A low-cost INS/GPS integration methodology based on random forest regression

This paper, for the first time, introduces a random forest regression based Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) integration methodology to provide continuous, accurate and reliable navigation solution. Numerous techniques such as those based on Kalman filter (KF) and artificial intelligence approaches exist to fuse the INS and GPS data. The basic idea behind these fusion techniques is to model the INS error during GPS signal availability. In the case of outages, the developed model provides an INS error estimates, thereby maintaining the continuity and improving the navigation solution accuracy. KF based approaches possess several inadequacies related to sensor error model, immunity to noise, and computational load. Alternatively, neural network (NN) proposed to overcome KF limitations works unsatisfactorily for low-cost INS, as they suffer from poor generalization capability due to the presence of high amount of noise.In this study, random forest regression has shown to effectively model the highly non-linear INS error due to its improved generalization capability. To evaluate the proposed method effectiveness in bridging the period of GPS outages, four simulated GPS outages are considered over a real field test data. The proposed methodology illustrates a significant reduction in the positional error by 24–56%.     

An intelligent navigator for seamless INS/GPS integrated land vehicle navigation applications

The Kalman filter (KF) has been implemented as the primary integration scheme of the global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation systems (INS) for many land vehicle navigation and positioning applications. However, it has been reported that KF-based techniques have certain limitations, which reflect on the position error accumulation during GPS signal outages. Therefore, this article exploits the idea of incorporating artificial neural networks to develop an alternative INS/GPS integration scheme, the intelligent navigator, for next generation land vehicle navigation and positioning applications. Real land vehicle test results demonstrated the capability of using stored navigation knowledge to provide real-time reliable positioning information for stand-alone INS-based navigation for up to 20 min with errors less than 16 m (as compared to 2.6 km in the case of the KF). For relatively short GPS outages, the KF was superior to the intelligent navigator for up to 30 s outages. In contrast, the intelligent navigator was superior to the KF when the length of GPS outages was extended to 90 s. The average improvement of the intelligent navigator reached 60% in the latter scenario. The results presented in this article strongly indicate the potential of including the intelligent navigator as the core algorithm for INS/GPS integrated land vehicle navigation systems.     

基于cubature Kalman filter的INS/GPS组合导航滤波算法

INS/GPS组合导航系统的本质是非线性的,为改善非线性下INS/GPS组合导航精度,提出将一种新的非线性滤波cubature Kalman filter（CKF）应用于INS/GPS组合导航中.为此,建立了基于平台失准角的非线性状态模型和以速度误差及位置误差描述的观测模型,分析了CKF滤波原理,设计了INS/GPS组合滤波器,对组合导航非线性模型进行了仿真.仿真结果显示,相对于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）,CKF降低了姿态、位置和速度估计误差,CKF更适合于处理组合导航的状态估计问题.     

Optimizing neuro-fuzzy modules for data fusion of vehicular navigation systems using temporal cross-validation

The last two decades have shown an increasing trend in the use of positioning and navigation technologies in land vehicles. Most of the present navigation systems incorporate global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system (INS), which are integrated using Kalman filtering (KF) to provide reliable positioning information. Due to several inadequacies related to KF-based INS/GPS integration, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been recently suggested to replace KF. Various neural network and neuro-fuzzy methods for INS/GPS integration were introduced. However, these methods provided relatively poor positioning accuracy during long GPS outages. Moreover, the internal system parameters had to be tuned over time of the navigation mission to reach the desired positioning accuracy. In order to overcome these limitations, this study optimizes the AI-based INS/GPS integration schemes utilizing adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) by implementing, a temporal window-based cross-validation approach during the update procedure. The ANFIS-based system considers a non-overlap moving window instead of the commonly used sliding window approach. The proposed system is tested using differential GPS and navigational grade INS field test data obtained from a land vehicle experiment. The results showed that the proposed system is a reliable modeless system and platform independent module that requires no priori knowledge of the navigation equipment utilized. In addition, significant accuracy improvement was achieved during long GPS outages.     

Adaptive fuzzy neuro-observer applied to low cost INS/GPS

A combined MEMS Inertial Navigation System (INS) with GPS is used to provide position and velocity data of land vehicles. Data fusion of INS and GPS measurements are commonly achieved through a conventional Extended Kalman filter (EKF). Considering the required accurate model of system together with perfect knowledge of predefined error models, the performance of the EKF is decreased due to unmodeled nonlinearities and unknown bias uncertainties of MEMS inertial sensors. Universal knowledge based approximators comprising of neural networks and fuzzy logic methods are capable of approximating the nonlinearities and the uncertainties of practical systems. First, in this paper, a new fuzzy neural network (FNN) function approximator is used to model unknown nonlinear systems. Second, the process of design and real-time implementation of an adaptive fuzzy neuro-observer (AFNO) in integrated low-cost INS/GPS positioning systems is proposed. To assess the long time performance of the proposed AFNO method, wide range tests of a real INS/GPS with a car vehicle have been performed. The unbiased estimation results of the AFNO show the superiority of the proposed method compared with the classic EKF and the adaptive neuro-observer (ANO) including a pure artificial neural network (ANN) function approximator.     

GPS信号自适应抗干扰系统

针对GPS卫星信号易受干扰,不稳定的问题,提出INS/GPS组合导航抗干扰的方法并用硬件电路进行实现验证。给出了惯性器件的误差模型,采用松散组合方式,设计卡尔曼滤波器,取姿态、速度、位置的误差作为状态变量。提出以INS与GPS输出的东北天向速度误差作为滤波器观测量的方案。通过计算机的仿真和实验验证,对系统的精度进行了分析,证明该方案是可行的,实现实时滤波计算,并能满足导航的精度要求。     

Merits and limitations of using fuzzy inference system for temporal integration of INS/GPS in vehicular navigation

Most of the present vehicular navigation systems rely on global positioning system (GPS) combined with inertial navigation system (INS) for reliable determination of the vehicle position and heading. Integrating both systems provide several advantages and eliminate their individual shortcomings. Kalman filter (KF) has been widely used to fuse data from both systems. However, KF-based integration techniques suffer from several limitations related to its immunity to noise, observability and the necessity of accurate stochastic models of sensor random errors. This article investigates the potential use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for temporal integration of INS/GPS in vehicular navigation. An ANFIS-based module named “P–δP” is designed, developed, implemented and tested for fusing INS and GPS position information. The fusion process aims at providing continuous correction of INS position to prevent its long-term growth using GPS position updates. In addition, it provides reliable prediction of the vehicle position during GPS outages. The P–δP module was examined using real navigation system data compromising an Ashtech Z12 GPS receiver and a Honeywell LRF-III INS. The proposed module proved to be successful as a modeless and platform independent module that does not require a priori knowledge of the navigation equipment utilized. Limitations of the ANFIS module are also discussed.     

变增益联邦KF组合导航定位算法研究

GPS接收模块解算出的伪距误差是GPS/INS组合导航系统的主要误差,采用一种二级联邦卡尔曼滤波组合导航算法加以削弱,将卫星接收模块解算出的伪距信息和多普勒频移信息在第一级卡尔曼滤波后,再通过主滤波器与INS模块解算出的信息进行修正处理,得到校正量和定位位置最优估计。随着滤波步数增加,系统预测误差方差阵逐渐趋于零,状态估计会过分依赖旧量测值,从而导致滤波发散,影响系统定位精度。为有效提高新量测值的修正作用,在联邦卡尔曼滤波组合导航算法中引入一种可变加权系数。仿真结果表明,改进后的变增益联邦卡尔曼滤波算法具备联邦卡尔曼滤波的优点,并且该算法滤波效果有较明显的改善,能有效抑制滤波发散,提高系统的定位精度。     

基于MLP神经网络改进组合导航算法

为解决GPS信号失锁条件下,GPS/INS(inertial navigation system)组合导航系统解算精度降低甚至发散的问题,提出采用多层感知机神经网络(multilayer perceptron neural networks,MLPNN)来辅助组合导航系统.在GPS信号有效时对神经网络进行训练,在GPS...     

Adaptive Fuzzy Prediction of Low-Cost Inertial-Based Positioning Errors

Kalman filter (KF) is the most commonly used estimation technique for integrating signals from short-term high performance systems, like inertial navigation systems (INSs), with reference systems exhibiting long-term stability, like the global positioning system (GPS). However, KF only works well under appropriately predefined linear dynamic error models and input data that fit this model. The latter condition is rather difficult to be fulfilled by a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU) utilizing microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors due to the significance of their long- and short-term errors that are mixed with the motion dynamics. As a result, if the reference GPS signals are absent or the Kalman filter is working for a long time in prediction mode, the corresponding state estimate will quickly drift with time causing a dramatic degradation in the overall accuracy of the integrated system. An auxiliary fuzzy-based model for predicting the KF positioning error states during GPS signal outages is presented in this paper. The initial parameters of this model is developed through an offline fuzzy orthogonal-least-squares (OLS) training while the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is implemented for online adaptation of these initial parameters. Performance of the proposed model has been experimentally verified using low-cost inertial data collected in a land vehicle navigation test and by simulating a number of GPS signal outages. The test results indicate that the proposed fuzzy-based model can efficiently provide corrections to the standalone IMU predicted navigation states particularly position.     

组合导航系统NNM信息融合算法

提出了将神经网络模型（NNM）概念应用于组合导航系统，并给出了基于RBP网的NNM训练过程，基于传统模型的卡尔曼滤波算法与神经网络相结合，有效地解决了GPS信号被屏蔽时的航迹预测问题，最后对GPS/DR组合导航系统进行动态仿真，仿真结果表明，采用该算法的组合导航系统定位精度高、可靠性好。     

惯性导航系统在线标定方法研究

论文针对惯性导航系统在线标定的问题,利用GPS提供的基准速度和位置信息,采用基于卡尔曼滤波技术的“速度＋位置”匹配方法,以惯导系统与GPS的速度和位置的差值作为量测值,对加速度计和陀螺仪误差进行在线标定。仿真结果表明,经在线标定补偿后惯导系统定位误差降低了97．2％。该方法显著提高了导航精度,效率较高,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的无人机组合导航系统设计

针对卡尔曼滤波在实际应用中遇到的系统通常不是严格线性的问题,改进了在组合导航系统中常用的卡尔曼滤波方法,用扩展卡尔曼滤波对INS和外部测量源的信息进行融合,推导了无人机GPS辅助惯性导航系统的导航方程.通过分析GPS和INS的定位原理,建立了GPS和INS的误差模型.完成了以INS为主导航系统,GPS作为辅助系统的组合导航系统的扩展卡尔曼滤波设计.最后,将线性卡尔曼滤波和扩展卡尔曼滤波的结果进行了仿真对比分析,结果表明:扩展卡尔曼滤波更适合系统为非线性的情况.     

Enhancing positioning accuracy of GPS/INS system during GPS outages utilizing artificial neural network

Integrated global positioning system and inertial navigation system (GPS/INS) have been extensively employed for navigation purposes. However, low-grade GPS/INS systems generate erroneous navigation solutions in the absence of GPS signals and drift very fast. We propose in this paper a novel method to integrate a low-grade GPS/INS with an artificial neural network (ANN) structure. Our method is based on updating the INS in a Kalman filter structure using ANN during GPS outages. This study focuses on the design, implementation and integration of such an ANN employing an optimum multilayer perceptron (MLP) structure with relevant number of layers/perceptrons and an appropriate learning. As a result, a land test is conducted with the proposed ANN + GPS/INS system and we here provide the system performance with the land trials.     

神经网络在MEMS-IMU/GPS组合导航中的应用研究

针对基于MEMS传感器组成的INS/GPS组合中GPS信号缺失的情况下,系统误差瞬时增大,滤波迅速退化无法继续工作的问题,本文提出利用神经网络辅助INS/GPS导航系统以解决这一问题的方法.该方法首先建立系统模型,用组合导航的输入作为网络模型的输入,通过网络训练得到输出需要参数,结合卡尔曼滤波用于组合导航以继续使导航系统工作,仿真结果表明该方法可行和有效性的.     

一种模糊QR滤波及在组合导航中的仿真研究

总结了常用的自适应滤波的方法，并提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的自适应卡尔曼滤波技术，用模糊逻辑自适应推理器来“在线”修正卡尔曼滤波系统噪声协方差Q和测量噪声协方差R，从而使滤波器不断执行最优估计。仿真结果表明该方法可以提高GPS／INS组合导航系统的精度和可靠性。     

惯导/里程仪组合导航系统算法研究

惯导系统误差随着导航时间而增长,而里程仪测量误差一般随着运载体行驶距离而增加,惯导系统和里程仪具有互补性,推导了简化的惯导/里程仪组合导航系统的卡尔曼滤波方程,研究了里程仪刻度系数误差校正的方法,并提出了里程仪打滑和滑行故障的判断准则,仿真结果表明：经过里程仪刻度系数校正后,组合导航系统能有效提高定位精度,并且具备一定的容错能力.     

UKF在INS/GPS直接法卡尔曼滤波中的应用

提出将Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)用于INS/GPS组合导航系统的直接法卡尔曼滤波,避免了对非线性的系统状态方程进行线性化.以INS输出的导航参数及平台误差角等作为系统状态,惯导力学编排方程和姿态误差方程作为系统状态方程,GPS输出的导航参数作为量测,采用UKF方法对系统导航参数直接进行估计.仿真结果表明,UKF方法有效地解决了直接法卡尔曼滤波中系统状态方程的非线性问题,并使INS/GPS组合导航系统具有较高的导航定位精度.     

自适应卡尔曼滤波在组合导航中的应用研究

对惯性导航系统（INS）与全球导航系统（GPS）分别进行了具体探讨,对比了两者的优缺点,针对INS／GPS组合导航系统中由于模型不准或因量测噪声的复杂多变造成的发散问题,引入了一种基于输出相关法的自适应卡尔曼滤波技术。通过在自适应滤波算法中推算最优稳态增益来调整量测噪声,抑制滤波器的发散,为GPS／INS组合导航系统实现高精度导航提供了有效的途径。仿真结果表明该算法能很好地对系统状态进行最优估计并适应系统噪声的变化,具有比常规卡尔曼滤波更高的导航精度。     

模糊自适应Kalman滤波器在无人机导航中的应用

针对具有不确定动态模型参数的GPS／INS组合导航系统,基于传统Kalman滤波器之上,介绍了一种模糊自适应Kalman滤波器,讨论了GPS／INS组合系统中模型参数不确定性的问题,给出了一种利用模糊自适应滤波方法进行数据融合的无人机定位误差修正方法;仿真结果表明,模糊自适应卡尔曼滤波器对非线性GPS／INS组合系统是很有效的,提高了定位精度。