively. Results indicate that up to 8 wt% Mo loading, the catalyst is well dispersed and crystallite growth occurred beyond this loading. Also both oxygen uptake and catalytic activities increase with Mo loading up to 8 wt% and then decreases at higher loading. A linear correlation was obtained between oxygen uptake and all catalytic activities and the correlation coefficients obtained suggest that the order of catalytic activities for HDS, HYD, and HYC is: HDS > HYD > HYC. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of the mixed oxide supported catalyst for HDS, HYD, and HYC were higher than those supported on pure alumina and pure zirconia. The incorporation of 3% Co on 8% Mo catalyst was determined to result in enhanced activity for HDS, HYD, and HYC.     

低温选择性加氢镍催化剂的研究

制备了Ni/γ -Al2 O3 催化剂 ,并考察其低温选择性加氢性能。结果表明 ,载体的焙烧、催化剂的焙烧、还原以及助剂的加入 ,对催化剂的活性有不同影响。其中 ,还原温度对催化剂的活性影响最大 ;助剂的加入 ,对其活性和稳定性均有较大影响。助剂的作用机理不同 ,对活性的影响规律也不同。在各种助剂元素中 ,Mo、Co效果最好